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Chapter 14

Psychoanalysis

Chapter Objectives:

• Overview of the life of Freud and his evolution of psychoanalysis.
• The reaction among Freud's followers: "Converts and heretics."
• Evaluation: As a predictive theory; as a rich expression of the German tradition of mental activity; as a perspective on personality and psychotherapy; as a contemporary force.

Chapter Summary

The psychoanalytic movement introduced the study of unconscious processes that influence human activity. The movement was fully consistent with the German model of mental activity, going back to the writings of Leibniz and Kant. Although act psychology and the Gestalt movement were also modern expressions of the German model, psychoanalysis emphasized the goal of a homeostatic balance of unconscious energies within personality. Its founder, Sigmund Freud, used his keen powers of observation to devise much-needed therapeutic approaches, and later expanded his formulations to a psychodynamic theory of personality growth dependent upon tension reduction. Other theorists modified Freud's model to include cultural influences (Jung) and social needs (Adler and Horney). In addition, scholars have integrated the psychoanalytic model with a field approach (Sullivan) and existential assumptions (Fromm). As a contemporary movement, psychoanalysis still exerts considerable influence in psychiatry and clinical psychology, although the movement is fragmented owing to a lack of methodological agreement. In addition, Freud's statements on the unconscious have led to new interpretations of artistic expression. However, as a viable model for psychology, psychoanalysis has departed from the empiricistic foundations of psychology and shares little with other systems of psychology that rely on that methodological approach.

Suggested topics and issues for class discussion and/or short essay examination questions:

1. Briefly describe the common philosophical heritage shared by psychoanalysis, Gestalt psychology, and structural psychology.

2. Outline the intellectual precursors of Freud's system in terms of the basis of biological adaptation as well as the influence of mental activity from the German views on the unconscious.

4. Despite humanitarian efforts to improve the care of the mentally disturbed, how did Freud offer a refreshing approach to this problem?

5. Describe the nineteenth-century development and use of hypnosis.

6. How did the social climate of late nineteenth-century Austrian society affect Freud's choice of the study of medicine?

7. What did Freud and Breuer learn from their collaborative treatment of Anna O.?

8. Why did Freud reject hypnotism as an optimal treatment?

9. Describe the rationale behind Freud's use of the methods of free association and dream analysis.

10. How were Freud's views introduced to American audiences?

11. Describe Freud's role in the early fragmentation of the psychoanalytic movement.

12. What is meant by Freud's homeostatic model of personality, and how was its use consistent with prevailing nineteenth-century scientific views?

13. Briefly describe Freud's view of the differentiation of personality structures during early development.

14. What is the nature of the instinctual energy motivating personality? How does the ego cope with this energy?

15. What was Freud's position on anxiety in human personality?

16. What did Freud mean by psychosexual stages of development?

17. What is the major criticism of Freud's scientific method?

18. Evaluate the determinism of Freud's views relative to the theoretical utility of his system.

19. Contrast Adler's views with Freud's in terms of motivation and growth in personality. Despite the differences, how was Adler's "individual psychology" still consistent with the psychoanalytic movement?

20. By what method did Adler reach his conclusions, and why is this methodological issue a problem with Adler's teachings?

21. Describe the broadened scope of Jung's views on the unconscious, compared to Freud's position.

22. What did Jung mean by the "self," and how is it achieved within personality development?

23. How were the psychological contributions of Jung unique?

24. What were Horney's views on the psychosexual basis of personality development?

25. What were the modes of human activity described by Horney? What was Horney's position in terms of the determinism in personality? Can it be argued that she focused more on personality determinants from environmental experience than from internal activities?

26. Describe Sullivan's views on personality relative to the positions of both Freud and Lewin.

27. Describe Fromm's extension of the psychoanalytic model to a social context.

28. Describe the psychoanalytic movement relative to empiricism.

29. Summarize the major practical consequences of the psychoanalytic movement in terms of the treatment of the mentally disturbed.

30. Within psychoanalysis, is the concept of normality in human activity acceptable? Are there standards of normal development?

Objective Questions:

1. Psychoanalysis, Gestalt psychology, and structural psychology

A. share a view of essential mental passivity.

B. share a view of essential mental activity.

C. all accept some form of empiricism.

D. share a reliance on conscious determinants of mental activity.

E. all accept belief in inherited, innate ideas.

2. The most active and least empirical assumptions underlying psychology were proposed by

A. Wundt. B. Köhler. C. Lewin.

D. Freud. E. Horney.

3. Psychoanalysis evolved through research from

A. empirical methods. B. clinical settings.

C. experimental studies. D. speculation.

E. academic settings.

4. The dominant methods used by Freud were

A. case studies. B. experimental studies.

C. common sense. D. introspective studies.

E. psychophysical studies.

5. The care of mentally disturbed people prior to Freud

A. was administered by the Church.

B. was characterized by proper treatment.

C. lacked systematic treatment.

D. provided maintenance and treatment.

E. was dominated by quackery.

6. The modern use of hypnosis as a treatment was pioneered by

A. Freud. B. Charcot. C. Mesmer.

D. Gall. E. Breuer.

7. While a student at Vienna, Freud was introduced to nineteenth-century psychology by

A. Wundt. B. Stumpf. C. Brentano.

D. Külpe. E. Charcot.

8. Freud's treatment of Anna O., leading to Studies on Hysteria (1895), was done in collaboration with

A. Charcot. B. Bernheim. C. Breuer.

D. Jung. E. Adler.

9. Freud's basic methods of investigation were

A. free association and hypnosis.

B. free association and dream analysis.

C. dream analysis and introspection.

D. free association and introspection.

E. dream analysis and phenomenology.

10. The psychoanalytic movement began to fragment because

A. Freud's methods were criticized as inadequate.

B. Jung and Adler were jealous of Freud's success.

C. Freud would not accept the possibility of revising his theory.

D. Freud would not accept revision other than his own.

E. Freud became a recluse after he developed cancer.

11. Freud's choice of a medical career

A. offered the best opportunity for scientific training.

B. was consistent with his desire for a private practice.

C. reflected his opposition to contemporary psychology.

D. was made despite the anti-Semitic climate of Vienna.

E. was dictated by the social climate of his time.

12. Freud's view of personality as an energy system seeking an equilibrium of forces was described as a(n) ________ model.

A. homeostatic B. field-dynamic

C. empirical D. unconscious E. physical.

13. The primal instincts of personality are characterized as

A. internal and external. B. life and death.

C. sexual and emotional. D. love and peace.

E. oral and genital.

14. The superego developed as an assimilation of

A. primal instincts. B. defense mechanisms.

C. external values. D. Oedipal urges.

E. subconscious desires.

15. Neurotic anxiety is a fear of

A. real danger.

B. personality disintegration.

C. punishment for expressive impulsive desires.

D. the conscience through guilt or shame.

1. sexual and aggressive instincts.

16. Within personality, anxiety is handled by

A. the defense mechanisms.

B. the superego

C. the psychosexual stages.

D. the Oedipal cycle.

E. the manifest content of dreams.

17. Freud's method of data collection was characterized by

A. tight controls. B. careful induction.

C. group comparisons. D. definition of variables.

E. keen observations.

18. Freud's method of data collection was

A. empirical. B. systematic and controlled.

C. anecdotal. D. unsystematic and uncontrolled.

E. limited to studies of children.

19. Adler's individual psychology stressed

A. drive reduction. B. individual striving.

C. sexual instincts. D. primordial images.

E. determinism.

20. Adler's views offered

A. a systematic alternative to Freud.

B. a better empirical basis than Freud's.

C. an emphasis on individual life style and creative self.

D. a de-emphasis of childhood and family background.

E. a clearer statement of drive reduction than Freud's.

21. Jung's views on common ancestry shared by racial and ethnic groups were contained in his unique proposal for the

A. complexes. B. self.

C. personal unconscious. D. animus/anima.

E. collective unconscious.

22. Jung's redefinition of libidinal energy focused on

A. eros-thanatos.

B. superiority-inferiority.

C. physical-spiritual.

D. moving toward-moving away.

E. introversion-extroversion.

23. Jung held

A. a deep appreciation for empiricism.

B. a belief in a spiritual soul.

C. an emphasis on childhood determinacy.

D. an analytical approach to conscious elements.

E. the position of fictional finalism.

24. Horney saw the problems of the individual in terms of

A. adaptation to industrialized society.

B. seeking an equilibrium in instinctual gratification.

C. the resolution of the psychosexual stages.

D. coping with inferiority.

E. recognizing archetypal inheritance.

25. The "modes of activity" for Horney are used in

A. dynamics of modern social change.

B. psychosexual stages. C. defense mechanisms.

D. coping with inferiority. E. neurotic needs.

26. Sullivan's views may be interpreted as reflecting both

A. Freud and Jung. B. Freud and Lewin.

C. Freud and Köhler. D. Freud and Brentano.

E. Freud and James.

27. Sullivan called "propelling social relationships"

A. valences. B. moving toward.

C. vectors. D. dynamics. E. instincts.

28. Fromm's views on drive reduction were based on

A. biological needs. B. biological and security needs.

C. neurotic needs. D. instincts.

E. cultural heritage.

29. Psychoanalysis differs primarily from other systems of psychology in terms of

A. subject matter. B. methodology

C. assumptions. D. conclusions.

E. consciousness.

30. A unique contribution of psychoanalysis is the views on

A. drives. B. needs. C. instincts.

D. emotions. E. the unconscious.