Chapter 13: Crime and Criminal Justice

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. What is the name for a minor legal offense?

a. a misdemeanor

b. battery

c. a felony

d. an assault

Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify how the different sociological perspectives examine crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. John is found guilty of murder. He will be charged with which of these?

a. a misdemeanor

b. battery

c. a felony

d. an assault

Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify how the different sociological perspectives examine crime.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Which of these is likely to be a misdemeanor?

a. rape

b. aggravated assault

c. shoplifting

d. robbery

Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify how the different sociological perspectives examine crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Which of the following is a critique of biopsychological theories of crime?

a. They fail to address inherent criminal characteristics.

b. They fail to explain neurophysical (brain lesions, brain dysfunctions) characteristics related to violence and criminality

c. They fail to explain why crime rates vary between urban and rural areas, different neighborhoods, or social or economic groups.

d. They fail to address how crime is determined by individual characteristics or predispositions to crime.

Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify how the different sociological perspectives examine crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sociological Perspectives on Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Which of these sociologists believed that crime is normal and inevitable?

a. Robert K. Merton

b. Émile Durkheim

c. Travis Hirschi

d. Freda Adler

Learning Objective: 13-2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different crime statistic sources.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. According to Robert K. Merton, a person who agrees with cultural goals and the institutional means to achieve them exemplifies which of these modes of adaptation?

a. restitution

b. retreatism

c. innovation

d. conformity

Learning Objective: 13-2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different crime statistic sources.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Which concept did Robert K. Merton take from Émile Durkheim to develop Merton’s strain theory?

a. innovation

b. anomie

c. patriarchy

d. labeling

Learning Objective: 13-2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different crime statistic sources.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Robert K. Merton and others who worked with his assumptions believed that criminal activity would decline if which of these happened?

a. racism decreased

b. economic conditions improved

c. sexism decreased

d. laws became more punitive

Learning Objective: 13-2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different crime statistic sources.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Bob wants to have a big house and a brand new car. He is unable to find a job so he sells drugs to afford these items. Robert Merton would say that Bob is using which of these modes of adaptation?

a. restitution

b. retreatism

c. innovation

d. conformity

Learning Objective: 13-2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different crime statistic sources.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Travis Hirschi believed that society controls our behavior through four elements. Which of these is NOT one of those elements?

a. attachments

b. involvements

c. beliefs

d. competition

Learning Objective: 13-2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different crime statistic sources.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. A Conflict theorist would say that the purpose of law enforcement is which of these?

a. protect society against crime

b. protect the interests and power of the dominant class.

c. maintain social control.

d. define our cultural value on crime.

Learning Objective: 13-2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different crime statistic sources.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Conflict Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Freda Adler’s “liberation” approach to women’s crime argues that as gender equality increase which of these happen?

a. Women are more likely to commit crime.

b. Men are more likely to commit crime.

c. Women are less likely to commit crime.

d. Men are less likely to commit crime.

Learning Objective: 13-2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different crime statistic sources.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Feminist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Which of these explains the increase in women’s incarceration?

a. Women are committing more crimes.

b. Female juveniles are committing more felonies.

c. The current legal system encourages a tough on crime stance for men and women.

d. Men are committing fewer crimes.

Learning Objective: 13-2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different crime statistic sources.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Feminist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. In 2015, women made up ______ of all U.S. prisoners in state or federal prison.

a. 1 percent

b. 7 percent

c. 17 percent

d. 21 percent

Learning Objective: 13-2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different crime statistic sources.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Feminist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Which country has the highest number of female detainees?

a. Russia

b. Brazil

c. Thailand

d. the United States

Learning Objective: 13-2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different crime statistic sources.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Feminist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. According to your text, compared to men, women in prison are more likely to ______.

a. be serving a second or third sentence

b. be childless

c. have a history of sexual abuse and trauma

d. suffer from schizophrenia

Learning Objective: 13-2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different crime statistic sources.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Feminist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Which of these is an interactionist likely to say is a cause of deviance or criminal behavior?

a. the exploitation of working-class people

b. patriarchy

c. a lack of social control

d. a learned behavior

Learning Objective: 13-2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different crime statistic sources.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Interactionist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. This theory points out the importance of how the “audience” responds to a person who commits a crime or to the crime itself.

a. social control theory

b. strain theory

c. labeling theory

d. feminist theory

Learning Objective: 13-2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different crime statistic sources.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Interactionist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Sociologist Edwin Lemert proposed that deviance is ______.

a. a process

b. rare in society

c. a symptom of a larger cultural problem

d. an adaptation to economic challenges

Learning Objective: 13-2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different crime statistic sources.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Interactionist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. The Uniform Crime Report is published by the which of these?

a. Central Intelligence Agency

b. Bureau of Justice

c. Federal Bureau of Investigation

d. Bureau of Justice Statistics

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sources of Crime Statistics

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. The Uniform Crime Report summarizes which of these categories of crime?

a. index and non-index crimes

b. felonies and misdemeanors

c. violent, property, and juvenile crimes

d. white-collar, blue-collar, and index crimes

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sources of Crime Statistics

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Crime Clock is a graphic display of which of these?

a. non-violent crimes

b. how often specific offenses are committed

c. the most likely time of day an offense might occur

d. demographics of who commits crimes

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sources of Crime Statistics

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Which of these is a non-index crime?

a. arson

b. petty theft

c. assault

d. burglary

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sources of Crime Statistics

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Which of these is a critique of the Uniform Crime Report and the National Incident-Based Reporting System?

a. They exclude minorities.

b. They focus too much on certain types of crimes.

c. They focus only on reported crimes.

d. They exaggerate the amount of crime.

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sources of Crime Statistics

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. What becomes evident when the Uniform Crime Report and the National Crime Victimization Survey are compared?

a. The number of crimes committed is higher than the number of crimes reported.

b. The number of crimes committed is lower than the number of crimes reported.

c. The Crime clock is the most accurate way of collecting data.

d. The Uniform Crime Report is a more accurate way of collecting data.

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sources of Crime Statistics

Difficulty Level: Hard

26. Property crimes make up about ______ of all crime in the United States.

a. one-third

b. two-fifths

c. one-half

d. three-fourths

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Property Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Which crime is estimated to cost taxpayers more than all other types of crimes?

a. white-collar crime

b. juvenile delinquency

c. violent crime

d. property crime

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: White Collar Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Which of these is NOT a white-collar crime?

a. crimes committed by someone of high status

b. crimes that involve the threat of physical force

c. crimes taking place in a particular organization or business

d. crimes committed for financial or economic gain

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: White Collar Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. Which of the following is TRUE of youth of color and the juvenile justice system?

a. They are more likely to be arrested than white youth.

b. They are less likely to be arrested than white youth.

c. They are arrested at the same rates as white youth.

d. They are more likely to be exonerated than white youth.

Learning Objective: 13-4: Explain how race/ethnicity is an important predictor of offender or victim status.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Inequalities of Crime: Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Victimization is higher for which of these groups?

a. the rich

b. whites

c. married people

d. central city residents

Learning Objective: 13-4: Explain how race/ethnicity is an important predictor of offender or victim status.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Inequalities of Crime: Victims

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. Which of these has the lowest rate of victimization?

a. white males

b. black males

c. white females

d. black females

Learning Objective: 13-4: Explain how race/ethnicity is an important predictor of offender or victim status.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Inequalities of Crime: Victims

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. What percentage of full-time law enforcement are sworn officers?

a. 25 percent

b. 50 percent

c. 70 percent

d. 90 percent

Learning Objective: 13-5: Describe current responses to crime including policing, incarceration, and the death penalty.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Current Response to Crime: Police

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. According to your text, which of these groups is most likely to trust police?

a. whites

b. black youth

c. Hispanics

d. women

Learning Objective: 13-5: Describe current responses to crime including policing, incarceration, and the death penalty.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Current Response to Crime: Police

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. The United States represents ______ of the world’s prison population.

a. 5 percent

b. 25 percent

c. 50 percent

d. 75 percent

Learning Objective: 13-5: Describe current responses to crime including policing, incarceration, and the death penalty.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Current Response to Crime: Prisons

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. In 2017, there were ______ inmates serving death sentences.

a. 34

b. 343

c. 1,333

d. 2,843

Learning Objective: 13-4: Explain how race/ethnicity is an important predictor of offender or victim status.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Death Penalty

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Which statement is consistent with the research on capital punishment?

a. Capital punishment has no deterrent effect on committing murder.

b. States with the death penalty have murder rates significantly lower than states without the death penalty.

c. The death penalty is most effective when applied to non-violent offenders.

d. Capital punishment has been found to prevent crime in all countries except the United States.

Learning Objective: 13-4: Explain how race/ethnicity is an important predictor of offender or victim status.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Death Penalty

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Which of these is NOT a characteristic of the community policing approach?

a. community partnerships

b. relationships between police and citizens

c. direct involvement in neighborhoods

d. use of arrest as a deterrent

Learning Objective: 13-5: Describe current responses to crime including policing, incarceration, and the death penalty.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Community Approaches to Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. As of December 2014, the ______ had exonerated 325 individuals.

a. Los Angeles Police Department

b. Innocence Project

c. Department of Homeland Security

d. Federal Bureau of Investigation

Learning Objective: 13-5: Describe current responses to crime including policing, incarceration, and the death penalty.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prison Advocacy and Death Penalty Reform

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Many groups have organized at the grassroots level to protect citizens against police brutality. Which of these is NOT one of those groups?

a. Black Lives Matter

b. #SayHerName

c. INCITE!

d. COPS

Learning Objective: 13-6: Evaluate political and social efforts to curb crime and address inequalities in policing.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Community Responses to Disparities in Policing

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Misdemeanors are punished more harshly than felonies.

Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify how the different sociological perspectives examine crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Contemporary biological explanations of crime tend to focus on appearance and genetic factors.

Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify how the different sociological perspectives examine crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Metra has given up on ever being successful. She continues to work at her job, but does so knowing that she will never get ahead. Robert K. Merton would call her behavior “retreatism.”

Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify how the different sociological perspectives examine crime.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Social control theorists ask why someone commits a crime.

Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify how the different sociological perspectives examine crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Functionalist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Conflict theorists argue that the criminal justice system is intentionally unequal.

Learning Objective: 13-2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different crime statistic sources.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Conflict Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Women are more likely to kill intimate partners, family members, or acquaintances than are men.

Learning Objective: 13-2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different crime statistic sources.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Feminist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. According to labeling theory, it is not the criminal or his/her act that is important, but it is the audience that labels the person or his/her act as “criminal” that is important.

Learning Objective: 13-2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different crime statistic sources.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Interactionist Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. The National Incident-Based Reporting System collects data on offenders and victims.

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sources of Crime Statistics

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Research suggests that males are more likely to be victimized by a stranger, while women are more likely to be victimized by someone they know.

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Violent Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. African American and Hispanic youth are more likely to be arrested and committed to secure placements than are white youth.

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Juvenile Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Corporate fraud is the highest priority of the FBI’s Financial Crimes Section.

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: White Collar Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Most jail or prison inmates are African American males.

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Offenders

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Racial profiling is the use of race or ethnicity by law enforcement consciously or unconsciously as a basis of judgment for criminal suspicion.

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Inequalities of Crime-Offenders: Victims

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. The United States incarcerates more people for drug offenses than any other country.

Learning Objective: 13-4: Explain how race/ethnicity is an important predictor of offender or victim status.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Inequalities of Crime: Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Worldwide, only 10 countries have abolished the use of the death penalty.

Learning Objective: 13-4: Explain how race/ethnicity is an important predictor of offender or victim status.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Death Penalty

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. The U.S. criminal justice system is one unified single system.

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: U.S. Department of Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. INCITE! and #SayHerName are two grassroots-organized groups to fight police brutality.

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Community Responses to Disparities in Policing

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Police administrators prefer traditional policing to community policing.

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Community Approaches to Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Differentiate between a juvenile delinquent and a juvenile status offender and explain how social bonds and social control theory applies to juvenile delinquency.

Learning Objective: 13-3: Summarize the different types of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Juvenile Delinquency

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Crime rates are declining but prison rates are increasing. Explain this phenomenon and discuss the phenomenon of unequal imprisonment in the United States.

Learning Objective: 13-4: Explain how race/ethnicity is an important predictor of offender or victim status.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prisons | Juvenile Justice

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Discuss the death penalty in the U.S. Include in your answer issues of deterrence and racial disparities. What is your opinion on the use of the death penalty in the U.S.?

Learning Objective: 13-5: Describe current responses to crime including policing, incarceration, and the death penalty.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Our Current Response to Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium