Ch.3 Baron Social Perception Test Bank

TB_Baron_Chapter 3

Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level

Type

A=Applied

C=Conceptual

F=Factual

Level

(1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult

LO=Learning Objective

SG=Used in Study Guide

p=page

TB_Baron_Chapter 3

Multiple Choice Single Select

M/C Question 1
Many times, attempts at deception are thwarted because of ________ facial expressions.

1. irrepressible
2. basic channel
3. stereotypical
4. irrelevant
   

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 2
On her way to work one morning, Samantha was cut off by a driver who was weaving in and out of traffic, tailgating slower moving cars, racing through yellow lights, and generally driving rather erratically. According to recent research, Samantha should probably ________ because ________.

1. stare the other driver down; she will become more aggressive toward others unless she confronts the true source of her discomfort
2. slow down in front of the driver, if this can be done safely; this will allow the driver time to calm down and begin driving more safely
3. pretend to call the police on her cell phone; she will be able to intimidate the other driver
4. avoid making eye contact with the driver; the driver might interpret Samantha’s eye contact as an act of aggression

Difficulty=Hard

M/C Question 3
Erin’s boyfriend has taken her out to dinner at a very exclusive restaurant. Erin notices that he can’t seem to sit still during the meal, and he is constantly rubbing his left knee, scratching an itch, or pulling his earlobe. This type of body language usually indicates ________.

1. emotional arousal
2. correspondent inference
3. some sort of physical ailment
4. deception

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 4
Jason has been told that he should make sure to shake hands with the interviewer when he applies for a job, and that this handshake should be firm, vigorous, and last a long time. According to recent research (Chaplin et al., 2000), if Jason follows this advice, the interviewer may think that Jason is ________.

1. slightly disagreeable but very outgoing
2. relatively shy and highly conscientious
3. outgoing and willing to try new things
4. a bit neurotic and somewhat outgoing

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 5
Suppose we are trying to discern whether an individual is lying based on his or her verbal and nonverbal information and cues. Which of the following statements BEST describes how well we will be able to judge whether this individual is lying?

1. We are able to pay equal attention to the individual’s verbal and nonverbal information and cues.
2. It is very unlikely that we could judge whether the individual is lying based on either verbal or nonverbal information or cues.
3. We are more likely to pay attention to his or her nonverbal cues and, thus, determine if he or she is lying.
4. We will probably pay more attention to her or his verbal cues and, in doing so, will have difficulty determining any deception.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 6
Deborah has just spent a great deal of money on a new fur coat. When she showed it to her husband, she asked if he liked it. Without hesitation, her husband responded by saying, “Yes. It is beautiful.” Before he spoke, however, a slight frown appeared on his face for less than a second. This might indicate that he is concealing his true feelings from his wife and is known as a ________.

1. macroexpression
2. microexpression
3. discrepant interchannel
4. discounted attribution

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 7
An example of interchannel discrepancy during deception would be ________.

1. blinking very often
2. showing one expression quickly followed by another
3. smiling more frequently and broadly than would be expected in a given situation
4. managing one’s facial expressions well while not making much eye contact

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 8
Jerome is playing poker with his buddies and is losing badly. It seems that everyone at the table knows when he is bluffing just by watching his eyes. Jerome needs to learn to monitor his ________ and his ________ when he plays poker.

1. exaggerated expressiveness; microexpressions
2. interchannel expressions; frequency of microexpressions
3. interocular movements; interchannel expressions
4. rate of blinking; frequency of eye contact

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 9
Jackie took longer to reply to certain questions and the pitch of her voice rose considerably; these aspects of her ________ gave away that that she was lying.

1. linguistic style
2. nonverbal cues
3. lack of affect
4. choice of proper nouns

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 10
Which statement BEST describes the attribution process?

1. The process by which we seek to understand the causes of the behavior of others and ourselves.
2. The process by which we focus attention inward for reflection.
3. The process by which we combine information about others into unified impressions of them.
4. The process by which we seek to understand our own feelings, traits, and motives.

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 11
Imagine that you see a friend arguing with a sales clerk in a store. You have never seen your friend argue with anyone in public before. Therefore, you think that the clerk did something to cause the argument. The theory that most directly explains how you reached this conclusion is the ________.

1. theory of discounting and augmenting
2. inferential correspondence effect
3. actor-observer effect
4. theory of correspondent inference

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 12
Although Sarah could afford any car she wants, she drives an aging Volkswagen. Sam, Sarah's friend, thinks that this choice says something about Sarah’s personality. Sam clearly agrees with ________.

1. the theory of augmenting and discounting
2. the theory of correspondent inference
3. social comparison theory
4. the theory of social desirability

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 13
Mr. Nguyen, a 53-year-old accountant, has just been rejected for a job at a small bank that he believes he was qualified for. He later hears from a friend that the hiring manager was biased against older job applicants. Mr. Nguyen’s self-esteem is likely to ________.

1. first increase, then decrease because of several possible external and internal attributions that can be used to explain his rejection
2. increase slightly because he can make an external attribution as to the cause of his rejection
3. decrease slightly because he can make an internal attribution as to the cause of his rejection
4. remain unchanged because he can make an external attribution as to the cause of his rejection

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 14
When I consider the extent to which this person reacts in the same way to this same stimulus on other occasions, I am basing my attribution on ________.

1. consensus
2. distinctiveness
3. correspondent inference
4. consistency

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 15
We might think that a waiter who flirts with a customer does so because he likes to flirt if we observe this waiter flirting with several different customers while we eat. This best represents the concept of ________.

1. controllability
2. consistency
3. distinctiveness
4. consensus

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 16
We might think that waiters who all flirt with a particular customer do so because the customer welcomes the attention if we notice that the waiters do not also flirt with other customers while we eat. This best represents the concept of ________.

1. consistency
2. noncommon effect
3. consensus
4. distinctiveness

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 17
According to Kelley’s theory, behaviors that arise because of an individual’s traits, motives, or intentions are ________ caused, while those behaviors that arise because of some aspect of the social or physical environment are ________ caused.

1. genetically; environmentally
2. externally; internally
3. internally; externally
4. consensually; externally

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 18
Abbie noticed that Kayla spends time talking to almost everyone she meets at work, and believes that this is because Kayla is a friendly, outgoing person. In fact, Kayla is rather shy and withdrawn most of the time, but her job at a local bank requires that she talk with most of the bank’s customers periodically. Abbie’s perception of Kayla is mistaken because of ________.

1. a discounting error
2. the correspondence bias
3. idiosyncratic behavior
4. her perceptual salience

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 19
Members of collectivistic cultures are more likely to recognize more of the situational determinants of behavior than are members of individualistic cultures. As a result, members of collectivist societies are ________.

1. somewhat less likely to make the fundamental attribution error
2. a great deal more likely to make the fundamental attribution error
3. somewhat more likely to make the fundamental attribution error
4. able to avoid the fundamental attribution error completely

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 20
We tend to adjust our attributions to take account for situational constraints on our own behavior ________ we take account of situational constraints on others’ behavior.

1. to a lesser extent than
2. to about the same extent as
3. sometimes more and sometimes less than
4. to a greater extent than

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 21
Mary sees Greta trip while walking down an outside flight of steps, and she thinks to herself, “What a clumsy person!” Five minutes later, though, Mary trips on the same flight of steps, and says to an onlooker, “It’s very icy today!” This is an illustration of the ________.

1. actor-observer effect
2. self-serving bias effect
3. blame avoidance principle
4. categorization principle

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 22
Trista’s teacher just returned student essays to the class. Trista’s teacher has written several positive comments throughout her paper and given Trista an A+ on the assignment. Trista is likely to believe her grade reflects ________ because of ________.

1. an error on the teacher’s part; the fundamental attribution error
2. both her ability level and her teacher’s ability; rational thinking
3. the true quality of her work; the self-serving bias
4. her true ability level; the correspondence bias

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 23
Research evidence tends to indicate that social perception ________.

1. is sometimes accurate and sometimes flawed because of our implicit theories
2. has very restricted accuracy because there are just too many attributional errors
3. can be quite accurate, despite attributional errors
4. is not at all accurate, because of the many attributional errors

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 24
The self-defeating pattern of attributions exhibited by many depressed individuals can successfully be treated by therapies that encourage people to ________.

1. take credit for significant others’ accomplishments and to blame themselves for negative outcomes
2. examine the roots of their depression that can be found in their repressed urges, inner conflicts or traumatic childhood events
3. view some successes and failures as due to external factors that they can control to some extent
4. take credit for successful outcomes and to avoid blaming themselves for all negative outcomes

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 25
Early research conducted by Solomon Asch suggests the presence of central traits, which are ________.

1. relatively unimportant characteristics that interact with each other to determine our overall impression
2. clusters of traits that we use to try to understand and explain the behavior of another person
3. traits that strongly color the way we interpret other aspects of another person
4. traits that have a relatively weak effect on our overall impression of another person

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 26
Bernard watched a brief video of Samantha being interviewed for a job. He reports his impression of Samantha and indicates he is not at all confident in his ratings of her. According to research, how accurate is Bernard’s impression?

1. Bernard is probably right on target as accuracy is not related to confidence in judgments.
2. Bernard is probably not very accurate as he is not very confident about his impression of her.
3. Bernard is probably accurate given that people with low confidence in their impression underrate their performance.
4. Bernard’s impression is probably as accurate as anyone else’s, regardless of their confidence level.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 27
People use a number of different techniques to try and manage the impression they make on others. These techniques generally fall into one of two broad categories: ________ and ________.

1. social formation; impression perception
2. self-enhancement; other-enhancement
3. self-abasement; other-enhancement
4. social perception; impression formation

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 28
Mike is applying for a job in advertising. While he is out to dinner with the interviewer, Mike pulls out and lights an expensive cigar and offers one to the interviewer. Mike is using what tactic to increase his chances of getting the job?

1. self-enhancement
2. induction
3. other-enhancement
4. sublimation

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 29
Recent research suggests that impression management can work against an individual if ________.

1. impression management techniques provide accurate information about the individual using them
2. the individual using these techniques selects an inappropriate target for impression management
3. the individual using these techniques displays an inappropriate interest in another person
4. impression management techniques are overused or ineffectively used

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 30
One explanation for why we feel happier after engaging in impression management in which we try to come across as positive and cheerful is due to ________.

1. spending time focusing on another person
2. fundamental attribution error
3. facial feedback hypothesis
4. self-serving bias

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 31
Which type of nonverbal communication is relatively universal?

1. Facial expressions such as smiles and frowns
2. Verbal expressions of joy and sadness
3. Eye contact and staring
4. Gestures such as thumbs up or the OK sign

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 32
Which of the following behaviors is considered to be a type of body language?

1. Facial expressions
2. Eye contact
3. Gestures
4. Nonverbal speech
   

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 33
In his home country, the United States, Arnold holds his thumb up to show approval. However, when traveling to another country last year, Arnold learned that people there took offense when he put his thumb up in this way. Which of the following best describes the reason for this?

1. The thumbs up sign is an emblem that has a specific meaning in a given culture.
2. The thumbs up sign is only acceptable to people in the United States.
3. The thumbs up sign is mostly unknown, and people can disapprove of unfamiliar signs.
4. The thumbs up sign is generally a hostile form of nonverbal communication.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 34
While driving, Shawn notices a large truck speed up quickly behind him. Shawn is driving the speed limit, and the truck begins honking loudly before swerving around Shawn and passing him in the left lane. As the truck drives by, the driver yells obscenities at Shawn. He then speeds ahead and runs a red light. At the following light, however, Shawn pulls up beside the driver of the truck. Which of the following should Shawn avoid?

1. Brief eye contact with the driver
2. Extended eye contact with the driver
3. Ignoring the driver
4. Smiling at the driver

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 35
Which of the following is an example of paralanguage?

1. Gestures
2. Word choice
3. Tone
4. Body language

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 36
During a job interview, Darlene notices that the interviewee smiles constantly and nods her head in affirmation when questioned about her resume. However, the interviewee also frequently wrings her hands and avoids eye contact. The interviewee is demonstrating ________, which could be an indicator of ________.

1. exaggerated facial expressions; enthusiasm
2. interchannel discrepancies; deception
3. paralanguage; anxiety
4. microexpressions; confusion

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 37
Jonah decided to cook dinner for his wife, Carol, even though he never cooks. He didn’t use a recipe and on instinct combined ingredients, including milk that he didn’t notice was spoiled. When Carol got home, he gave her a bowl of his creation. As she smelled it, Jonah noticed that, only for a second, her upper lip raised and her nose wrinkled. Carol displayed a(n) ________.

1. interchannel expression
2. exaggerated expression
3. macroexpression
4. microexpression

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 38
The reason for engaging in the process of attribution is to

1. understand the causes of others’ behavior and our own behavior.
2. readily be able to detect meaning behind microexpressions
3. identify and interpret instances of deception.
4. comprehend unfamiliar gestures and body language.

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 39
At a public park, Rob sees another man pick up and throw a large rock at a nearby duck. The man wounds the duck for seemingly no reason and then walks away. Rob is understandably shocked. Which of the following can you conclude about the man’s actions?

1. They are low in social desirability.
2. They don’t lend themselves to the process of attribution.
3. They were not freely chosen.
4. They are aligned to social norms.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 40
You can most likely conclude that another person’s behavior reflects his or her stable traits when the behavior is freely chosen, is low in social desirability, and yields ________ effects.

1. hurtful common
2. universal uncommon
3. distinctive noncommon
4. distinctive common

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 41
At her gallery opening, Kayla unveiled a new sculpture she had been working on for over 2 years. The sculpture was very provocative. Kayla’s agent was the first to show up and gasped when he saw it. Then, nearly everyone who entered the gallery gasped upon seeing it. Regarding Kayla’s new sculpture, there was ________.

1. high consensus
2. low distinctiveness
3. low consistency
4. high social desirability

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 42
Upon entering her cabin, Geraldine heard a rustling sound in the bedroom. She bent down and looked through the keyhole. Inside was a bear that had climbed through an open window. Geraldine ran out of the cabin screaming. Her behavior was caused by ________ causes.

1. noncommon
2. internal
3. consistent
4. external

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 43
Which three major types of information related to the causes of others’ behavior inform Kelley’s covariation theory?

1. Distinctiveness, attribution, and external factors
2. Consistency, ambiguity, and individualism
3. Consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness
4. Social desirability, consensus, and linguistics

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 44
Which of the following dimensions of causal attribution is used to evaluate if behavior is likely to change?

1. Internal–external dimension
2. Stable–unstable dimension
3. Controllable–uncontrollable dimension
4. Distinct–indistinct dimension

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 45
Erica watches a classmate put an open bag of chips into her backpack and thinks that the classmate is trying to protect the chips from any bugs in the room. James watches the same behavior of the classmate and concludes that the classmate is trying to hide the chips so she doesn’t have to share them with anyone else. This is an example of ________.

1. consensus
2. action identification
3. fate attribution
4. covariation

Difficulty=Medium,

M/C Question 46
How we produce our first view of another person and how quickly we produce that view are questions related to ________.

1. covariation theory
2. attribution theory
3. impression formation
4. self-serving biases

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 47
Before having an interview for a potential internship, Tanya carefully applies makeup, straightens her hair, and puts on a nice, colorful blazer. Tanya is practicing ________, which is a form of ________.

1. other-enhancement; impression formation
2. self-enhancement; impression formation
3. other-enhancement; impression management
4. self-enhancement; impression management

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 48
Which of the following is a type of other-enhancement?

1. Getting a haircut
2. Using flattering language
3. Dieting to lose weight
4. Wearing a suit and tie

Difficulty=Easy

M/C Question 49
At an interview with a local tech start-up, Janine answered questions about her qualifications. She elaborated on her education and relevant working experiences. She said that she graduated top of her class easily. She said she received more compliments from her professors than any of her peers and that one professor commented that he couldn’t believe Janine learned many computer languages so quickly. Janine also said that she was working on “a rival to Facebook,” but that she couldn’t show the interviewer this work because it was confidential. In the end, Janine did not get the job. Which of the following is a likely explanation as to why?

1. Janine used excessive and impression management tactics.
2. Janine didn’t use enough impression management tactics.
3. Janine’s impression management tactics did not affect the interviewer.
4. Janine didn’t have the right qualifications for the job.

Difficulty=Medium

M/C Question 50
Which of the following statements accurately describes the effectiveness of impression management tactics?

1. Impression management tactics make a good impression and should be used as much as possible.
2. Impression management tactics can make a good impression as long as they are not overused.
3. Impression management tactics sometimes make a good impression but usually make a bad impression.
4. Impression management tactics do not make a good impression and should therefore be avoided.

Difficulty=Medium

Essay

Essay Question 51
Describe the role that facial expressions play in our social perceptions.

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 52
There are three dimensions that impact how we make causal attributions. Internal and External attributions represent one of these dimensions of attributions. Please define and explain this dimension as well as the remaining two dimensions we consider when making attributions.

Difficulty=Hard

Essay Question 53
Describe the actor–observer effect.

Difficulty=Easy

Essay Question 54
Explain how self-serving bias impacts our attributions about unexpected negative events.

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 55
There are two major categories of techniques people employ in the process of impression management. Name, define, and describe these two tactics.

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 56
Describe an emblem, provide two examples, and explain why people need to be careful using emblems.

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 57
List the three predictors of deception. Describe each one and give an example of each.

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 58
What is social desirability and how does it relate to our understanding of others’ behavior? Give an example of behavior with low social desirability and a behavior with high social desirability in the United States.

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 59
According to Kelley’s covariation theory, what are the three major types of information we consider when trying to answer the question “Why?” about others’ behavior? Describe each type.

Difficulty=Medium

Essay Question 60
A man approaches a woman at a coffee shop. They begin making small talk, and the conversation turns to what the man’s education is and what he does for a living. Considering the efficacy of impression management tactics, advise the man on what he should and shouldn’t do and why.

Difficulty=Medium