Ch7 Test Questions & Answers Health Transitions and Aging

Chapter 7

Health Status and Health-Care Transitions in an Aging Context

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following statements regarding drug use among older adults is false?
   1. The number and frequency of medications increase with age.
   2. Most drugs cure an underlying condition.
   3. Many older adults take more than one drug per day.
   4. In general, older women take more drugs than older men.

Page: 231

1. Which of the following statements regarding the anti-aging movement is true?
   1. Anti-aging methods are a recent development in human history.
   2. The commercial market for anti-aging products is small and focused on younger age groups.
   3. Many anti-aging products and treatments are available in the offices of medical professionals.
   4. The anti-aging movement does not promote ageism.

Page: 231

1. How long is the average hospital stay for those aged 65 and over?
   1. 1 day
   2. 7 days
   3. 17 days
   4. 27 days

Page: 227

1. What is the most common illness among older adults living in the community?
   1. Hypertension
   2. Diabetes
   3. Heart disease
   4. Arthritis

Page: 203

1. Approximately what percentage of persons aged 65 and over have mild, moderate, or severe dementia?
   1. 1 per cent
   2. 8 per cent
   3. 15 per cent
   4. 25 per cent

Page: 222

1. When does comorbidity occur?
   1. When two people suffer from the same illness
   2. When two people die from the same illness
   3. When one person is suffering from more than one condition at the same time in later life
   4. When a person develops the same illness as their spouse

Page: 199

1. Which of the following is not a cause of medical iatrogenesis?
   1. Patient behaviour
   2. Blood transfusions
   3. Over-prescribing drugs
   4. Unnecessary surgery

Page: 200

1. As people live longer, they are also free of disability for longer periods before death. Which of the following terms refers to this phenomenon?
   1. Compression of morbidity
   2. Compression of disability
   3. Health conundrum
   4. Health paradox

Page: 202

1. Prevalence of which disease has increased steadily over the past decade?
   1. Heart disease
   2. High blood pressure
   3. Arthritis
   4. Diabetes

Page: 204

1. Which of the following is true of baby boomers compared to people who were their age about 20 years ago?
   1. They have a significantly lower rate of smoking.
   2. They have a significantly lower rate of healthy exercise.
   3. They have a lower rate of obesity.
   4. They have a higher rate of heavy drinking.

Page: 222

1. Which of the following is not a social determinant of health?
   1. Socio-economic status
   2. Living and working conditions
   3. Social support from family and friends
   4. Moral behaviour

Page: 211

1. Which of the following statements is false?
   1. Middle-aged immigrants who have arrived within the previous 10 years have better functional and self-rated health than their Canadian-born counterparts.
   2. Immigrants coming into Canada generally have poorer health than Canadians, but they become healthier over time.
   3. The healthy-immigrant effect is strongest among recent immigrants.
   4. The longer immigrants live in Canada, the more their self-reported health resembles that of the rest of the population.

Page: 214

1. Which of the following is a necessary precursor to making a shift in behavior, according to Chou and Wister?
   1. Self-sufficiency
   2. Self-care
   3. Self-esteem
   4. Self-efficacy

Page: 211

1. Approximately what percentage of community-living older adults are estimated to have a mental health issue?
   1. 10 per cent
   2. 20 per cent
   3. 30 per cent
   4. 50 per cent

Page: 220

1. Concerning dementia, which of the following statements is false?
   1. Dementia is characterized by severe losses in cognitive, emotional, or social abilities.
   2. The prevalence of dementia is greater among women than among men.
   3. The prevalence of dementia increases with age.
   4. Alzheimer’s disease is reversible with the appropriate treatment.

Page: 222

1. Which age group has the highest suicide rate?
   1. Males 85 and older
   2. Females 85 and older
   3. Males 20 and younger
   4. Females 20 and younger

Page: 225

1. Which of the following is not a reason for the sharp rise in health-care spending in 2004–2011?
   1. Hospital costs
   2. Pharmaceutic costs
   3. Population aging
   4. Doctor payments

Page: 229

1. Approximately what percentage of all health-care expenditures in Canada are accounted for by home care costs?
   1. 5 per cent
   2. 10 per cent
   3. 25 per cent
   4. 50 per cent

Page: 227

1. What is the primary reason for the recent stabilization of total drug expenditures?
   1. Increases in the population of older people
   2. Increased dosages
   3. Generic drug policies
   4. Cheaper pharmaceutical ingredients

Page: 230

1. Which of the following is not included in integrated care delivery systems for older adults?
   1. Self-care
   2. Case management for home care
   3. Home support
   4. Community services to enhance independence and quality of life

Page: 235

1. Advanced and costly technologies contribute to which phenomenon, where higher-resolution images detect something unusual in a larger proportion of patients?
   1. Technological effect
   2. Integrative effect
   3. Cascade effect
   4. Cannabis effect

Page: 229

1. Which model of care emphasizes treating health problems with surgery, medications, bed rest, rehabilitation, or by moving elderly patients to a facility that offers 24-hour nursing care?
   1. The social model of care
   2. The medical model of care
   3. The integrative model of care
   4. The care model of health

Page: 199

1. Which model of care promotes healthy behaviours by targeting individuals or groups in a community or across a society?
   1. The medical model of care
   2. The integrative model of care
   3. The health promotion model
   4. The health maintenance model

Page: 200

1. Research shows that LGBTQ2 older adults require additional support systems and structural changes to the health-care system to meet a variety of unmet needs and vulnerabilities specific to their sexual orientation/identity and aging contexts. Which of the following is not an example of these unmet needs or vulnerabilities?
   1. Social isolation
   2. Access to health services
   3. Shifts in attitudes of health-care professionals
   4. Legislative changes

Page: 213

1. What do the world’s “blue zones” often have in common?
   1. Citizens all have high rates of smoking.
   2. Citizens are socially engaged with their family, friends, and community.
   3. Citizens are not often physically active.
   4. Citizens eat plenty of locally-produced meat and eggs from organic farmers.

Page: 207

True or False Questions

1. More than half of all older adults have at least one disability.

Page: 198

1. The WHO defines health as the absence of symptoms of illness or signs of disease.

Page: 198

1. Acute conditions occur more frequently than chronic conditions among older adults.

Page: 203

1. The concept of health transitions captures the interplay between individual and societal factors that shape our health as we age.

Page: 199

1. Morbidity compression is the tendency for the onset of disease to be compressed into a shorter period at the end of life.

Page: 201

1. Recent trends imply that there is a compression of disability rather than a more general compression of morbidity.

Page: 202

1. Research suggests that contemporary older adults use fewer prescription drugs than previous generations.

Page: 231

1. Longevity is due to genetics, social resources, and healthy lifestyles experienced throughout life.

Page: 207

1. People tend to underestimate their subjective health status.

Page: 210-211

1. The social determinants of health are factors that operate over the life course and include socio-economic status, living conditions, and social support.

Page: 211-212

1. Self-efficacy is the lack of confidence that people have in terms of keeping active.

Page: 211

1. There no evidence that subjective measures are predictive of impending death.

Page: 211

1. Physical activity levels of older adults have dropped significantly over the last two decades.

Page: 218

1. The prevalence of dementia is lower among women than among men.

Page: 222

1. Suicide is the leading cause of death for older males.

Page: 226

1. Persons aged 65 and over account for over half of the patient days in acute-care hospitals.

Page: 227

1. Health-care costs have risen mainly because of population aging.

Page: 228-229

1. Pharmaceutical costs have been stable since the 1990s.

Page: 230

1. Self- or prescribed medication use among older adults is decreasing.

Page: 231

1. Older people are more sensitive than younger people to some drugs and may experience more side effects.

Page: 232

1. Integrated models of care delivery use a coordinated assessment and management system.

Page: 235

1. Integrated models of care cost more than other types of care models.

Page: 235

1. To develop long-term funding of new models of care, Canadian health policy will require a restructuring of funding mechanisms and jurisdictional responsibilities.

Page: 237

1. Health care for older adults is largely consistent in terms of amount of care, regularity of care, and continuity of care.

Page: 233

1. Subjective feelings and experiences are important when reporting self-perceptions of health in social surveys and when reacting to and coping with an apparent change in one’s health.

Page: 198

Short Answer Questions

1. What is good health?

Page: 198

1. Describe the concept of health transitions. How do our own perceptions shape these transitions?

Page: 199

1. What is the medical model of health and health care? What are some of the criticisms surrounding this model?

Page: 199-200

1. What is the social model of health and health care? What is the major criticism surrounding this model?

Page: 199-200

1. What is the health promotion model (HPM) of health care?

Page: 200-201

1. What is the population health promotion model (PHPM) of health care?

Page: 200-201

1. What is morbidity compression? Does it exist? Explain your answer.

Page: 201-203

1. Will the baby boomers be healthier in old age than the previous generation? Explain your answer.

Page: 205-206

1. According to recent global studies, what are the major factors that increase longevity?

Page: 206-207

1. Discuss the integrated models of care delivery in Canada. Are there any proposed changes on the horizon?

Page: 235-237

1. How can having a healthy lifestyle influence aging?

Page: 215-216

1. What changes in appetite and food preferences may occur in the later years? How can negative eating habits be resolved?

Page: 216-217

1. Describe the prevalence of obesity among older adults. What is it caused by?

Page: 217

1. What are the benefits of regular physical activity for older people?

Page: 217

1. Are physical activity levels high enough among older people today? Are there any perceived barriers to exercise?

Page: 218

1. Does the increase in physical activity occur in all demographics of older adults? Explain your answer.

Page: 218

1. What is the difference between mental health and mental illness?

Page: 220

1. What are five ways in which older people or their caregivers can enhance mental health?

Page: 220-221

1. What is the difference between depression and delirium?

Page: 221-222

1. What are the patterns of dementia in Canada? How might these patterns affect the lives of future cohorts of older people?

Page: 222-223

1. What barriers, if any, might older adults experience when accessing mental-health care?

Page: 224-225

1. What are the five criteria that provincial and territorial health insurance plans must adhere to in order to be eligible for federal funding? List and describe each.

Page: 226

1. Why has the integrated model of care delivery not been more widely implemented?

Page: 236-237

1. What is a blue zone? What commonalities do blue zones often share?

Page: 207

1. What is the anti-aging movement and why is it problematic?

Page: 231