The Self Full Test Bank Chapter 4 14th Edition

TB_Baron_Chapter 4

 Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level

Type

A=Applied

C=Conceptual

F=Factual

Level

(1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult

LO=Learning Objective

SG=Used in Study Guide

p=page

TB_Baron_Chapter 4

Multiple Choice Single Select

M/C Question 1
Participants in one study wore digital audio recorders. Research assistants coded the sounds and compared the coded behaviors to the participants’ self-reports of behavior. Friends of the participants also made ratings of behavior frequencies. The findings show that

1. participants were most accurate at predicting their own behaviors.
2. friends were most accurate at predicting participant behaviors.
3. for some behaviors, the participants were more accurate and for other behaviors, friends were more accurate.
4. there was not a relationship between the participants’ self-reports and their behaviors.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 2
In meeting a new roommate, David stresses his studious qualities, an aspect of himself he wishes others to agree with, while being willing to underplay other potentially important aspects of himself. David is practicing a(n) ________ approach in presenting himself to others.

1. self-verification
2. ingratiation
3. self-enhancement
4. self-denial

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 3
When thinking about a bad or happy event and predicting our future level of happiness, we tend to ________.

1. neglect all the other factors that will contribute to our future state of mind over time
2. assume the bad or happy event will change us in some meaningful way
3. assume others will view us differently as the result of some bad or happy event
4. underplay the fact that a bad or happy event will likely change us in meaningful ways

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 4
Introspection is an effective means of understanding ourselves when the ________.

1. focus is on unconscious affective factors
2. individual displays an introverted personality configuration
3. individual is attempting to predict future feelings about something
4. focus is on a conscious decision-making process

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 5
Having been given acting lessons to either 1) try to feel as if you are 14 years old at dinner with family, or 2) put on a performance so you will seem to others as if you're 14 years old at dinner with family, participants in acting condition ________ were more likely to see themselves as having ________.

1. 2; more consistent traits
2. 1; more consistent traits
3. 2; few consistent traits
4. 1; greater emotional range

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 6
Chris describes himself as liberal when thinking of himself as an American, but conservative when compared to other college students. These are ________ comparisons.

1. intragroup
2. intergroup
3. shifting standards
4. individualistic

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 7
When Jeremy was recently asked to describe himself to his classmates, he spoke about being a member of the football team and how this helped to make his experiences different from those of other students in the class. Jeremy was primarily making ________ comparisons.

1. extragroup
2. intergroup
3. individual
4. intragroup

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 8
People’s personal identities, and their various social identities, require them to be different people in different contexts. This results in________.

1. people having false selves depending on the context
2. people often operating from a less-than-principled position
3. others defining too much of who we are
4. a potentially variable but coherent self-definition

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 9
Kim is an American but spent much of her childhood in Japan. She is fluent in both English and Japanese. We might reasonably expect her response to the question “Who am I?” to differ depending on the language (Japanese or English) of the question because ________.

1. Japan has become increasingly Westernized over the past 50 years
2. her experiences may have led to identity confusion
3. the English language places a strong emphasis on individual self-identification
4. a particular language might activate different self-concepts for bilingual people

Difficulty=Hard

M/C Question 10
Juan is one of three Brazilian students currently attending a college in Indiana. His roommate, Eric, is one of several thousand Hoosiers attending the same college. As a result, Juan is ________ to be aware of his racial status than Eric is of his at any given time.

1. more likely
2. more likely when women are present and less likely when men are present
3. less likely
4. more likely when men are present and less likely when women are present

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 11
Suppose that we might expect to experience prejudice or disapproval for some aspect of ourselves. We may downplay or subvert that aspect to the extent that ________.

1. we can hide it and we are willing to hide it
2. we are willing to assert its importance to our identity
3. acceptance from close others makes it unnecessary to hide it
4. others around us adopt that aspect for themselves over time

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 12
Judy has recently been reflecting about all of the positive personal and professional life changes she has experienced over the past decade. The MOST likely reason she is engaging in this reflection is because she ________.

1. has little interest in considering her future self
2. finds it useful in planning for her future self
3. finds it gratifying to see improvement over time
4. currently is experiencing many negative life events

Difficulty=Medium,

M/C Question 13
Sofia admires and respects her psychology professor. She is considering becoming a psychologist herself. Should her professor become a role model for her, Sofia may become a psychologist herself if she ________.

1. sees this as an unachievable potential self
2. distracts herself from this state of self-awareness
3. sees this as an undesirable potential self
4. sees this as a desirable and achievable potential self

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 14
Research on self-control has demonstrated that engaging in self-regulation ________.

1. depletes our energy and provides us with limited ability to maintain self-control at a later time.
2. is like a muscle in that the more we practice self-control, the easier it becomes to self-regulate.
3. increases our ability to accomplish future goals that require self-regulation.
4. allows us to conserve energy for use on more important tasks.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 15
Whenever Mike enters his family’s den where the sports trophies that he has won are on the mantle, his self-esteem is temporarily boosted. This is best described as caused by the fact that ________.

1. self-esteem is responsive to life events
2. self-esteem is the result of family members’ opinions
3. athletic skill is highly prized by males
4. people generally feel better about themselves in their own homes

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 16
Positive self-talk such as “I am a lovable person” tends to ________.

1. improve self-esteem overall
2. improve self-esteem for individuals with low self-esteem
3. sometimes decrease happiness for people with low self-esteem
4. sometimes decrease happiness for people with high self-esteem

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 17
Individuals who have high self-esteem and could be described as showing instability may exhibit ________.

1. hostility and defensive responses when their self-esteem is threatened
2. the most humility when someone challenges their self-esteem
3. major depression when their self-esteem is threatened
4. passive responses, as though they are above it all

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 18
In the United States, gender differences in self-esteem are most pronounced among ________.

1. White lower class people
2. White upper class people
3. non-White middle class people
4. non-White lower class people

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 19
William plays softball on the weekends with a group of friends from work. He believes he is a better pitcher than Tyreke because batters have fewer hits when he pitches than when Tyreke pitches. This type of comparison can best be explained by ________ theory.

1. social existential
2. social identity
3. social skills
4. social comparison

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 20
Betty and Vera are best friends who are both being treated for depression. Betty has come to believe that Vera’s case of depression is much worse than her own case. Consequently, Betty is making a(n) ________ comparison that will likely ________ her self-esteem, and cause her to feel ________.

1. downward; increase; closer to Vera
2. upward; decrease; somewhat distant from Vera
3. downward; decrease; closer to her other friends
4. upward; increase; just about the same toward Vera

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 21
Social identity theory suggests that we will ________ others who outperform us on an important task, when our group identity is salient.

1. move closer to the outgroup
2. distance ourselves from the ingroup
3. move closer to the ingroup
4. distance ourselves from the outgroup

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 22
Katherine and Amy are members of the same sorority at college and are members of the school’s swim team. They have been trying to master a difficult dive from the high board at the college’s swimming pool. Amy is showing faster improvement in the dive than Katherine is. If they compare their performance as individuals, the self-evaluation maintenance model suggests that ________.

1. Amy should like Katherine more
2. Katherine should dislike Amy more
3. Katherine should like Amy more
4. Amy should dislike Katherine more

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 23
Katherine and Amy are members of the same sorority at college and are members of the school’s swim team. They have been trying to master a difficult dive from the high board at the college’s swimming pool. Amy is showing faster improvement in the dive than Katherine is. If they compare their performance as teammates and sorority sisters, social identity theory suggests that ________.

1. Katherine should dislike Amy more
2. Amy should dislike Katherine more
3. Katherine should like Amy more
4. Amy should like Katherine more

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 24
Thomas has concluded that, on average, he is academically superior to the peers around him. As a result of this comparison, over the next 6 months, his self-esteem will ________.

1. be reliably higher
2. be increasingly lower
3. remain high unless his view is challenged by contrary evidence
4. be high unless friends distance themselves from him

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 25
The belief that we can achieve a particular goal through our own actions is known as ________.

1. self-esteem
2. self-efficacy
3. hubris
4. self-concept

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 26
Zoë, an attractive blond, is concerned that she might say something foolish in her college algebra class, thereby confirming the stereotype of the “dumb blond.” As a result, Zoë rarely volunteers to solve problems on the board during class. This behavior can best be explained by ________.

1. stereotype threat
2. performance deficit
3. hindsight bias
4. stereotype anxiety

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 27
Recent research has demonstrated that women will frequently perform worse on a math test when men are present than when the same test is administered to a female-only group. This finding illustrates ________.

1. hindsight bias
2. stereotype threat
3. stereotype anxiety
4. performance uplift

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 28
Jackson is a former member of a street gang. He has recently started attending classes at a local community college, has made new friends who don’t know about his former gang membership, and is spending time with a woman from an upper-middle-class background. Jackson heard his new friends and his girlfriend make several snide comments about gang members shortly before he took a test in one of the classes he shares with his new friends. In the light of the stereotype threat idea, this situation may cause Jackson to ________.

1. perform better on the test than he otherwise might have
2. perform worse on the test than he otherwise might have
3. become prejudiced against his new friends and his girlfriend
4. regret that he’s never mentioned his former gang membership to his new friends

Difficulty=Hard

M/C Question 29
Allen, a White high-school student, is competing with Kim Jong, an Asian American student, for a spot on the school’s mathematics team. Allen is aware of recent research demonstrating that Asian students typically perform better on math problems than do American students. This knowledge could affect Allen’s performance because stereotype threat can ________.

1. occur among dominant group members if a comparison is based on an aspect of performance on which the dominant group is expected to do better
2. occur among dominant group members if a comparison is based on an aspect of performance on which the dominant group is expected to do worse
3. occur among dominant group members only if other members of the dominant group are not present in the audience
4. only occur among dominant group members under extremely high levels of stress

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 30
Bradford, a gay man, recently applied for a job as a fifth-grade teacher. Shortly before his second interview with school administrators, which was to include some interaction time with current students, Bradford completed an online survey that included questions about his sexual orientation. It was explained that the survey was completely unrelated to the school system, and that the orientation items were being asked by a gay rights organization. Bradford did not think that he was particularly nervous or anxious during his interactions with the students. Recent research (Bosson, Haymovitz, and Pinel, 2004) suggests that ________.

1. nonverbal measures of anxiety may have been higher than otherwise because the online survey may have made Bradford's homosexuality more salient
2. verbal self-report measures of anxiety may have been lower than otherwise because the online survey may have made Bradford less self-conscious of his sexual orientation
3. verbal self-report measures of anxiety may have been higher than otherwise because the online survey may have made Bradford more self-conscious of his sexual orientation
4. nonverbal measures of anxiety may have been lower than otherwise because the online survey may have made Bradford's sexual orientation less important

Difficulty=Hard

M/C Question 31
Ellen, an undergraduate, attends an end-of-semester party. The party is full of graduate and postdoctoral students discussing research they are doing and theories they are studying. In order to make a good impression in conversation, Ellen brings up awards she has won in the past, her high grade point average, and which Ivy League schools she wants to apply to for graduate school. Ellen is engaging in ________.

1. self-deprecation
2. self-promotion
3. self-verification
4. self-conceptualization

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 32
Upon meeting his biology professor for the first time, James says that he has read all of the professor’s books, that they were some of the best books he’s ever read, and that they were a catalyst for his choosing to study biology. James is employing the tactic of ________.

1. ingratiation
2. self-deprecation
3. self-promotion
4. deception

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 33
Jasmine hears that her favorite poet is giving a reading on campus. She attends and has the chance to meet the poet after the reading. When Jasmine finally speaks to the poet, she gushes about how she wants to be a poet but knows she will never have anywhere near the talent of the poet. This is an example of ________.

1. self-verification
2. self-ingratiation
3. self-deprecation
4. self-promotion

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 34
Ingratiation involves __________, whereas self-deprecation involves __________.

1. emphasizing one’s credentials; praising another person or using flattering language
2. lowering an audience’s expectations of one’s abilities; emphasizing one’s credentials
3. leading others to agree with one’s views; lowering an audience’s expectations of one’s abilities
4. praising another person or using flattering language; lowering an audience’s expectations of one’s abilities

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 35
Thomas has always felt out of place in his family. He begins to wonder why he is the way he is. To better understand himself, he purchases a self-help book at his local bookstore. This book claims that Thomas will reach a deeper level of self-understanding if he spends time examining and analyzing his own past experiences and how those relate to his mental and emotional states. The book Thomas bought is advocating ________.

1. introspection
2. ingratiation
3. self-deprecation
4. self-promotion

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 36
Which of the following is a reason why introspection can be misleading?

1. We often don’t remember situations as they really happened.
2. We don’t always know or have conscious access to the reasons for our actions.
3. We aren’t able to generate logical theories of why we acted in particular ways.
4. We rarely remember how we felt during situations prior to the present.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 37
When Matt was married to Kim, he sometimes wondered what it would feel like to get divorced. When, 10 years later, he actually did get divorced, he found out that what he thought he would feel was completely wrong. Matt’s post-divorce feelings didn’t match his ________.

1. false conclusion
2. affective forecasting
3. self-verification
4. intergroup comparison

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 38
Marion hopes to come to a deeper sense of self-understanding. Which of the following, according to research, should Marion do to gain self-insight?

1. She should try to view herself as others do.
2. She should read the most up-to-date self-help books.
3. She should analyze the reasons for actions she has taken.
4. She should take a class on introspection techniques.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 39
Joanna is part of a writer’s group that meets each week. A friend of Joanna’s recently asked her about the group, saying that she’d like to join, but she had also heard of another writer’s group in town. Joanna knew the other group and said, “Don’t join that one. Ours is focused on workshopping each other’s work and providing constructive feedback. The other one just meets once a week to drink. They barely even talk about writing, let along workshop anyone’s work.” This is an example of a(n) ________.

1. intragroup comparison
2. social identity continuum
3. intergroup comparison
4. self-construal

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 40
Which of the following is an example of an intragroup comparison?

1. Dan, a firefighter, compares himself to Bill, his colleague.
2. Janine, a liberal, compares herself to Colleen, a conservative.
3. Ursula, a college student, compares herself to Diana, a high school student.
4. JiYoo, a Korean, compares herself to Amanda, an American.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 41
Due to the fact that we can define ourselves differently at any time, we have many selves. Can we say that one of these selves is the “true” self? Why or why not?

1. Yes, because one self will be much closer to our true identity than the others.
2. No, because all selves can be accurate, depending on the context and comparative dimension.
3. Yes, because we always will have a true self even if we don’t recognize it.
4. No, because how we define ourselves is often inaccurate and exaggerated.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 42
Thom is a junior in college who is studying creative writing. He often daydreams about what he will be like when he is in his 30s. He usually imagines himself siting at a writing desk in the attic of a house surrounded by a dense forest and a lake. On the desk is his Nobel Prize for Literature award, and downstairs are his wife and two children. Thom has constructed a(n) ________.

1. role model
2. autobiographical memory
3. self-construal
4. possible self

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 43
Recently, Annabelle got a short story published in an online literary magazine. She was very excited because this was her first publication. However, 2 weeks later, she read a masterful story by Toni Morrison, one of the most famous writers in America. Annabelle then didn’t feel so great about her own story or the fact that it was accepted for publication. This is an example of ________ social comparison.

1. downward
2. upward
3. lateral
4. intragroup

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 44
People who are convicted of violence and theft-related crimes view themselves as being higher than the average community member in terms of morality, kindness, generosity, trustworthiness, and honesty. What is the cause of this?

1. Above average effect
2. Downward social comparison
3. Upward social comparison
4. Below average effect

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 45
Dr. Hammouda surveyed the graduating class of a small private university. One of his findings was that over 50 percent of the graduating class expected to receive a salary of at least $100,000 a year within 5 years of graduation. Dr. Hammouda knows that the actual percentage of recent graduates attaining that level of salary is much lower than 50 percent. The students are displaying ________.

1. realistic pessimism
2. self-evaluation maintenance
3. unrealistic optimism
4. the below average effect

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 46
If one reflects on achievements, self-esteem ________. If one reflects on failures, self-esteem ________.

1. decreases; decreases
2. increases; decreases
3. increases; increases
4. decreases; increases

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 47
What is the most common method used to measure personal self-esteem as an overall assessment of self-evaluation?

1. The Rosenberg Scale
2. The Implicit Associations Test
3. The Positive Self-Talk Method
4. The Norman Vincent Peale Assessment

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 48
Karima recently moved from Egypt to the United States in order to attend college. She agrees to be part of a study that is interested in discovering how migration affects students’ self-esteem. After her first year, the researcher finds that Karima is doing relatively well in her new environment. At the end of the first year, Karima has improved in her ability to think she is capable of getting things done. However, she doesn’t have many positive interactions with peers, and she is not in frequent contact with her family. Which of the following describes how migration has affected Karima?

1. Karima has low self-efficacy and low social support.
2. Karima has high self-efficacy and high social support.
3. Karima has low self-efficacy but high social support.
4. Karima has high self-efficacy but low social support.

Difficulty=Medium,

M/C Question 49
Which of the following describes how self-esteem and gender relate to occupational discrimination?

1. Women who work in occupations with frequent discrimination have lower self-esteem than women who work in occupations with less frequent discrimination.
2. Women who work in occupations with frequent discrimination have higher self-esteem than women who work in occupations with less frequent discrimination.
3. Men who work in occupations with frequent discrimination have lower self-esteem than women who work in occupations with frequent discrimination.
4. Men who work in occupations with frequent discrimination have higher self-esteem than men who work in occupations with less frequent discrimination.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 50
Terrence, a Black man, just moved to a new town. The town is predominantly White. Terrence realizes that he needs to get a job, so he visits a few of the town’s manufacturing companies. With each application, Terrence is asked to note down his race. With each application he completes and submits, Terrence experiences ________.

1. self-deprecation
2. discrimination
3. stereotype threat
4. unrealistic optimism

Difficulty=Medium

Essay

Essay Question 51
Jeff has had Juan as his roommate for a semester. Jeff, who has a low opinion of his own athletic skills, has been praised by Juan on a number of occasions for his (Jeff’s) play during intramural football games. To begin the spring semester, Jeff has asked for a new roommate. What’s going on here? Describe the basic self-presentational underpinnings, and give a more specific theoretical explanation for Jeff’s behavior.

Difficulty=Hard

Essay Question 52
Discuss introspection. What is it? Is it a good thing? More specifically, what can happen to specific attitudes or behaviors if we introspect about them?

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 53
Describe how you would think about social identity theory as it relates to your own memberships in two groups. Explain what is meant by a particular social identity being salient, and what that might mean for your attitudes and/or behaviors.

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 54
Explain what is meant by the personal-social identity continuum.

Difficulty=Easy

Essay Question 55
Discuss the gender difference that is found with regard to self-esteem. What are some of the proposed causes for this difference?

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 56
Contrast ingratiation tactics with self-deprecating tactics and explain why people find it useful to employ these tactics.

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 57
Explain the reasons why social psychological research questions the efficacy of introspection as a method for self-understanding.

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 58
What is the difference between intragroup comparisons and intergroup comparisons? Provide an example of each type of comparison in your analysis.

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 59
Erin, a first-year elementary teacher, just finished her first week teaching first grade. She is tired but happy, and she thinks it went well, although she experienced a lot of stress and was frazzled frequently. The following week, Erin decides to use one of her open periods to sit in on the class of a more experienced teacher. She chooses Eileen’s class. Eileen has been a teacher for 25 years and has the reputation of being the best teacher in the school. What type of comparison is Erin choosing to make, and what do think this class observation will do to Erin’s self-image?

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 60
Explain the importance of self-efficacy and social support as they relate to the well-being and self-esteem of people migrating to a new country.

Difficulty=Medium