Test Bank Questions Test Bank Chapter 8

Chapter 8 Test Bank Questions

Define the following terms:

1. brutalization effect
2. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
3. Cognitive Thinking Skills Program
4. capital punishment
5. collective incapacitation
6. corporal punishment
7. Functional Family Therapy
8. general deterrence
9. incapacitation
10. Multi-Systemic Therapy
11. risk, need and responsivity
12. selective incapacitation
13. specific deterrence
14. treatment fidelity
15. The incarceration is not expected to affect anyone else’s future offending other than the targeted individual is an assumption of what philosophical rationale?
    1. integral rehabilitation
    2. general deterrence
    3. specific deterrence
    4. specialized caseloads
16. Correctional intervention with past offenders serving as an example to other potential law violators and deter those individuals from committing crime is?
    1. general deterrence
    2. specific deterrence
    3. collective deterrence
    4. severe deterrence
17. Studies find that overall, simple imprisonment deters a large proportion of those who are incarcerated.
    1. True
    2. False
18. Which of the following could be used as the dependent variable when testing the relationship between the deterrent effect of prison and recidivism?
    1. rearrest
    2. return to prison
    3. new conviction
    4. all of the above
19. What is the ultimate form of punishment?
    1. incarceration
    2. death penalty
    3. probation
    4. parole
20. Only crimes that result in death are eligible for capital punishment.
    1. True
    2. False
21. Research studies find strong evidence that the death penalty has a general deterrent effect.
    1. True
    2. False
22. Which of the following best illustrates the brutalization effect?
    1. An inmate is sentenced to solitary confinement for two months and then returns to the general prison population.
    2. A person serves one month in jail and then is returned to the community on probation for one month and then returns to jail.
    3. A drug dealer is sentenced to life in prison and drug crimes decreased.
    4. An offender is executed and for the next month or so, homicide crimes increased.
23. _____________________provides control over the individual, thus preventing behavior that is harmful to society.
    1. Incapacitation
    2. Deterrence
    3. Rehabilitation
    4. Retribution
24. If it is assumed that an individual commits 10 crimes per year, the incapacitative effect of a one-year prison sentence is a reduction of crime by ___________ offenses for every person so incarcerated.
    1. 10
    2. 20
    3. 30
    4. 40
25. Which of the following is a good example of a selective incapacitation strategy?
    1. expiration of release
    2. three-strikes policies
    3. minimum jail terms of three months for all convicted felony offenders
    4. all of the above
26. Which of the following is a good example of a collective incapacitation strategy?
    1. expiration of release
    2. three-strikes policies
    3. minimum jail term of three months for all convicted felony offenders
    4. all of the above
27. When Greenwood’s (1982) seven-item scale was applied to Texas and California’s offenders, in particular those who committed burglary and robbery found ______________ results for selective incapacitation?
    1. contradictory
    2. consistent
    3. negative
    4. positive
28. A major problem with selective incapacitation, which is also the cornerstone of this approach, is _____________________________________.
    1. finding cells to hold all offenders
    2. the difficulty in predicting future behaviors
    3. the assumption that offending rates remain constant over time
    4. determining the length of time offenders should serve
29. Overall, most studies suggest that to have any significant incapacitative effect will require the incarceration of ______________ offenders.
    1. fewer
    2. more
30. Martinson agreed that there are instances in which rehabilitation has a positive impact on behavior.
    1. True
    2. False
31. Lipton et al. (1975) found that while the effect of treatment on recidivism was small, other factors did improve such as?
    1. attitudes
    2. educational attainment
    3. rearrests
    4. a and b
    5. b and c
32. What is the key to effective interventions?
    1. Implementing programs that apply the principles of risk, need, and responsivity
    2. Incarceration that involves drug treatment programs
    3. Measuring recidivism as broadly as possible
    4. Selective incapacitation programs that only incarcerate high risk offenders
33. Studies have not found support for treatments that focus on interpersonal skills, cognitive-behavioral interventions, multimodal approaches and community-based programs.
    1. True
    2. False
34. What is the greatest risk factor for future offending?
    1. anti-social attitudes and beliefs
    2. pro-criminal friends
    3. past criminal behavior
    4. history of substance abuse
35. This principle states that treatment should be targeted at those most likely to reoffend.
    1. Risk
    2. Need
    3. Responsivity
    4. Fidelity
36. This principle refers to making certain the treatment addresses the individuals and their circumstances.
    1. Risk
    2. Need
    3. Responsivity
    4. Fidelity
37. This principle addresses how interventions should be matched to the individual.
    1. Risk
    2. Need
    3. Responsivity
    4. Fidelity
38. If treatment studies find positive mean effect sizes, what did the researchers observe?
    1. reductions in recidivism
    2. increases in recidivism
    3. no change in recidivism
39. Of the following risk factors, which are also needs that should be targeted by treatment?
    1. anti-social attitudes and beliefs
    2. past criminal behavior
    3. history of substance abuse
    4. a, b, and c
    5. a and c
40. General responsivity focuses on all of the following except?
    1. differences between individuals and their circumstances and needs
    2. cognitive behavioral interventions
    3. social learning techniques
    4. interventions that focus on behavior change
41. The three principles of effective intervention have been found to be valid through a number of analyses.
    1. True
    2. False
42. Which of the following fall does not fall under the heading of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy?
    1. Multi-Systemic Therapy
    2. Cognitive Thinking Skills Program
    3. Functional Family Therapy
    4. Psychoanalytical Therapy
43. The most positive findings from cognitive thinking skills program emerge when they are implemented in community settings.
    1. True
    2. False
44. When there is high program fidelity, treatment programs are more likely find?
    1. lower recidivism
    2. higher recidivism

Short-Answer Questions

1. Are deterrence methods effective? Defend.
2. Distinguish between corporal and capital sanctions.
3. How does collective incapacitation differ from selective incapacitation?
4. What have studies found when examining the impact of sentence length on parole outcomes?
5. What are two problems with selective incapacitation approaches?
6. Historically, how has the affinity for corrections with a rehabilitation focus shifted?
7. How do we know if a program has treatment fidelity?
8. Name and describe one example of a cognitive-behavioral therapy program.