Third Force Movement – Ch16 | Test Bank – 6th Ed

View Product website:

https://selldocx.com/docx/third-force-movement-ch16-test-bank-6th-ed-1372

Chapter 16

The Third Force Movement

Chapter Objectives:

• An overview of nineteenth- and twentieth-century philosophical movements that reacted against extreme rationalistic and analytic approaches in favor of existential depth.
• Review of the phenomenological method as empirical but nonanalytic.
• Post World War II context supporting an existential-phenomenological psychology: Basic principles and writers.
• The Third Force movement in American: Humanistic approaches in psychology.

Chapter Summary:

The third force movement in psychology evolved from the active model of mental processes. Firmly grounded in the principles of existential philosophy, this movement focuses on the individual in quest of identity, values, and authenticity. The nineteenth-century writings of such figures as Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Dilthey formed the background for the view of the person as alone and dehumanized. The twentieth-century works of Sartre, Camus, and Jaspers offered further expression to the basic state of anxiety and absurdity in human existence. The methodological writings of Husserl and Heidegger contributed to the development of phenomenology as a means of investigating the holistic character of human experience. The combined existential-phenomenological psychology was an application of a new orientation in clinical settings, represented in Europe by such psychologists as Merleau-Ponty and Binswanger. In America the humanistic viewpoints of Allport, Maslow, May, and Rogers agreed, to varying extents, with the European movement, and a center of existential-phenomenological psychology emerged at Duquesne University. The third force movement is largely a fragmented orientation within contemporary psychology. Although it did not generate a comprehensive alternative to behavioristic formulations, the third force movement has exerted an impact on clinical applications, especially in therapeutic efforts.

Suggested topics and issues for class discussion and/or short essay examination questions:

1. What is meant by the label "third force"? What other labels describe this movement and why?

2. What are some of the general principles shared by varying expression of the third force movement?

3. What are the sources of modern existential philosophy?

4. Were some of the scholars of ancient Greece existential?

5. Describe the position of Hegel's rationalism, against which Kierkegaard reacted.

6. What was Kierkegaard's goal in his teachings? How did he view levels of human experience?

7. In what manner was Christian faith characterized as subjective experience for Kierkegaard?

8. What did Dilthey mean by historical consciousness?

9. Describe the meaning of Sartre's assertion that essence precedes existence. Why does this view hold important implications for psychology?

10. Outline the major points of Sartre's description of human objectivity. What are his views on personal freedom?

11. Describe the subjective, individual feelings generated by Camus's belief in the absurdity of life.

12. What were Jaspers's levels of being, and how did these relate to psychological growth? Where does traditional, empirical psychology fit within Jaspers's scheme?

13. Why was dialogue important for Buber's existential view of human activity?

14. What are the goals of phenomenology as a method of science?

15. What was Husserl's distinction between the branches of knowledge, and where did psychology fit? Given this distinction, why is the method of phenomenology so critical for psychology?

16. What were Husserl's proposals for phenomenological reduction?

17. How was Heidegger's distinction between the uses of "being" related to psychology?

18. What were the characteristics of existence for Heidegger, and how does the individual person reach true authenticity?

19. What are the basic principles of existential-phenomenological psychology? Outline the points consistent with the philosophical basis of this psychology.

20. Contrast Merleau-Ponty's description of individual psychology with the essential position of empirical psychology with respect to the influences of the environment.

21. What were the major issues confronting psychology for Merleau-Ponty, and how did he resolve them?

22. What were the respective existential and psychoanalytic influences on Binswanger's daseinanalysis?

23. Outline the basic existential principles included within the positions of the American humanists.

24. How are Rogers's views phenomenological?

25. What has been the major impact of the third movement on mainstream American psychology?

Objective Questions:

1. Which of the following was not derived from the German tradition of mental activity?

A. structural psychology B. Gestalt psychology

C. psychoanalysis D. behaviorism

E. the third force movement

2. One commonly shared view among expressions of the third force movement is

A. an acceptance of reductionistic methodologies.

B. that human experience differs from the rest of life only in terms of complexity.

C. that personal freedom and accompanying responsibility lead to self- fulfillment.

D. that human experience is dependent upon environmental sources.

E. that human psychology is determined by external forces.

3. The core of existential philosophy states that

A. personal freedom is an illusion.

B. the individual is free to define life's direction.

C. the individual is directed by hedonistic urges.

D. personal consciousness is reducible to environmental determinants.

E. mind-body dualism is ultimately materialistic.

4. Historically, existential views are those which

A. hold belief in a superordinate model of human activity.

B. hold belief in the cultural role of environmental determinants.

C. deny personal freedom.

D. hold belief in materialism underlying psychological processes.

E. seek to analyze consciousness into elements.

5. Nietzsche's belief that God is dead led him to conclude

A. in the materialistic basis of science.

B. that the mind-body dualism is not correct.

C. that the individual is securely free to chose among environmental options.

D. that the individual can derive security from social interactions.

E. that the individual is alone and forlorn.

6. Hegel's views led to the position that God may be studied

A. experimentally. B. metaphysically.

C. phenomenologically. D. through faith.

E. rationally.

7. Hegel's method of inquiry is known as

A. induction. B. deduction. C. aesthetics.

D. dialectics. E. metaphysics.

8. Kierkegaard believed that faith is

A. logical. B. perceptual. C. primitive.

D. rational. E. irrational.

9. Kierkegaard believed that religious existence is

A. consistent with rational belief.

B. consistent with experience.

C. a feeling of peace and happiness.

D. a feeling of loneliness and insecurity.

E. an experience of revelation.

10. Dilthey's existential philosophy emphasized

A. present consciousness. B. primitive instinct.

C. lived-through experience. D. faith.

E. empiricism.

11. Sartre believed that

A. environmental forces determined consciousness.

B. consciousness determined environmental forces.

C. freedom is illusory.

D. essence precedes existence.

E. existence precedes essence.

12. For Sartre, the only compulsion in life is to

A. have faith. B. have reason. C. choose.

D. be resigned to fate. E. love.

13. A pervading theme of Campus's writings is the sense of

A. life's absurdity. B. individual freedom.

C. determinism. D. loneliness. E. resignation.

14. The highest level of "being" for Jaspers, characterized by personal attainment of meaning, is

A. being-there. B. being-oneself.

C. being-in-itself. D. being-in-consciousness.

E. non-being.

15. Buber believed that the individual is defined through

A. faith. B. reason. C. dialectics.

D. experience. E. dialogue.

16. Which of the following is not consistent with the goals of the phenomenological method?

A. the apprehension of phenomenal structures

B. the explanation of phenomenal appearance through causal bases

C. the investigation of origins and bases of experience phenomena

D. the study of ways phenomena may be perceived

E. the use of intuition, reflection, and description

17. According to Husserl the bridge between physical knowledge and philosophical knowledge should be the province of

A. psychology. B. phenomenology.

C. physiology. D. metaphysics.

E. empiricism.

18. For Husserl, consciousness is the person's

A. awareness of the environment.

B. self-reflection.

C. intuition.

D. experiencing of an object.

E. belief in causal elements.

19. The process of moving from specific experiences to the integrative level of unifying experience was termed by Husserl as

A. the bracketing of being.

B. the assimilation of cultural context.

C. transcendental reduction.

D. empirical reduction.

E. metaphysical reduction.

20. Heidegger believed we are

A. alienated from being as objects.

B. alienated from being as living.

C. alienated from freedom.

D. devoid of subjective experiences.

E. divorced from reality.

21. Heidegger suggested that true individual authenticity comes from

A. anxiety. B. adjusting to the concept of death.

C. the belief in the validity of rational thought.

D. the accumulation of conceptual abstractions.

E. transcending the limits of speech.

22. Psychology for Merleau-Ponty is the study of

A. freedom. B. anxiety. C. intentionally.

D. environmental determination. E. human activity.

23. Merleau-Ponty believed experience is

A. environmentally determined.

B. the product of sensations.

C. physiologically based.

D. private and individual.

E. unconscious.

24. Binswanger insisted that the therapist should focus on

A. primitive drives.

B. childhood experiences.

C. the patient's freedom.

D. the patient's unconscious.

E. the patient's perception of experience.

25. For Allport, the unity of personal strivings, the sense of individuality, and the attainment of self-knowledge result from a process of

A. belonging. B. becoming.

C. energy reduction. D. discovering.

E. choosing.

26. Maslow's progression of needs satisfaction leads to

A. freedom. B. self-knowledge.

C. awareness. D. self-actualization.

E. self-reflection.

27. Rogers's client-centered therapy focused on

A. personal freedom.

B. approach-avoidance conflicts.

C. instinctual striving.

D. the experiencing self.

E. the norms of behavior.

28. Perhaps the clearest statement of American psychology based upon existential principles was proposed by

A. Sartre. B. Allport. C. Binswanger.

D. Rogers. E. van Kaam.

29. The contemporary third force movement is

A. unified. B. fragmented.

C. dominant in Europe. D. empirical.

E. a strong system of psychology.

30. One major problem in accepting the third force movement into mainstream psychology is its de-emphasis of

A. reductionism. B. phenomenology.

C. clinical applications. D. empiricism.

E. research.