Verified Test Bank 8e Chapter.13 Media Culture and Theories - Updated Test Bank | Mass Comm Theory 8e Baran by Stanley J. Baran. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 13 Media and Culture Theories: Meaning Making in the Social World
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter13, Question 1
1) Both symbolic interaction and social construction assume that it is ___ that allows the construction, maintenance, and efficient operation of culture.
Feedback: The overlap of shared meaning by people in a culture means that individuals who learn a culture should be able to predict the behaviors of others in that culture.
Page reference: Symbolic Interactionism
a. typification schemes
b. symbolic override
c. shared meaning
d. restricted elaborated codes
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter13, Question 2
2) According to Erving Goffman, we are constantly ______.
Feedback: People’s experience of the world can be constantly shifting, sometimes in major ways, yet they usually won’t notice these shifts.
Page reference: Framing and Frame Analysis
a. using media to compare our own situation to that of other people
b. moving from fantasy to reality as we go from TV to the real world
c. shifting between various social worlds as we move through daily life
d. making framing mistakes that we experience as frightening and unreal
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter13, Question 3
3) In Gender Advertisements, Goffman argues that advertising routinely shows women to be __________ than men.
Feedback: Women smile, place their bodies in nonserious positions, wear playful clothing, and in various ways signal deference and a willingness to take direction from men.
Page reference: Framing and Frame Analysis
a. less serious
b. less athletic
c. more authoritative
d. more knowledgeable
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter13, Question 4
4) Advertising strategies that encourage people to attach certain symbolic meanings to products and to experience them as real attributes of those products are making an effort to _______.
Feedback: As self-definition is social in nature, advertisers’ goal is to position—or define—a product as carrying a symbolic meaning that enhances self-definition.
Page reference: Symbolic Interaction
a. engage in negative advertising
b. inform consumers about the merits of products
c. position a product
d. promote an ideal image
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter13, Question 5
5) In frame analysis, ________ is the real world in which people and events obey certain conventional and widely accepted rules.
Feedback: People find this world so compelling and desirable that they are constantly reworking their experience and patching up its flaws, and they don’t notice when rule violations occur.
Page reference: Framing and Frame Analysis
a. objective reality
b. down-shifted reality
c. up-shifted reality
d. primary reality
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter13, Question 6
6) According to social construction of reality, ________ are objects expressly designed to impart subjective meaning.
Feedback: Signs in social constructionism are analogous to symbolic interaction’s concept of symbols.
Page reference: Social Construction
a. signs
b. natural signs
c. symbols
d. typification schemes
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter13, Question 7
7) Goffman’s frame analysis argues that although people have the capacity to reframe their experience on an ongoing basis, we maintain the impression that our experiences are constant and routine. We do this by _______.
Feedback: Primary reality is the touchstone of our existence. People do permit themselves socially acceptable escapes into clearly demarcated alternative realities we experience as recreational or fantasy worlds.
Page reference: Framing and Frame Analysis
a. committing ourselves to live in the primary reality
b. ignoring the cues around us
c. losing ourselves in the mass media
d. reframing the experiences of other people as our own
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter13, Question 8
8) Specific sets of expectations that people use to make sense of social situations at given points in time are called ______.
Feedback: Individual frames are like notes on a musical scale; they spread along a continuum from those structuring our most serious and socially significant actions to those structuring playful, trivial actions.
Page reference: Framing and Frame Analysis
a. upshifts
b. frames
c. downshifts
d. remakings
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter13, Question 9
9) Mead used the example of a baseball team to illustrate how people routinely learn _______.
Feedback: Mead argued that what occurs on a playing field is a sophisticated form of mutual conditioning: The players teach each other how to play the game while they are playing it.
Page reference: Symbolic Interactionism
a. social roles
b. how to use media
c. athletic skills
d. how to have fun
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter13, Question 10
10) The _______ model describes the framing hierarchy in public discourse.
Feedback: Executive branch officials sit at the highest level, Congress followed by policy experts and ex-government officials at the middle level, and the press at the lowest level.
Page reference: The Development of Theories of Frames and Framing
a. upshifting
b. elaboration likelihood
c. downshifting
d. cascading activation
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter13, Question 11
11) Alfred Schutz, originator of the concept of typifications, encouraged his students to ______.
Feedback: Schutz sought a broader understanding of how we make sense of the world around us in order to structure and coordinate our daily actions.
Page reference: Social Constructionism
a. ignore ideas popularized by the Chicago School
b. see the similarities in a broad range of cultural experiences
c. make better use of mass media
d. explore the mysteries of everyday experience
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter13, Question 12
12) Social constructionism is a theory that argues that ____.
Feedback: Typifications may get communicated in face-to-face interactions, but they are propagated by social institutions and serve to preserve the power and authority of those institutions.
Page reference: Social Constructionism
a. people consciously construct the social world
b. the social world is constructed and maintained by social institutions
c. we are free to construct the social world any way that we want
d. churches and schools don’t do much to construct the social world
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter13, Question 13
13) ______ is a philosophical school of theory emphasizing the practical function of knowledge as an instrument for adapting to reality and controlling it.
Feedback: Pragmatism examines who participates in transforming communication into action, in which sectors and institutions of society, with what basis in everyday life, by what form of consensus concerning criteria and procedures, and with what consequences for the structure of society.
Page reference: Symbolic Interactionism
a. Social semiotics
b. Postmodernism
c. Mediation theory
d. Pragmatism
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter13, Question 14
14) When framing theorists assess the way journalists frame news about science they are _________.
Feedback: Reporting tends to arouse undue public concerns while providing people with no way to alleviate these concerns aside from putting trust in public officials and official agencies.
Page reference: The Development of Theories of Frames and Framing
a. pessimistic because the frames are likely to produce incorrect interpretations
b. optimistic that the frames usually provide a good basis for interpreting the events
c. optimistic because frames tend to encourage interest in and respect for science
d. neutral because there is no clear conclusion about the way science is framed
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter13, Question 15
15) Liberal linguist George Lakoff advised the Occupy Wall Street Movement, advice that research suggests all social movements should heed, to __________.
Feedback: Framing research makes clear that journalistic and reporting conventions produces status quo-oriented framing.
Page reference: The Development of Theories of Frames and Framing
a. designate the most articulate people as leaders
b. avoid talk of class warfare
c. frame yourself before others frame you
d. take advantage of social media to control framing
Type: True or False
Title: Chapter13, Question 16
16) Advocates of media effects perspectives claim their theories are more scientific that cultural theories because they are based on highly structured empirical observations and are falsifiable.
Feedback: They dismiss cultural theories as too speculative, too complex, and based on loosely structured qualitative research methods; there is no way to test their causal assertions.
Page reference: Overview
a. True
b. False
Type: True or False
Title: Chapter13, Question 17
17) Social behaviorists accept traditional conceptualizations of stimulus-response conditioning.
Feedback: Convinced that attention must be given to cognitive processes mediating learning, social behaviorists reject these simplistic notions.
Page reference: Symbolic Interactionism
a. True
b. False
Type: True or False
Title: Chapter13, Question 18
18) Symbolic interactionism argues that society functions well because people consciously reflect on and analyze their actions.
Feedback: Only in rare cases do people consciously reflect on and analyze their actions. If asked to explain what we are doing and why we are doing it, we are puzzled—the question seems strange.
Page reference: Symbolic Interactionism
a. True
b. False
Type: True or False
Title: Chapter13, Question 19
19) Symbolic interactionism is based on the idea that unlike animals conditioned to respond to stimuli in a predetermined manner, humans are socialized in ways that permit more or less conscious interpretation of stimuli and planned responses.
Feedback: The use of symbols, specific to humans, transforms the socialization process—freeing it from the bonds of both space and time.
Page reference: Symbolic Interactionism
a. True
b. False
Type: True or False
Title: Chapter13, Question 20
20) In Mead’s Mind, Self, and Society, “self” refers to our experience of consciousness.
Feedback: This book argues that we use symbols to create our experience of consciousness (mind), our understanding of ourselves (self), and our knowledge of the larger social order (society).
Page reference: Symbolic Interactionism
a. True
b. False
Type: True or False
Title: Chapter13, Question 21
21) Both behaviorism and idealism rejected the possibility of human agency, the idea that individuals could consciously control their thoughts and actions in some meaningful and useful way.
Feedback: Idealism argued that people are dominated by culture, and behaviorism argued that all human action is a conditioned response to external stimuli.
Page reference: Symbolic Interactionism
a. True
b. False
Type: True or False
Title: Chapter13, Question 22
22) Social constructionism argues that people maintain significant control over their cultures.
Feedback: Social constructionism argues that once social institutions are constructed, individuals’ power to oppose or reconstruct these institutions is limited.
Page reference: Social Constructionism
a. True
b. False
Type: True or False
Title: Chapter13, Question 23
23) Almost all culture-centered theories share the underlying assumption that our experience of reality is an ongoing social construction in which we have some responsibility, not something that is sent, delivered, or otherwise transmitted by some authority or elite.
Feedback: Although they share a general agreement that human communities construct the social world, there is disagreement concerning the level of agency individual humans have in the processes by which this world is constructed and maintained.
Page reference: Social Constructionism
a. True
b. False
Type: True or False
Title: Chapter13, Question 24
24) According to social constructionism, artificial signs enable us to quickly classify objects and actions we observe and then quickly and routinely structure our own actions in response.
Feedback: This describes typifications, a concept similar to Mead’s idea of symbols and the notion of schemas in information-processing theory.
Page reference: Social Constructionism
a. True
b. False
Type: True or False
Title: Chapter13, Question 25
25) Sociologist Erving Goffman developed symbolic interactionism to provide a systematic account of how we develop and use expectations to make sense of everyday life situations and the people in them.
Feedback: Goffman’s theory is frame analysis, arguing that we constantly and often radically change the way we define situations, actions, and other people as we move through time and space.
Page reference: Framing and Frame Analysis
a. True
b. False
Type: True or False
Title: Chapter13, Question 26
26) According to frame analysis, when your playful wrestling with your sibling turns serious, you have downshifted your frame of the situation.
Feedback: We upshift and downshift according to our framing of situations as they change so we experience them as more or less serious.
Page reference: Framing and Frame Analysis
a. True
b. False
Type: True or False
Title: Chapter13, Question 27
27) According to frame analysis, Goffman people work so hard maintaining their sense of continuity in their experience that they rarely make framing mistakes.
Feedback: The opposite is the case; because we are committed to our dominant reality, we see and hear things that aren’t—but should—be there according to the rules we have internalized.
Page reference: Framing and Frame Analysis
a. True
b. False
Type: True or False
Title: Chapter13, Question 28
28) According to Irving Goffman, advertising offers hyperritualized representations of social action.
Feedback: Ads and commercials are edited to highlight very specific, marketer-preferred representations
Page reference: Framing and Frame Analysis
a. True
b. False
Type: True or False
Title: Chapter13, Question 29
29) Journalists, because of the power of mass media, sit atop the framing hierarchy in the cascading activation model of framing.
Feedback: The framing hierarchy in public discourse has executive branch officials at the highest level, Congress followed by policy experts and ex-government officials at the middle level, and the press at the lowest level.
Page reference: The Development of Theories of Frames and Framing
a. True
b. False
Type: True or False
Title: Chapter13, Question 30
30) Both postpositivist and critical cultural framing research provide a pessimistic assessment of news and the role journalism plays in society.
Feedback: Both demonstrate that frames used to structure news about major events are chosen based on journalistic traditions and newsroom norms with little consideration of how information structured by these frames will be interpreted and used by news audiences.
Page reference: The Development of Theories of Frames and Framing
a. True
b. False