The Lived Environment Exam Questions Chapter 8

Chapter 8

The Lived Environment:

Community, Housing, and Place

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which field of study examines the behavioural, social, and psychological implications of encounters between older adults and their environment?
   1. Physical gerontology
   2. Community gerontology
   3. Environmental gerontology
   4. Public gerontology

Page: 242

1. What is the goal of environmental gerontology?
   1. Maximizing independence
   2. Assessing need for long-term care
   3. Recommending medical interventions
   4. Prescribing alternative therapies

Page: 242

1. Who make up approximately one-third of accused individuals in violent crimes against seniors?
   1. Doctors and nurses
   2. Family members
   3. Repeat offenders
   4. Public officials

Page: 242

1. What percentage of older adults express fear that they may be victimized?
   1. 20 per cent
   2. 30 per cent
   3. 40 per cent
   4. 50 per cent

Page: 242

1. According to the WHO, what type of community has policies, services, and structures related to the physical and social environment that support and enable older people to live in security, to enjoy good health, and to continue to participate fully in society?
   1. Assimilated community
   2. Age-integrated community
   3. Age-friendly community
   4. Active-aging community

Page: 243

1. Which of the following is not an environment assessed in Lawton’s (1980) environmental press concept?
   1. Personal environment
   2. Work environment
   3. Supra-personal environment
   4. Social environment

Page: 249

1. According to the ecological model of aging, what will someone experience if they are prematurely confined to a nursing home with little contact?
   1. High competence and strong environmental press
   2. Low competence and strong environmental press
   3. High competence and weak environmental press
   4. Low competence and weak environmental press

Page: 250-251

1. Which of the following statements is false about falls?
   1. The definition of a fall can vary among older persons.
   2. Falls are the leading cause of injury and death among those aged 65 and older.
   3. The majority of injuries resulting in hospitalization are caused by falls.
   4. About three-quarters of older people have a fall each year.

Page: 253

1. Activities of daily living (ADLs) include which of the following?
   1. Eating
   2. Preparing meals
   3. shopping
   4. Housekeeping

Page: 253

1. Instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs) include which of the following?
   1. Using the toilet
   2. Preparing meals
   3. Eating
   4. Bathing

Page: 253

1. Who is most likely to have access to private or public transportation in later life?
   1. Urban residents
   2. Individuals with low income
   3. Individuals in poor health
   4. Widows

Page: 255

1. Which of the following is true about older drivers?
   1. Older drivers account for fewer auto fatalities than other age groups.
   2. Older drivers rarely volunteer to stop driving when they experience problem.
   3. Older drivers have fewer accidents per kilometer than other age groups.
   4. Older drivers pose a significant risk to traffic safety compared to other age groups.

Page: 256

1. Which of the following is true about older people and patterns of victimization?
   1. Older people are victimized more than younger people.
   2. Older people are more likely than younger people to report crimes.
   3. Older people are most commonly victimized by strangers.
   4. Older people are more likely to be victims of financial fraud.

Page: 257-258

1. Which of the following is not a factor that influences whether or not older people are willing to adopt a new technology, according to Golant?
   1. Its perceived costs/risks
   2. Its perceived popularity
   3. Its perceived usability
   4. Its perceived efficaciousness

Page: 259

1. Which of the following refers to the type of housing for older adults that includes shelter and a variety of services that focus on the stimulation and activation of the residents by qualified staff?
   1. Independent housing
   2. Supportive housing
   3. Dependent housing
   4. Long-term care

Page: 265

1. Which term refers to the use of commonly held principles and ethical rules that guide what we “ought” to do when making decisions about or for others?
   1. Principlism
   2. Principle
   3. Ageism
   4. Sexism

Page: 273

1. Which of the following is not a key reason that an older adult would move away from their former residence?
   1. To better adapt to recent health limitations
   2. To be closer to family
   3. To live in a better neighbourhood
   4. To be alone

Page: 274

1. Which of the following is not a reason for a reappraisal of living arrangements and lifestyle?
   1. Retiring
   2. Becoming widowed
   3. Experiencing a significant change in health status
   4. Gentrification

Page: 274

1. Which direction reflects the most permanent interprovincial migration among the older population in Canada?
   1. Westward
   2. Eastward
   3. Northward
   4. Southward

Page: 275

1. Which of the following is not a motivation for international “assistance” migration?
   1. The onset of a moderate disability
   2. Aging itself
   3. Increasing poverty
   4. Civil unrest

Page: 275

1. Helen has lived in her downtown home for 40 years. Recently, she has been noticing that more and more of her older friends and neighbours are moving out of the neighborhood because they cannot afford increases in taxes or in the cost of heating and repairs. The last neighbor that moved out sold their house to a young professional couple who demolished the older home and put a larger, modern home in its place. Helen often worries about how much longer she can afford to live in her home and whether the neighborhood has changed for the better. What is Helen experiencing?
   1. Simplification
   2. Principlism
   3. Urbanism
   4. Gentrification

Page: 248

1. Which term has a number of meanings that we must be familiar with in order to create successful policies and programs for older people?
   1. City
   2. Community
   3. Activity
   4. Geography

Page: 244

1. André’s doctoral research examines the behavioural, social, and psychological implications of encounters between older adults and their environment. In addition to examining behavioural, sociological, and psychological theories, his thesis also recommends interventions that could create a better fit between older individuals and their environments, thereby maximizing independence and improving their quality of life as well as their physical and subjective health, including longevity. What field of study does André’s research fit in with?
   1. Interactive gerontology
   2. Ecological gerontology
   3. Applied gerontology
   4. Environmental gerontology

Page: 242

1. Which of the following is not an environmental challenge that older people face?
   1. Homelessness
   2. Fear of crime
   3. Increasing home equity
   4. Loss of private transportation

Page: 253

1. Which of the following is a key factor in maintaining one’s quality of life and is essential to maintaining independence in later life?
   1. Mobility
   2. Gentrification
   3. Mental health
   4. Supportive-care facilities

Page: 254

True or False Questions

1. Of people aged 65 and over, men are more likely than women to live alone.

Page: 242

1. Environmental gerontology refers to the study of the ecological impact of seniors.

Page: 242

1. The majority of older Canadians live in rural areas.

Page: 246, 255

1. One goal of public policy should be to create “age-friendly” communities.

Page: 243

1. In general, age-integrated communities are favoured by older people.

Page: 244

1. Most research about older people has focused on residents of large urban communities.

Page: 245

1. Older residents of rural communities lack access to inexpensive, locally grown food.

Page: 245

1. Research shows that services like New Brunswick’s minibus service likely contribute to overall wellness for older adults.

Page: 246

1. Some older people continue to live in the central core of cities because they cannot afford to rent or buy in newer areas.

Page: 248

1. “Aging in place” is the preferred housing choice in later life.

Page: 248

1. Environmental press includes the assessment of environments later in life.

Page: 249-250

1. The less competent the individual, the more environment influences adaptation and quality of life.

Page: 249-250

1. Falls occur about equally both inside and outside the home.

Page: 253

1. Men are more likely to experience a fall than women.

Page: 253

1. There are three types of risk factors related to injuries and falls among older people: personal, home, and community.

Page: 254

1. For the average number of kilometres driven, older drivers have more accidents than any other age group.

Page: 256

1. Only about half of the violent crimes committed against older adults are reported to the police.

Page: 257

1. Violence against older adults is usually committed by a stranger.

Page: 257

1. Older people are victimized less than younger people because they are not as exposed to risk.

Page: 257

1. The number of older adults who use the Internet is increasing.

Page: 260

1. The majority of older homeless people are women.

Page: 261

1. More men aged 65 and over tend to be in partnered arrangements than women.

Page: 262

1. Older women are more likely to remarry than older men.

Page: 263

1. It is becoming more common to look to technological solutions and innovations to improve the quality of life of older adults.

Page: 258

1. Residents in independent/supportive housing are viewed as “patients.”

Page: 266

Short Answer Questions

1. What are three scenarios, as illustrated by Scheidt and Windley (2006), in which the local environment can create stress and change the lifestyles of older persons?

Page: 242

1. What is meant by the “multiple meanings of community”?

Page: 244

1. Why is it difficult to agree on a definition of “rural”?

Page: 244-245

1. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages to rural life for older adults?

Page: 244-245

1. What are some of the challenges of aging in urban communities?

Page: 246-248

1. What is meant by the proclivity to age in place?

Page: 248-249

1. What is the interplay between objective and subjective environments within Lawton’s ecological model of aging?

Page: 249-251

1. What are the weaknesses of the ecological model of aging?

Page: 251

1. What preventive measures can be taken to reduce the incidence and seriousness of falls?

Page: 254

1. In what ways are transportation issues among the most important issue facing older adults?

Page: 254-255

1. What are the challenges associated with ensuring that older drivers are competent, from a family and a public-policy perspective?

Page: 256

1. What kinds of fraud do older citizens often experience?

Page: 258

1. Despite having lower rates of victimization, older adults tend to fear crime more than other groups. Why is this and what can be done to change it?

Page: 258

1. How can technology help older adults in their day-to-day lives? Provide examples.

Page: 258-259

1. Why do some older adults adopt and master new technology while others do not?

Page: 259-260

1. In what ways homelessness an issue for older adults?

Page: 260-261

1. Why it is difficult for homeless elderly people to be reached by social services? What can be done to correct this problem?

Page: 261

1. Why are values and preferences often linked to ethnicity important factors affecting the living arrangements of older adults in Canada?

Page: 262-263

1. What are the characteristics of the supportive housing option?

Page: 265-267

1. What are five major issues concerning long-term care? Briefly describe each.

Page: 267

1. How are decisions made about who should or must be admitted to publicly-funded long-term care?

Page: 268

1. What are some of the principles and regulations that the Ontario LTC system is attempting to put into practice through legislation?

Page: 269

1. What is one example of an ethical issue that may arise in a long-term care facility?

Page: 273

1. What is the importance of studying the migration patterns of older adults?

Page: 274-275

1. What additional challenges are faced by older individuals who are members of the LGBTQ community?

Page: 267, 269, 275