The Emergence Of Cities Chapter 2 11e Verified Test Bank - Urban World 11e | Practice Test Bank Palen by J. John Palen. DOCX document preview.
Multiple Choice:
1. Which of the following is one of the concepts used in the ecological complex?
a. population
b. pollution
c. power
d. politics
2. Which of the following is one of the concepts used in the ecological complex?
a. ecology
b. environment
c. economy
d. energy
3. Which of the following is one of the concepts used in the ecological complex?
a. occupation
b. order
c. organization
d. organism
4. Which of the following is one of the concepts used in the ecological complex?
a. time
b. terminology
c. typology
d. technology
5. A major advantage of the ecological complex as a conceptual scheme is __________.
a. its use of arbitrary categories that can take on multiple meanings
b. its simplicity
c. its predictive power as a theory to forecast future trends
d. that there is common agreement that it is the best model of urban change available
6. The ecological complex identifies the relationship between the following four concepts:
a. population, organization, environment, and technology.
b. pollution, organization, environment, and technology.
c. population, organization, ecology and environment.
d. pollution, organization, ecology and technology.
7. Which of the following variables do some recommend adding to the POET scheme?
a. “S” for “social”
b. “U” for “urban”
c. “C” for “crime”
d. “D” for “distribution”
8. According to the text, Political Economy Models of urban growth are __________ -based paradigms.
a. interactionist
b. exchange
c. conflict
d. functionalist
9. According to the text, political economy models of urban growth all stress __________.
a. the functional interrelationships between elements in the ecological complex
b. the importance of environmental factors in urban growth
c. the importance of city planning as a means of alleviating urban problems
d. the importance of capitalist economic systems, class conflict, and exploitation of the powerless by the rich in urban growth patterns
10. The first permanent settlements or “towns” emerged __________.
a. before the invention of writing
b. after the invention of writing
c. at the same time when writing was invented
d. It is not known when writing was invented.
11. The first agricultural revolution __________.
a. had little impact on population size
b. allowed for limited economic specialization and a division of labor
c. created a simple social organization that was less complex than that found in hunting and gathering societies
d. occurred around 20,000 B.C.E.
12. One of the earliest Neolithic towns excavated so far is __________.
a. Thebes
b. Jericho
c. Assur
d. Babylon
13. Jericho, which some have argued was the first city, was settled around _______ B.C.E.
a. 3,500
b. 5,000
c. 8,000
d. 12,000
14. According to the text, the development of a settled town population was dependent on __________.
a. domestication of animals
b. a food surplus
c. civic organization
d. complex architectural construction
15. According to most scholars, the first population explosion __________.
a. forced the invention of agriculture
b. was caused by the invention of agriculture
c. discouraged fixed settlements
d. encouraged hunting and gathering
16. According to the text, one of the first areas to adopt sedimentary agriculture was __________.
a. North America
b. Western Europe
c. Central America
d. Egypt
17. New research confirms that the city of Caral in Peru existed __________________ than Mesoamerican cities were thought to exist.
a. five hundred years later
b. a hundred years later
c. a thousand years earlier
d. a hundred years earlier
18. The earliest large village farming communities developed in each of the following EXCEPT __________.
a. the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys
b. along the banks of the Amazon River
c. along the banks of the Nile River
d. along the banks of the Indus River
19. Cities in Mesoamerica developed __________.
a. before cities in Mesopotamia
b. at approximately the same time as cities in Mesopotamia
c. after cities in Mesopotamia
d. before cities in Egypt but after cities in Mesopotamia
20. According to the text, the Mayan city of Teotihuacan in Mexico had a population of approximately __________.
a. 50,000
b. 100,000
c. 150,000
d. 500,000
21. Hunting and gathering societies could support population densities of approximately __________ persons per square mile.
a. 3 to 5
b. 10 to 15
c. 20 to 25
d. 30 to 35
22. According to the text, agricultural villages could support no more than __________ persons per square mile.
a. 10
b. 25
c. 55
d. 75
23. Imperial Rome, at its height of power, __________.
a. was slightly less than 2 square miles in size
b. was slightly less than 3 square miles in size
c. was slightly less than 4 square miles in size
d. exceeded an area of 5 square miles
24. The earliest public buildings, in early cities, were usually __________.
a. palaces
b. barracks
c. temples
d. forums
25. The importance of early cities was due to __________.
a. their size
b. the fact that they tolerated innovations in social organization
c. their agricultural functions
d. their stable locations
26. In the early cities, technological innovation was spurred on by the existence of __________.
a. temples
b. architecture
c. trade unions
d. a palace elite
27. The greatest contribution of the first cities was innovations in the area of __________.
a. agriculture
b. tribal affiliation
c. social organization
d. kingship
28. Which of the following inventions is the product of urbanization?
a. the plow
b. cooking
c. the bow and arrow
d. bronze
29. According to V. Gordon Childe, which of the following is one of the ten features that define the “urban revolution”?
a. permanent settlement in dense aggregations
b. population totally engaged in agricultural occupations
c. democratic style of government
e. indoor plumbing
30. According to V. Gordon Childe, which of the following is one of the ten features that define the “urban revolution”?
a. an extensive system of roads
b. the technique of writing
c. the development of juris prudence and a court system
d. a sex-based division of labor
31. According to V. Gordon Childe, which of the following is one of the ten features that define the “urban revolution”?
a. the development of the clock and time-telling
b. a centrally-planned economy
c. the acquisition of predictive sciences⎯arithmetic, geometry, astronomy
d. the application of the wheel to transportation and power generation
32. According to V. Gordon Childe, which of the following is one of the ten features that define the “urban revolution”?
a. the development of the nation-state
b. the application of wind and water power
c. the existence of factories within the city walls
d. taxation and capital accumulation
33. Athens is an example of __________.
a. technology and social organization lessening the impact of environment
b. environment determining social organization
c. a city developing because of agricultural superiority
d. dominance due to superior inland transportation and communication
34. The greatest strength of the early Greeks was __________.
a. social organization
b. physical city planning
c. technology
d. a national system of government
35. The Greek attitude toward city population size was that __________.
a. cities were encouraged to grow⎯ “the bigger the better”
b. city size should be limited by policy
c. the ideal city size was 250,000 persons
d. the Greeks did not concern themselves with population questions.
36. Citizenship in Greek city states was based primarily upon ___________.
a. ownership of property within the city walls
b. the ability to trace one's ancestry back to the god or gods responsible for the city
c. wealth
d. place of birth
37. Which of the following is TRUE concerning ancient Greek cities?
a. They tended to be quite large⎯often over 500, 000 persons.
b. They were well-planned and designed with little urban sprawl and few slums.
c. They tended to be fairly similar in physical design.
d. They were connected by an extensive system of advanced roads and canals.
38. According to the text, not until the __________ century was Europe again to see cities as large as those found within the Roman Empire.
a. 16th
b. 17th
c. 18th
d. 19th
39. Prior to the 19th century, the largest city that had existed was __________.
a. London
b. Rome
c. Athens
d. Tokyo
40. At the beginning of the Common Era (C.E. 1-50), the population of the world was roughly __________.
a. 250 million
b. 500 million
c. 1 billion
d. 2.5 billion
41. The system of extending citizenship to political units larger than the city state is first credited to __________.
a. the Greeks
b. the English
c. the Romans
d. the Chinese
42. The Romans were able to maintain their vast empire because of their ________________.
a. immense population
b. invention of the lodestone
c. ability to control the environment
d. expertise in technology and social organization
43. The greatest similarity among Roman cities was found __________.
a. in the Hellenic and other Eastern cities
b. in the cities of North Africa
c. in the newer provincial cities of Western Europe
d. no where; there was little similarity among Roman cities
44. The economic and political base of the feudal system was __________.
a. centralized power under religious control
b. rural self-sufficiency
c. a system of manufacturing cities
d. one where great cities dominated the rural areas
45. The external factor(s) most contributing to the growth of towns in the Medieval periods was (were) _____________.
a. the crusades
b. the overall population growth
c. the plague
d. a and b above
46. Medieval towns __________.
a. were small by contemporary standards
b. were comprised primarily of peasants who were tied to the land
c. were largely agriculturally based
d. were characterized by a lack of walls, moat, or other defensive perimeter
47. Medieval towns __________.
a. were relatively large by contemporary standards
b. contained a new social class—the “bourgeoisie”
c. were relatively free from religious influence or control
d. lacked a central marketplace
48. In the middle ages, cities had become ___________.
a. provinces of Rome
b. increasingly unified and nationalistic
c. autonomous
d. Byzantine in appearance
49. Which of the following medieval cities are estimated to have had populations of over 50,000 people?
a. Paris and Florence
b. London and Rome
c. Amsterdam and Brussels
d. Genoa and Bologna
50. According to the text, the plague (or “Black Death”) of 1349-1350 wiped out what percentage of Europe's population?
a. five percent
b. ten percent
c. one-quarter
d. one-half
51. According to the text, the plague (or “Black Death”) of 1349-1350 wiped out what percentage of the population in most cities?
a. five percent
b. ten percent
c. twenty percent
d. fifty percent
52. The outbreak of the plague in Europe __________.
a. resulted in the majority of the population adopting the philosophy of “live, drink, and be merry!”
b. entrenched the long-term dominance of the rural manorial system
c. contributed to the strength of the Catholic Church in Western Europe
d. favored the growth of cities
53. Which of the following old nursery rhymes is associated with the Plague?
a. “Rock-a-bye Baby”
b. “Ring around the Rosie”
c. “Little Jack Horner”
d. “Three Blind Mice”
54. The Renaissance structure of cities was first influenced by the technological change of __________.
a. better shipbuilding
b. new road systems
c. better water systems
d. gunpowder and canon
55. The Renaissance city ____________.
a. was moving toward greater national centralization
b. gave even more power to the king of the nation
c. was biased against the mercantile class
d. gained greater economic and cultural dominance over rural areas
56. The best example of the humanistic ideology of the Renaissance is __________.
a. London
b. Madrid
c. Florence
d. Vienna
57. The artistic talents of artists such as ______________ were used to beautify the cities.
a. David and Giotto
b. Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci
c. Rembrandt and Rubens
d. Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dali
58. Gideon Sjoberg argues that the pre-industrial city is characterized by __________.
a. a primary function serving as a commercial hub
b. particularism
c. standardization
d. a sharp division of labor
59. Research on 17th century London demonstrated that __________.
a. London had more births than deaths
b. London was minimally affected by immigration from the countryside
c. London had more deaths than births
d. London was actually declining in population
60. During the late 18th and 19th centuries, the decline in death rates can largely be attributed to _____________.
a. technological changes in agriculture that provided a better and more reliable food supply
b. major improvements in sanitation
c. the influence of doctors and medicine
d. the adoption of socialized medicine
61. The “second urban revolution” refers to__________.
a. the emergence of cities
b. changes that made it possible for more than 10 percent of the population to live in urban places
c. the development of healthful sanitary conditions and pure water
d. improvements in the architecture and design of cities
62. The Enclosure Acts in England __________.
a. took the village commons away from joint ownership
b. was helpful to local farmers and yeomen
c. negatively affected quantity and quality of the food supply
d. chronologically preceded agricultural improvements
63. The industrial revolution was partly facilitated by __________.
a. an increase in the number of farmers
b. increasing isolation of cities
c. inventions in manufacturing
d. a stable population with little growth
64. The social theorist and reformer who described the slums of Manchester, England was __________.
a. Charles Dickens
b. Karl Marx
c. Friedrich Engels
d. George Simmel
65. Friedrick Engels is noted for his writings on __________.
a. the horrors of 19th urban industrialization
b. the contrast between preindustrial and industrial cities
c. the ecological complex
d. hunting and gathering societies
True-False:
66. An ecosystem can be defined as a natural unit in which there is an interaction of an environmental and a biotic system.
a. T
b. F
67. A community together with its habitat is NOT considered to be an ecosystem, according to the text.
a. T
b. F
68. Each of the variables in POET is causally interdependent.
a. T
b. F
69. In the POET model, the letter “P” stands for “Pollution”.
a. T
b. F
70. The POET model is an example of what is known as an “ecological complex”.
a. T
b. F
71. In the POET model, the letter “E” stands for “Elites”.
a. T
b. F
72. In the POET model, the letter “T” includes such things as tools, inventions, ideas, and techniques.
a. T
b. F
73. According to the text, the ecological complex is a complete theory.
a. T
b. F
74. A major advantage of the ecological complex as a conceptual scheme is its simplicity, since economy of explanation is a basic scientific goal.
a. T
b. F
75. A strength of the ecological complex is that the categories it presents are very precise and non-arbitrary.
a. T
b. F
76. The text suggests that the variable “social” be added to the POET model in order to account for the strong role of culture in the relationship between humans and their environment.
a. T
b. F
77. The variable environment in the ecological complex refers only to the natural environment.
a. T
b. F
78. The acronym “POET” stands for Population, Organization, Environment and Technology”
a. T
b. F
79. Political economy models of urban growth are essentially the same as the ecological complex.
a. T
b. F
80. Political economy models of urban growth are conflict-based paradigms.
a. T
b. F
81. The major view of political economy models of urban growth is that they assume that local governments act largely at the bidding of economic elites, and that citizens' wishes have little impact on growth patterns or local government.
a. T
b. F
82. The first towns emerged before the invention of writing.
a. T
b. F
83. There is fairly clear evidence that a transformation from a specialized food-collecting culture to a culture where grains were cultivated occurred around 8000 B.C.E. in North America.
a. T
b. F
84. According to the text, it is generally believed that before the urban revolution could take place, an agricultural revolution was necessary.
a. T
b. F
85. Since the hunting-and-gathering societies were mobile they had to have more complex social organization than sedentary, agricultural societies.
a. T
b. F
86. The Neolithic period is characterized by the change from gathering food to producing it.
a. T
b. F
87. A food surplus was essential to the emergence of towns, and it was essential that this surplus come from agriculture.
a. T
b. F
88. Jericho, which some argue was the first organized town, is estimated to have had about 600 people in 8000 B.C.E.
a. T
b. F
89. Archaeologists have almost universally concluded that the invention of agriculture preceded population growth in human societies.
a. T
b. F
90. Slash-and-burn agriculture has been used as recently as the 20th century in isolated areas of the U. S. Appalachian Mountains.
a. T
b. F
91. New research confirms that cities in South America developed later than cities in the Americas were previously thought to exist.
a. T
b. F
92. The text concludes that the development of cities in Mesopotamia, China, and Mesoamerica were not a product of cultural diffusion, but rather they were separate inventions.
a. T
b. F
93. Mayan cities in Central America developed earlier than those in Mesopotamia or China.
a. T
b. F
94. At the time of Spanish Conquest, the Aztec city of Tenochititlan amazed the Spanish with its size.
a. T
b. F
95. Hunting and gathering societies are able to sustain a maximum of about 25 persons per square mile.
a. T
b. F
96. The word “Mesopotamia”, where remains of the world’s earliest cities have been found, means “land between the mountains”.
a. T
b. F
97. At its peak, Athens was less than one square mile in size.
a. T
b. F
98. Babylon, one of the wonders of the ancient world, embraced a physical area of approximately ten square miles.
a. T
b. F
99. Of all the ancient cities only one, imperial Rome, exceeded an area of five square miles.
a. T
b. F
100. Archaeological records indicate that the earliest public buildings in ancient cities were royal palaces.
a. T
b. F
101. The growth of military establishments led to technological innovations.
a. T
b. F
102. Urban living has created such inventions as writing, accounting, bronze, the solar calendar, bureaucracy, and science.
a. T
b. F
103. According to V. Gordon Childe, one of the ten features that define the “urban revolution” and set cities apart from earlier forms of human settlement is the “technique of writing”.
a. T
b. F
104. The text asserts that all ten of V. Gordon Childe’s features that define the urban revolution are necessary and critical to defining the city.
a. T
b. F
105. The text notes that cities possessing the ten characteristics of V. Gordon Childe did emerge in the Mesopotamia and Nile valleys.
a. T
b. F
106. According to the text, city life in ancient times was more healthful than the countryside.
a. T
b. F
107. According to the text, the city of Athens is widely regarded as the apex of ancient western urbanism.
a. T
b. F
108. The development of the Hellenic city was due to the excellent roads developed across the countryside.
a. T
b. F
109. The greatest achievement of the Greeks was not so much in technology, but in social organization.
a. T
b. F
110. The Greeks devised a system for extending citizenship across the empire.
a. T
b. F
111. Greek cities were all fairly similar in design.
a. T
b. F
112. In an ancient Greek city, the name for the designated meeting and market place was “acropolis”.
a. T
b. F
113. The major limit on population growth in Greek cities was the limited technological base.
a. T
b. F
114. Greek cities handled urban growth by extending their walls to allow more people to reside within the city proper.
a. T
b. F
115. Estimates of the population of Rome vary widely from a low of 250,000 to 1.6 million people.
a. T
b. F
116. Roman municipal planning was extremely thorough and included every part of the city from the center, to the outer fringes of the city itself.
a. T
b. F
117. According to the text, Rome was an exporter not of goods, but of ideas, such as Roman law, government, and engineering.
a. T
b. F
118. Of all the Roman cities, including Paris, Vienna, and London, Rome exhibited the greatest amount of civic planning.
a. T
b. F
119. The quality of Roman road construction surpasses that of even the most rigorous contemporary federal standards.
a. T
b. F
120. In Rome, by 200 A.D., official holidays comprised over two-thirds of the year—approximately 244 days.
a. T
b. F
121. By the second century after Christ, between one-third and one-half of the population of Rome was on the public dole.
a. T
b. F
122. The dissolution of the Roman Empire in 476 C.E. marked the effective decay of cities in Western Europe for a period of over 1500 years.
a. T
b. F
123. “Episcopal Cities” emerged in the ninth century A.D. as Roman Catholic bishops came to exercise secular, as well as religious, power over the remnants of old Roman provincial cities.
a. T
b. F
124. “Episcopal Cities” of the ninth century A.D. were true cities with populations normally ranging from 10,000 to 50,000 people.
a. T
b. F
125. After the fall of Rome, cities began to slowly revive in the 11th century A.D.
a. T
b. F
126. Two external factors during the Middle Ages that greatly contributed to the growth of towns in Europe were immigration from the orient and the Protestant Reformation.
a. T
b. F
127. According to the text, medieval towns did not grow out of the feudal order, but in opposition to it.
a. T
b. F
128. The newly developing bourgeoisie in medieval towns was an extension of the old feudal nobility and essentially identical to it.
a. T
b. F
129. Urban communities, as defined by the German sociologist, Max Weber, were economically based upon trading and commercial relations.
a. T
b. F
130. The process of Urban Development in Europe was barely affected by the Bubonic Plague of 1348-1350.
a. T
b. F
131. Roughly half the population of most European cities was killed by the plague or “black death”.
a. T
b. F
132. The Bubonic Plague did not impact the social order of the rural manorial system.
a. T
b. F
133. The traditional nursery rhyme, “Ring around a Rosie”, is derived from the Plague.
a. T
b. F
134. According to the text, the Black Death caused the great majority of European Catholics to become fanatically religious and reduced debauchery to a minimum.
a. T
b. F
135. According to the text, from the time of the Bubonic Plague in Europe, the history of western civilization again became the history of cities and city inhabitants.
a. T
b. F
136. The term “demographic transition” refers to the transition from a time of low birthrates and death rates, to high birthrates and death rates.
a. T
b. F
137. According to Wirth, industrial cities are characterized by a reliance on secondary forms of social control like the police.
a. T
b. F
138. Gideon Sjoberg suggests that pre-industrial cities serve primarily as governmental or religious centers and only secondarily as commercial hubs.
a. T
b. F
139. Pre-industrial cities are characterized by a sharp division of labor.
a. T
b. F
140. The first urban revolution was the emergence of cities, the second was the 18th century changes that for the first time made it possible for more than 10 percent of the population to live in urban places.
a. T
b. F
Short Answer: (In addition to those at the end of the chapter)
141. Describe the ecological complex. What are its strengths and limitations? How are the components related? Use examples.
142. Compare and contrast the “ideal type” of social characteristics and life in the pre-industrial city and the industrial city (Hint: contrast the views of Louis Wirth with those of Gideon Sjoberg).
143. Compare the cities of Athens and Rome. How were they similar? How did they differ?
144. Describe the spatial characteristics of the medieval city. How were they changed by the Renaissance? What were the effects on cities of later changes in technology and population?
145. Describe the technological, population and social factors that contributed to the emergence of the industrial city.
146. Explain the meaning and relationship of the following terms: agricultural revolution, urban revolution and population explosion.
147. Explain the factors that led to the development of the first urban settlements. Describe life in these “cities”.
148. The text states that the greatest achievement of the Greeks was in social organization. Explain and give examples.
149. Describe the effects of the “Black Death” on the social institutions of the day.
150. Explain the difference between the first and the second Urban Revolution.
151. Explain the term “demographic transition”. Give examples of how this took place and its effects.
152. Describe the role of colonization in both Greece and Rome. What were the positive and negative effects?
153. “The city is the graveyard of countrymen.” The Old English observation was all too accurate until the late nineteenth century. Explain.
154. Compare and contrast the medieval town and the Renaissance city in terms of development, philosophy, function and population.
155. Describe the role of agriculture in the Industrial Revolution.
156. Compare and contrast the ecological model and political economy models. Give examples of their strengths and weaknesses.
157. Explain what the agricultural revolution was and what its impact was on the urban revolution.
158. The text states that in “early cities, technology was spurred on by the existence of the palace elite.” Explain how this was possible.
159. Explain when and why cities started to revive after almost a millennium long Middle Ages anti-urban period.
160. In basic terms, the ecological complex identifies the relationship between four concepts or classes of variables frequently referred to by the acronym “POET”. Describe each of the variables.