Ch.6 Verified Test Bank Stereotyping & Discrimination

TB_Baron_Chapter 6

 Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level

Type

A=Applied

C=Conceptual

F=Factual

Level

(1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult

LO=Learning Objective

SG=Used in Study Guide

p=page

TB_Baron_Chapter 6

Multiple Choice Single Select

M/C Question 1
Gender-based discrimination affects a substantial proportion of the population by ________.

1. blocking women’s progress in the workplace
2. blocking men disproportionately from technical careers
3. affecting women’s status in the social world more generally
4. having a subtle effect on religious participation

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 2
In the march toward racial equality, whites may perceive black progress as a ________, while blacks perceive it as a ________. If people generally tend to evaluate ________ more heavily than ________, then whites should see ________ progress for blacks than (as) blacks see.

1. loss; gain; losses; gains; more
2. gain; loss; gains; losses; more
3. loss; gain; gains; losses; less
4. loss; gain; gains; losses; about the same

Difficulty=Hard

M/C Question 3
Jessica has worked her way up in her organization and is now a mid-level manager. She has treated her subordinates the same way her male counterparts treat theirs. Recently, Jessica has been passed over for several promotions. The jobs went to male coworkers who were possibly not quite as well qualified as Jessica. This situation probably represents ________.

1. shifting standards
2. the glass ceiling effect
3. benevolent racism
4. gender stereotypes

Difficulty=Medium,

M/C Question 4
Trina is a successful manager in a mid-sized male-dominated manufacturing company. She expects immediate compliance when she gives an order and rarely explains the reason for her commands to subordinates. She also tends to focus her attention and efforts on the task at hand, preferring to deal with task-based issues rather than more global concerns. Joyce holds a comparable position with another company. Unlike Trina, Joyce tends to focus her attention on more global concerns and tries to explain the reasoning behind any orders she gives to subordinates. Which of these two managers is more likely to report gender discrimination because of their different leadership styles?

1. Joyce is more likely to report gender discrimination.
2. Trina is more likely to report gender discrimination.
3. Both are equally likely to report gender discrimination.
4. Neither is likely to report gender discrimination.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 5
Alisa wants to run for elected office in her state. Given stereotypes about the most appropriate jobs for females, her two best shots for winning would be ________ or ________.

1. comptroller; attorney general
2. education department head; human services director
3. comptroller; education department head
4. attorney general; human services director

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 6
Juan, the head of human resources at a large company, has been instructed to make sure that about 2 percent of all newly hired managers are women in order to reduce the risk of a discrimination lawsuit. This practice represents ________.

1. shifting standards
2. reverse discrimination
3. benevolent sexism
4. tokenism

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 7
The performance of relatively trivial positive actions for members of a minority group can be later used as an excuse for later discriminatory treatment. This is known as ________.

1. hostile sexism
2. shifting standards
3. reverse discrimination
4. tokenism

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 8
One result of tokenism is that it ________.

1. increases the likelihood of minority group protests
2. damages the self-esteem of biased majority-group members
3. increases the likelihood of affirmative action lawsuits
4. helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is fair

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 9
Promoting one or a very few women into high-status positions in an organization has the result of ________.

1. not causing the promoted women to suffer a loss of confidence
2. causing women not promoted to be more likely to blame themselves for not being promoted
3. causing the promoted women not to be identified as “token” promotions
4. not causing the promoted women to be viewed as less competent

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 10
In a study, participants were told an African American student had been discriminated against in the grading of a paper, and had either complained about it or dealt with it by accepting responsibility. Participants evaluated the student ________ in the ________ condition than in the ________ condition.

1. more negatively; complaint; responsibility
2. more positively; complaint; responsibility
3. about the same; complaint; responsibility
4. more stereotypically; complaint; responsibility

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 11
Mike believes that men are generally better at math and engineering than are women. He also tends to think of women as being emotional and a bit “soft.” Mike recently met Karen, an attractive woman who is also a civil engineer. In most other respects, Karen fits Mike’s ideas about women. Rather than revise his stereotype of women, Mike probably assumed that Karen represents a(n) ________.

1. aberration
2. schema
3. recategorization
4. subtype

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 12
Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice arising from envy may result in behaviors that try to ________.

1. camouflage the prejudice to the extent possible
2. protect the in-group’s status position
3. harm the outgroup directly
4. avoid contact with the outgroup

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 13
Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice arising from guilt may result in behaviors that try to ________.

1. avoid feelings of guilt and sympathy for the outgroup
2. harm the outgroup directly
3. protect the ingroup’s status position
4. avoid contact with the outgroup

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 14
Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice arising from anger may result in behaviors that try to ________.

1. avoid feelings of guilt and sympathy for the outgroup
2. protect the ingroup’s status position
3. camouflage the prejudice to the extent possible
4. harm the outgroup directly

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 15
Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice arising from disgust may result in behaviors that try to ________.

1. camouflage the prejudice to the extent possible
2. avoid feelings of guilt and sympathy for the outgroup
3. protect the ingroup’s status position
4. avoid contact with the outgroup

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 16
Jacob is a summer camp counselor director who has decided to group his campers into one of three groups; each of these groups will be situated in separate areas of the camp. What is the MOST likely outcome due to this situational context?

1. The campers will develop a strong attachment to their own group and may grow to hold very negative views of the other groups.
2. The campers will become bored with their own group and, consequently, will seek out friends in the other two groups.
3. The campers will be inclined to develop friendships with their own group only if the camp counselor director encourages them to do so.
4. The campers will develop a strong attachment to their own group and will develop close friendships with members of the other groups.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 17
Mike harbors many prejudicial feelings toward homosexual people; in fact, whenever he encounters a gay man, he is likely to make more negative, cynical, and disgusted comments than he normally would (although none directly related to homosexuality or to the homosexual nature of the person he is talking to). This example illustrates that prejudice is often ________ in nature.

1. planned
2. implicit
3. subliminal
4. superficial

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 18
Fred, Ted, Barry, and Larry are research participants who were individually exposed to the bona fide pipeline procedure. After seeing a picture of a Hispanic face, each was shown the word “bad.” The number of seconds it takes for Fred, Ted, Barry, and Larry to respond to the word “bad” is 5.2, 3.8, 2.1, and 4.4, respectively. On the basis of this information, which of these individuals MOST likely holds the greatest amount of negative attitudes toward Hispanics?

1. Ted
2. Larry
3. Fred
4. Barry

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 19
Very brief exposures to faces of people from different ethnic backgrounds (about whom one has a negative attitude) frequently causes people to respond faster to words with negative meanings than to words with positive meanings. This technique or type of research is known as ________.

1. category activation
2. the superordinate memory effect
3. the bona fide pipeline
4. implicit racism

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 20
Jason has just seen four faces from different individuals of varying races—Native American, white, black, and Hispanic—via the use of priming stimuli. After being presented with a certain target word, his response time after each of these four faces (in the order presented above) was 1.7, .98, 2.1, and .76 seconds, respectively. Which of the following faces is Jason MOST likely associating with the target word?

1. Native American
2. White
3. Black
4. Hispanic

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 21
Candy is washing the dishes and asks her brother to help by drying them. Her brother says that dishes are women’s work, which makes their father smile. Her brother sees the smile and walks away. This scenario is an example of prejudice as a result of ________.

1. social learning
2. social assimilation
3. incidental feelings
4. social discrimination

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 22
Wilma, who is white, will likely show greater care not to act in a prejudiced manner if ________.

1. her parents do not hold prejudicial attitudes
2. she had contact with, but no real interaction with, black persons during high school
3. her parents showed fairly indifferent attitudes about racial issues
4. she had unpleasant interactions with black persons during elementary school

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 23
Alice’s friend, Zoë, is very concerned and troubled about many of Alice’s prejudices. Although she has pointed this out to her many times, Alice’s views have not been altered. Another possible effective strategy that Zoë might use to convince Alice (who has two children) to change her views would be to ________.

1. point out shared group memberships with disliked others (e.g., we are all human)
2. ask her to explain when and where she acquired her prejudices
3. inform her that she will likely see an immediate boost to her self-esteem if she changes her views
4. inform her that she and her children are not able to enjoy everyday activities and life to the fullest due to her prejudices

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 24
The contact hypothesis is based on the idea that ________.

1. decreased contact between group members is necessary for the reduction of prejudice
2. contact between members of different social groups has no long-lasting effect on the level of prejudice experienced by group members
3. increased contact between members of different social groups may increase the degree of prejudice between the groups
4. increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce prejudice between the groups

Difficulty=increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce prejudice between the groups

M/C Question 25
Steve, who is Jewish and has friends who are mostly Jewish, attends a high school where most of the students are Christian. Steve eventually becomes good friends with Jake, who is Christian and has friends who are mostly Christian. As a result of this new friendship, which of the following events is the MOST likely to occur?

1. Steve will gradually begin to adopt some of the anti-Jewish sentiments displayed by his Christian friends.
2. Steve’s Jewish friends will be more inclined to feel positively toward Jake’s Christian friends, though Jake’s Christian friends will be less inclined to feel positively toward Steve’s Jewish friends.
3. Both Steve’s friends and Jake’s friends will be increasingly likely to feel that members of their respective outgroups do not necessarily dislike their respective ingroups.
4. The anti-outgroup norms from each of the respective groups will probably stay about the same in intensity.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 26
One approach to reducing prejudice and bias is to encourage individuals to recategorize outgroup members and ingroup members as both being part of a larger single social entity. This approach is known as the ________ model.

1. common ingroup identity
2. social learning
3. inclusiveness
4. shifting standards

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 27
Encouraging majority members to think about the advantages they have enjoyed as a result of their majority status increases their ________ guilt, which, in turn ________ racism.

1. collective; increases
2. collective; reduces
3. individual; increases
4. individual; reduces

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 28
Training individuals to refute their own stereotypes is known as ________ training and has the effect of ________ stereotype activation.

1. stereotype negation; increasing
2. stereotype incrementation; reducing
3. social influence; strengthening
4. stereotype negation; reducing

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 29
Suppose John has completed a study where he engaged in stereotype negation training. Given this scenario, John will likely ________.

1. be extremely confused by the procedure and, consequently, offer neutral responses
2. feel guilty about the fact that he associated certain racial stereotypes with the racial group toward which the stereotypes are typically targeted
3. continue to associate the racial stereotype with the member of the race in question
4. be much less inclined to associate the racial stereotype with the picture of the member of the matching race

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 30
When our membership in a group is salient, a stereotype (about an outgroup) that our ingroup endorses is more likely to ________ our ________ about that outgroup.

1. overcome; personal beliefs
2. overcome; in-group prejudice
3. become less important than; personal beliefs
4. insure; confusion

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 31
Tricia’s friend informs her of a real estate opportunity. The market has been tumultuous lately, but if it performs well, Tricia could gain a significant amount of money from the real estate purchase. However, if the market performs badly, Tricia could lose a significant amount of money. Tricia decides not to pursue the opportunity because of ________.

1. incidental feelings
2. risk aversion
3. subjective scales
4. zero-sum outcomes

Difficulty=Medium

 M/C Question 32
Paul is a black college student who wants to join a fraternity. The fraternity is made up of all white men. When Paul’s application is denied, he asks why, and the head of the fraternity implies, but doesn’t say, that it is because Paul is black. Which of the following best describes what has happened to Paul?

1. Paul has been discriminated against.
2. Paul has been stereotyped.
3. Paul has felt prejudice against the fraternity.
4. Paul has contributed to “white losses.”

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 33
With regards to racial progress and equality, how have white Americans’ views changed throughout President Obama’s tenure?

1. They now want more racial progress and more support for social policies that increase equality.
2. They now want more racial progress but less support for social policies that increase equality.
3. They now want less racial progress but more support for social policies that increase equality.
4. They now want less racial progress and less support for social policies that increase equality.

Difficulty=Medium

 M/C Question 34
In general, when do whites oppose affirmative action policies?

1. When they think these policies will positively affect white Americans’ chances to obtain jobs and promotions
2. When they think these policies will negatively affect white Americans’ chances to obtain jobs and promotions
3. When they think these policies will positively affect minority Americans’ chances to obtain jobs and promotions
4. When they think these policies will negatively affect minority Americans’ chances to obtain jobs and promotions

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 35
Which of the following is an example of a stereotype?

1. Alex thinks that all Asians are good at math.
2. A company doesn’t hire a black American because of his race.
3. A man uses a derogatory word for a gay man.
4. A woman gets paid less than a man for the same work.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 36
In general, which gender do people tend to feel more positively about and why?

1. Men, because men are viewed as decisive and assertive.
2. Women, because women are viewed as dependent and emotional.
3. Men, because men are viewed as being high on communal attributes.
4. Women, because women are viewed as kind and nurturing.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 37
Rachel has been with XYZ Corp. for over 20 years. During her time there, she has been promoted many times. She began her career as an assistant and is now a middle manager. However, in the last 10 years, she has not moved above her current role into the upper echelons of management positions at the corporation. Which of the following explains this slowdown?

1. Rachel likely doesn’t have the skills necessary for the next position.
2. Rachel has hit a glass ceiling at the corporation.
3. Rachel needs more training in her current position before she can advance.
4. Rachel is happy with her current position and doesn’t want to advance.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 38
When are women more likely to gain access to high-status positions?

1. When the overall economy is strong
2. When companies are in a time of crisis
3. When they are the first to apply for a vacancy
4. When companies are doing well financially

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 39
Women staff members at Techy Inc. have been protesting on and off for years that there are not any women in upper management positions. There are currently 20 upper management positions available. In an attempt to appease the protestors, the company appoints 2 women into these positions and fills the remaining 18 positions with men. The protests stop. The company has engaged in ________.

1. a push for equality
2. abolishing the glass ceiling
3. enabling the glass cliff affect
4. the act of tokenism

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 40
Some people feel that certain groups of people have some underlying, biologically-based features that distinguish that group from other groups. These supposed distinguishing features are known as ________.

1. traits
2. essences
3. stereotypes
4. genes

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 41
John is a white man who is interested in purchasing a house. Max is a black man who is interested in purchasing the same house. This is an example of ________.

1. a zero-sum outcome
2. a racially charged situation
3. a threat
4. unrealistic conflict theory

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 42
Which of the following has been shown to reduce negative reactions among members of differing and competing groups?

1. Groups working together to reach superordinate goals
2. Removing any possible zero-sum outcomes
3. Eliminating competition among the groups
4. Identifying and countering implicit associations

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 43
Which of the following distinguishes prejudice and discrimination?

1. Prejudice involves usually negative behaviors based on group membership, whereas discrimination involves negative emotional responses based on group membership.
2. Prejudice involves thinking members of a group all share the same traits, whereas discrimination involves viewing each member of a group individually.
3. Prejudice involves negative emotional responses based on group membership, whereas discrimination involves usually negative behaviors based on group membership.
4. Prejudice involves viewing each member of a group individually, whereas discrimination involves thinking members of a group all share the same traits.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 44
Dan, an admissions officer at a private university, is informed by human resources that he is discriminating against black applicants. Dan cannot believe this, as he has no knowledge that he did such a thing and knows he wouldn’t do something like this intentionally. Human resources informs him that he rejected outright the applications of nearly every applicant with a name that “sounded” black. It’s likely that Dan holds ________ attitudes toward black people.

1. implicit
2. explicit
3. positive
4. token

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 45
How do prejudiced people come to perceive themselves as unprejudiced?

1. They tell themselves that they view all people equally, even though they don’t.
2. They compare themselves to extreme bigots and feel that they don’t match up.
3. They tell themselves that prejudice used to be a lot worse in the past.
4. They acquire a friend of a differing racial background through tokenism.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 46
Mrs. Smith has a son, Brad, who is in the military and who is specially trained in interrogation tactics. Brad is currently on duty in Afghanistan. Mrs. Smith cannot fathom her own son being tortured, but she feels that his torturing of terrorist operatives is warranted. Mrs. Smith is experiencing ________.

1. collective guilt
2. moral disengagement
3. priming
4. superordinate goals

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 47
Arnold is a white Christian. He raises his son, Charles, to think that Muslims are morally and socially inferior to Christians. As Charles grows, Arnold approves whenever the boy expresses such views. Charles has learned prejudice through ________.

1. the contact hypothesis
2. recategorization
3. the social learning view
4. genetic inheritance

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 48
Recently, researchers have found that if homophonic people get to know and interact with homosexuals, homophobic attitudes are reduced. This strategy for reducing prejudice is known as the ________.

1. contact hypothesis
2. social learning view
3. recategorization approach
4. common ingroup identity model

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 49
Sarah is a white woman who lives in New York. She frequently hears stories of how other white men and women join hate groups and discriminate against minorities throughout the United States. She feels horrible and disgusted that white Americans can still be thinking and acting in such a way. Sarah is experiencing ________.

1. the fundamental attribution error
2. stereotype negation
3. prejudice through social learning
4. collective guilt

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 50
Elena and Kyle are having a conversation about minorities. Kyle has a racist attitude. Elena, by providing Kyle with information on how most people feel toward minorities, convinces Kyle that his views are out of line with those of most people in his community and in the United States as a whole. What effect will this have on Kyle’s racial attitude?

1. It will cause Kyle to adhere to his views more strongly.
2. It will cause Kyle to discard his views.
3. It will move Kyle’s views to a less prejudiced position.
4. It will cause Kyle to maintain his current attitude.

Difficulty=Medium

Essay

Essay Question 51
Do stereotypes ever change? Under what circumstances might we expect stereotypes to change? Who is more likely (and who is less likely) to hold on to a stereotype?

Difficulty=Medium,

Essay Question 52
What are implicit associations? How do we measure them? How would the introduction of incidental feelings work to alter associations between certain words and group membership? How would such implicit associations influence behavior?

Difficulty=Hard

Essay Question 53
David fancies himself a programming maven at his job, whereas Felicia is a relative neophyte. When Felicia shows some skills at the programming craft, David ruthlessly retaliates. Explain why. And then, using a David/Felicia scenario, describe the role of sabotage and both the near-term and more far-reaching effect such retaliation might have on Felicia.

Difficulty=Hard

Essay Question 54
Describe realistic conflict theory and give an example.

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 55
Describe the bona fide pipeline. How does it work and what does it show?

Difficulty=Easy

Essay Question 56
Define risk aversion and explain how this concept applies to perceptions of social changes that could result in greater racial equality for both whites and blacks.

Difficulty=Hard

Essay Question 57
Compare and contrast stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination and provide an example of each.

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 58
What is tokenism, what effect does it have on collective protesting by disadvantaged groups, and what is an example of its effect?

Difficulty=Hard

Essay Question 59
What is the difference between “old-fashioned racism” and modern racism, according to social psychologists?

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 60
Discuss the contact hypothesis, its potential effects on intergroup attitudes and anxiety, and how it achieves those effects.

Difficulty=Medium