Chapter 12: Aging Well: Promoting Healthy Development across the Life Span

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Researchers have suggested that in order to address the issue of normal aging, research must focus ______.

A. only on successful aging experiences

B. on the interaction between biological and extrinsic factors

C. on the macrosystem

D. on the early transitions in life

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Successful Aging

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. One of the criticisms of the successful aging model by Rowe and Kahn was that it ______.

A. promotes stigma and potential discrimination

B. is broad and includes many voices and perspectives

C. has both eastern and western perspectives

D. applies to most older adults

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Brief History of Successful Aging

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. One of the reasons that middle-aged adults experience shrinking social networks is because ______.

A. they are incapable of making friends

B. they begin to prune problematic members from their networks

C. opportunities to meet others are limited

D. they become less likeable

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pillar #3: Maintain Social Relationships

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Emotional intelligence includes ______.

A. self-awareness and self-regulation

B. empathy and crystalized knowledge

C. intellectual speed and motivation

D. fluid intelligence and processing speed

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pillar #2: Maintain High Cognitive and Psychological Functioning

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Which of the following is a way to increase hardiness and resilience?

A. increase reactive behaviors

B. reduce coping responses in the face of increased stressors

C. increase environmental stressors

D. match the coping response to the environmental stressor

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pillar #2

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Miranda’s friends all state that she does not define herself by others and is very proactive. In other words, they believe that she has ______.

A. motivational reserve

B. a strong education

C. a purpose in life

D. a social outlier

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Pillar #2: Maintain High Cognitive and Psychological Functioning

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Individuals with a stronger purpose in life also report ______.

A. greater loneliness

B. less disability related to ADLs

C. greater depression

D. less cognitive decline

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pillar #2: Maintain High Cognitive and Psychological Functioning

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The benefits of having a stronger purpose in life are especially pronounced for individuals ______.

A. ages 60–65

B. ages 65–70

C. ages 70–80

D. over age 90

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pillar #2: Maintain High Cognitive and Psychological Functioning

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Which of the following highlights ways in which the community can help older adults build positive relationships?

A. reducing social experiences and accessibility

B. expecting them to manage technological issues effortlessly

C. requiring them to take time off from volunteer efforts

D. removing transportation barriers

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pillar #3: Maintain Social Relationships

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. One criticism of the Rowe and Kahn model is that ______.

A. someone could have low functional ability but still have a happy and meaningful life

B. the perception of older adults is paramount to this model

C. older adult’s experiences can be viewed as human capital

D. there is an underuse of technology

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Additional Pillars

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Individuals with the poorest mental health were most likely to have ______.

A. experienced trusting relationships with parents

B. come from an intact home

C. used mood-altering drugs before age 50

D. experienced planful competence

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pulling It All Together

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Marcella is a young adult who shows a flexible and adaptive attitude toward her life. This attitude has been termed ______.

A. planful competence

B. responsible planning

C. positive mental health

D. adaptive adjustment experience

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pulling It All Together

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. About ______ of individuals in the United States are living with a disability.

A. 15%

B. 23%

C. 40%

D. 27%

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Heterogeneity and Healthy Aging

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. One way in which older adults with disabilities show their resilience is by ______.

A. valuing choices in daily activities

B. maintaining rich interactions with family and friends

C. lowering their expectations to be better aligned with what they pursued

D. having services that are available

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Heterogeneity and Healthy Aging

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Working with adults and highlighting the adaptive qualities someone has is considered a(n) ______ approach.

A. community systems

B. mental health

C. strengths-based

D. empowerment

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Heterogeneity and Healthy Aging

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Unhealthy coping styles in older adults is promoted by ______.

A. narrowness of experience

B. resilience

C. realistic expectations

D. acceptance of criticism

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pulling It All Together

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Individuals who were more motivated and self-directed in younger life ______ when they were older.

A. were more emotionally healthy

B. had more hobbies

C. had poorer emotional regulation

D. showed faster cognitive decline

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pulling It All Together

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. What many might view as a product of old age might actually be ______.

A. an inevitable decline that comes with aging

B. an adaptive or maladaptive pattern of lifelong coping

C. the inability of the community to support the needs of the individual

D. increased self-confidence

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pulling It All Together

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Someone who is well-educated, reasonably healthy, and financially secure as an older adult might be best referred to as ______.

A. extroverted

B. living a meaningful life

C. advantaged aged

D. introverted

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Heterogeneity and Healthy Aging

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Older adults with disabilities noted that they defined successful aging by ______.

A. professional acumen

B. social disconnection

C. adaptation and resilience

D. family resources

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Heterogeneity and Healthy Aging

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Aging is a lifelong process that occurs and is redefined throughout our lives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Promoting Healthy Development Across the Life Span

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Plasticity is the ability for humans to grow throughout life.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Promoting Healthy Development Across the Life Span

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Rowe and Kahn identified three major components to successful aging.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Promoting Healthy Development Across the Life Span

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Most criticize the successful aging model because it is too applicable and generalizable.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Promoting Healthy Development Across the Life Span

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Eating a healthy diet, monitoring weight and fitness, and not smoking contribute to healthy aging.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pillar #1: Avoid Disease and Disability

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Coronary heart disease is unrelated to lifestyle factors.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pillar #1: Avoid Disease and Disability

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Having a strong sense of purpose in life has been associated with better emotional well-being.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pillar #2: Maintain High Cognitive and Psychological Functioning

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Prolonged exposure to stress does not impact health or longevity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pillar #2: Maintain High Cognitive and Psychological Functioning

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Emotional intelligence includes motivation and may change within the social context.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pillar #3: Maintain Social Relationships

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Critical thinking literacy is better in older adults.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pillar #3: Maintain Social Relationships

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. Describe one of the three changes that Kahn argued that the field of gerontology needed to make to address the issue of normal aging.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Brief History of Successful Aging

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. What is the mental subtraction of relationships strategy?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pillar #3: Maintain Social Relationships

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What is the positivity effect and how does it change with aging?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pillar #3: Maintain Social Relationships

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. What is expected to happen to the world’s population of older adults?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Multidisciplinary Supports for Healthy Aging

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. What are four themes identified by Molton and Yorkston in their studies of older adults with disabilities?

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Heterogeneity and Healthy Aging

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Describe the three components of “successful aging.” What are some of the criticisms of this model?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Brief History of Successful Aging

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. What are some ways that younger adults might increase their own sense of purpose in their lives?

(a) read poetry, fiction, or religious writings that connect you to people and places beyond your daily experience

(b) be action-oriented in the face of difficulties

(c) actively cultivate positive, elevating emotions like awe, gratitude, and altruism

(d) accept appreciation and gratitude from others

(e) build a supportive community.

(f) create and share your own narrative regarding struggles, insights, and successes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Pillar #2: Maintain High Cognitive and Psychological Functioning

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Compare three techniques in which individuals might build relationships.

Capitalizing on Positive Events for Others: Spend 5 min to actively solicit and engage about something good that happened to someone else.

Mental Subtraction of Relationships: Visualize your history with a specific partner, then imagine if those feelings and events were not part of your life; then appreciate that the partner is a part of your life.

Spending time in nongoal activities with the partner: Try to spend 20 or 30 min listening to music or sitting together, without a goal or task to be done.

Be intentional about building closeness by using the 36 Questions: There are several free resources on line, search for “36 Questions.”

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Pillar #3: Maintain Social Relationships

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Describe the strength-based approach to later-life adjustment.

(a) assuming that older clients indeed have skills, resources, and capacities to help them solve problems and adjust.

(b) building a collaborative relationship between the older client and the professional helper, rather than hierarchical one in which the therapist knows best.

(c) focusing on problem-solving and solution-finding.

(d) emphasizing and scaffolding upon the client’s strengths and life experiences in a time-efficient manner.

(e) treating each older client as an individual and not predefining them based on age, gender, race, or other characteristics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Multidisciplinary Supports for Healthy Aging

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What do you believe is “aging well?” What models from the chapter support this view?

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Heterogeneity and Healthy Aging

Difficulty Level: Hard