Test Bank Plant Physiology Ch.4 Levetin

Plants and Society, 8e (Levetin)

Chapter 4 Plant Physiology

1) Of the following, which is not a process involved in the movement of water through a plant?

A) transpiration

B) cohesion

C) translocation

D) absorption

E) evaporation

2) The evaporation of water at stomatal surfaces on the leaves creates a(n)________ that pulls the water through the plant.

A) tension caused by the cohesive pull on the water column

B) osmotic pull caused by cohesive push on the water column

C) vacuum created by diffusing water

D) evaporative push created by osmosis

E) a diffusion gradient

3) Which of the following prevents water moving through the xylem from falling back towards the roots?

A) osmosis

B) simple diffusion

C) cohesion and adhesion

D) gravity

E) ionic bonds

4) What structure of the guard cells allows them to expand outward instead of spherically when inflated with water?

A) thick outer walls in contact with epidermal cells

B) thin inner walls that border the stomata

C) thin outer walls in contact with epidermal cells

D) thick inner walls that border the stomata

E) a pericycle within the stomata

5) Which of the following is not correct?

A) The loss of water vapor from leaves is the force behind the movement of water in xylem.

B) About 90 percent of the water lost by evaporation is through the stomata.

C) Transpiration by plants is not a major force in the global cycling of water.

D) Stomata are generally open during daylight and closed at night.

E) Xerophytes are plants that can grow in arid environments, partly due to reduced or sunken stomata.

6) The absorption of water from the soil is accomplished by two pathways: ________ and ________.

A) Symplast; apoplast

B) Apoptosis; hydroponics

C) Hypertonic; hypotonic

D) Diffusion; osmosis

E) None of the above are correct

7) What is the big dilemma plants face on a hot, dry day?

A) allowing H2O in while minimizing O2 loss

B) allowing CO2 in while minimizing H2O loss

C) allowing O2 in while minimizing H2O loss

D) allowing O2 in while minimizing CO2 loss

E) None of the above are correct.

8) Which of the following would not prevent the flow of water through a plant?

A) 100% relative humidity

B) very dry soils

C) hypotonic soil solution relative to the plant

D) damaged xylem tissue

E) All of the above would prevent the flow of water through a plant.

9) The intercellular pathway of water movement from the soil to the xylem of the root is the ________ pathway.

A) symplastic

B) apoplastic

C) leucoplastic

D) chromoplastic

E) pyroclastic

10) What is the source of the minerals required by plants for normal growth and development?

A) the atmosphere

B) the soil

C) mycorrhizal fungi

D) root hairs

E) None of the above are correct.

11) Soils are most commonly deficient in ________ and ________.

A) calcium; phosphorous

B) nitrogen; calcium

C) magnesium; nitrogen

D) nitrogen; phosphorous

E) calcium; nitrogen

12) Your tomato plants are stunted, older leaves are dark green, and there are patches of deep red pigmentation on the stems and leaves. Your tomato plant is likely suffering from ________ deficiency.

A) phosphorous

B) nitrogen

C) magnesium

D) calcium

E) copper

13) Which of the following is not considered to be a heavy metal?

A) Lead

B) Cadmium

C) Ozone

D) Mercury

E) Aluminum

14) What is the name given to plants that can concentrate minerals at levels 100 times more than normal?

A) Hydroponicals

B) Hyperaccumulators

C) Phytoremediators

D) Toxic accumulators

E) None of the above are correct.

15) The polarity of water molecules creates ________ bonds between adjacent molecules.

A) covalent

B) ionic

C) hydrogen

D) peptide

E) glycosidic

16) Which one of the following regulates the movement of water and minerals into the stele?

A) xylem

B) phloem

C) Casparian strip

D) root hairs

E) None of the above are correct.

17) Transpiration occurs because of which of the following?

A) evaporation of water at stomatal surfaces

B) hypertonic soil solutions relative to the root solution

C) absorption of water and dissolved minerals by root hairs

D) osmotic pressure within xylem tissues

E) the closing of guard cells

18) In what direction do dissolved sugars move in a plant?

A) upward towards the stomata

B) downward towards the roots

C) to areas in need of energy regardless of direction

D) upward during the day and downward at night

E) Sugars stay where they are produced.

19) Regarding translocation, which of the following tissues serves as a sink?

A) an actively growing fruit

B) an apical meristem

C) the cortex of a root

D) the pith of a stem

E) All of the above may serve as sinks.

20) The most common disaccharide transported in the phloem is which of the following?

A) glucose

B) fructose

C) sucrose

D) starch

E) maltose

21) In the Pressure Flow Model of the movement of sugar through the phloem, what process causes the pressure?

A) photosynthesis

B) osmosis

C) transpiration

D) dialysis

E) reverse osmosis

22) Which of the following is correct?

A) Products of photosynthesis move from source to sink.

B) The Pressure Flow Hypothesis may explain translocation in the phloem.

C) The highly concentrated solution of sugar in the sieve tube members causes water to enter by osmosis from nearby xylem elements.

D) After being uploaded from the phloem, sugars are usually converted to starch or other compounds.

E) All of the above are correct.

23) Which of the following is a correct statement?

A) Transpiration is a passive process; translocation requires metabolic energy.

B) Translocation is a passive process; transpiration requires metabolic energy.

C) Transpiration and translocation are both passive processes.

D) Transpiration and translocation both require metabolic energy.

E) None of the above are correct.

24) The growing of sugarcane in the New World to produce sugar was one of the main reasons for the ________.

A) exploration of the New World by Columbus and other explorers

B) purchase of the Louisiana territory

C) extensive slave trade between Africa and the Americas

D) War of 1812

E) demise of honey production in Europe

25) Which of the following statements is correct?

A) After being uploaded from the phloem, sugars are usually converted to starch or other storage carbohydrates.

B) During the Middle Ages, sugar was an expensive luxury.

C) Columbus introduced sugarcane to the Caribbean Islands, and many islands were denuded of native forests and planted with sugarcane soon afterward.

D) The growing of sugarcane was indirectly responsible for the establishment of slavery in the Americas.

E) All of the above are correct.

26) Which of the following statements is not correct?

A) Sugarcane, saccharum officinarum, is a perennial member of the grass family, Poaceae.

B) Sugarcane owes its importance to the sucrose stored in the cells of the stem.

C) Sugarcane, which uses the C4 pathway for photosynthesis, is considered to be one of the most efficient converters of solar energy into chemical energy.

D) Sugar beet, Beta vulgaris, is closely related to sugarcane.

E) One gram of sugar has fewer calories than a gram of fat.

27) The Second Law of Thermodynamics states which of the following?

A) In every energy exchange, some energy is destroyed.

B) Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

C) All of the energy in the Universe has existed forever.

D) No energy conversion is 100% efficient.

E) More than one of these statements are correct.

28) Starch and glycogen are energy-storage molecules. The energy stored in these molecules is an example of ________ energy.

A) potential

B) kinetic

C) reduced

D) oxidized

E) electrical

29) Adding a phosphate group to a molecule is called ________.

A) photosynthesis

B) aerobic respiration

C) oxidation

D) phosphorylation

E) reduction

30) Which of the following statements is not correct?

A) The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be converted from one form to another.

B) The Second law of Thermodynamics states that in any transfer of energy there is always a loss of useful energy to the system, usually in the form of "heat" or radiant energy.

C) All forms of energy are broadly classified as either potential energy or kinetic energy.

D) When a molecule gains an electron, it is said to be oxidized; and when that molecule gives up the electron, it is said to be reduced.

E) All of the above are correct.

31) Which of the following statements is not correct?

A) Many energy transformations in cells involve the transfer of electrons or hydrogen atoms.

B) NAD is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

C) FAD is flavin adenine dinucleotide.

D) ATP cannot be recycled.

E) All of the above are correct.

32) Enzymes are which of the following?

A) catalysts

B) proteins

C) highly specific for certain reactants

D) required to lower the energy for reactions to occur in biological systems

E) All of the above are correct.

33) Which of the following statements is not correct?

A) The sun is basically a thermonuclear reactor producing electromagnetic radiation.

B) Visible light is only a tiny spectrum of the full electromagnetic radiation but makes up about 40 percent of the radiant energy reaching the Earth.

C) Photons have a fixed quantity of energy.

D) The wavelengths of visible light useful to plants resides in the electromagnetic spectrum ranging from 380 to 760 nm in wavelength.

E) All of the above are correct.

34) Which of the following statements is correct?

A) The major photosynthetic pigments are xanthophylls and carotenoids.

B) Chlorophyll is principally located in the stroma.

C) The absorption spectrum of a pigment refers to the color of the visible light spectrum reflected from the pigment.

D) Thylakoids can be found in stacks called grana.

E) Vascular bundles bring oxygen to the palisade layer during photosynthesis.

35) During the Calvin cycle, ________ and ________ supply energy for the fixation and reduction of carbon dioxide.

A) ATP; NADPH

B) O2; CO2

C) ATP; O2

D) H2O; NADPH

E) H2O; O2

36) When an electron is added to copper the charge on it changes from +2 to +1. This means copper has been chemically ________.

A) phosphorylated

B) oxidized

C) reduced

D) hydrolyzed

E) energized

37) When ADP is phosphorylated, it becomes which of the following?

A) DNA

B) hydrolyzed

C) AMP

D) ATP

E) oxidized

38) Visible light is a form of ________ radiation.

A) electromagnetic

B) ultraviolet

C) cosmic

D) magnetic

E) chemical

39) Chlorophyll is most concentrated in the ________ of the chloroplast.

A) stroma

B) matrix

C) cristae

D) grana

E) nucleus

40) The oxygen (O2) from photosynthesis is derived from the "splitting" of ________.

A) CO2

B) ATP

C) NADPH

D) H2O

E) glucose

41) The wavelength for the maximum light absorption of the reaction center of Photosystem I is in the ________ region.

A) red

B) blue

C) green

D) yellow

E) None of the above are correct.

42) When the Photosystem I reaction center is oxidized, ________ is reduced.

A) ADP

B) NADPH

C) NADP+

D) glucose

E) H2O

43) The ultimate source of electrons in the light reactions of photosynthesis is which of the following?

A) H2O

B) CO2

C) ATP

D) glucose

E) NADP+

44) How many turns of the Calvin Cycle are required for the production of one glucose (C6H12O6)?

A) 2

B) 3

C) 4

D) 5

E) 6

45) The energy to power the Calvin Cycle reactions come from the ________ of the light reactions.

A) reactants

B) products

C) redox reactions

D) photophosphorylation reactions

E) enzymes

46) The first stable product of the Calvin Cycle is a ________ molecule.

A) glucose

B) fructose

C) phosphoglyceraldehyde

D) phosphoglyceric acid

E) sucrose

47) The first step of the Calving Cycle is the fixation of ________.

A) carbon dioxide

B) ATP

C) water

D) oxygen

E) glucose

48) The enzyme responsible for the first step of the Calvin Cycle is which of the following?

A) ATP synthase

B) RUBISCO

C) catalase

D) amylase

E) NABISCO

49) How are CAM plants different from all other plants?

A) The final product of CAM photosynthesis is sucrose.

B) The CO2 that diffuses into CAM plants is incorporated into an organic acid.

C) Carbon fixation occurs at night.

D) Stomata remain open during the day.

E) More than one of the above are correct.

50) Which of the following statements is correct?

A) The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration.

B) Photosynthesis is a catabolic pathway; respiration is an anabolic pathway.

C) Only in cellular respiration is ATP produced.

D) If photosynthesis did not exist, cellular respiration would be unaffected.

E) The electromagnetic energy involved in photosynthesis is in the ultraviolet region.

51) The main purpose of cellular respiration is the production of which of the following?

A) CO2

B) NADH

C) glucose

D) ATP

E) water

52) In what stage of cellular respiration is glucose split?

A) glycolysis

B) Krebs cycle

C) electron transport

D) Calvin cycle

E) anaerobic cycle

53) Where in a plant cell does most ATP production take place?

A) stroma of the chloroplast

B) grana of the chloroplast

C) matrix of the mitochondrion

D) inner membrane of the mitochondrion

E) cytoplasm of the plant cell

54) What is the role of oxygen in aerobic cellular respiration?

A) It is the final electron acceptor in electron transport.

B) It provides energy for ATP synthase to function.

C) It supplies electrons to electron transport.

D) It is responsible for splitting glucose.

E) It donates hydrogen ions to electrons.

55) What is the importance of glucose in cellular respiration?

A) When it splits, it generates the ATP necessary for metabolism.

B) It provides electrons for the electron transport system.

C) It powers the ATP synthase in chemiosmosis.

D) It is the final electron acceptor in electron transport.

E) It provides the fuel for making proteins from glucose.

56) What powers ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP to make ATP?

A) the kinetic energy of the flow of NADH electrons

B) the kinetic energy of the splitting of water

C) the kinetic energy of the movement of protons (hydrogen ions)

D) the kinetic energy of the spinning of the Krebs Cycle

E) cyclic AMP and ADP

57) Which of the following statements is correct?

A) The major organ of photosynthesis is the leaf.

B) The actual site of photosynthesis is the chloroplast.

C) Thylakoid sacs comprise the grana, sites of the light reaction.

D) The stroma contains the enzymes that carry out the Calvin Cycle.

E) All of the above are correct.

58) Which of the following statements is not correct?

A) When light strikes a pigment molecule in either Photosystem I or Photosystem II, the energy is funneled into a reaction center which consists of a chlorophyll a molecule bound to a membrane protein.

B) The Reaction Center for Photosystem I is called P700, which is related to the visible wavelength of its maximum absorption.

C) The Reaction Center for Photosystem II is called P680, which is related to the visible wavelength of its maximum absorption.

D) Photosystem I and Photosystem II are interconnected pathways.

E) During Photosystem I and II, a proton is excited and ejected, leaving P680 and P700 in a reduced state.

59) The loss of water vapor from a leaf is known as translocation.

60) As transpiration occurs in the leaf, it creates a cohesive pull on the whole water column downward through the xylem to the root, where water uptake occurs to replace the water lost through transpiration.

61) Organic materials are translocated by the sieve tube members of the phloem. These sieve tube members are living and highly specialized.

62) The hypothesis currently accepted to explain translocation in the phloem is the Pressure Flow Hypothesis.

63) During glycolysis, glucose in broken down to yield two molecules of pyruvic acid.

64) The reaction center P680 is found in photosystem I.

65) Carotenoids are called accessory pigments.

66) The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.

67) Oxygen is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

68) In chemiosmosis, the movement of ________ ions through the enzyme ________ generates ________ energy for the production of ________.

69) Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle generate the electron carrier, ________, which carries electrons to the ________ where this electron carrier is oxidized.

70) The purpose of photosynthesis is to generate ________ while the purpose of aerobic respiration is to generate ________.

71) While photosynthesis uses electrons from ________ for its electron transport system, cellular respiration uses electrons from ________ for its electron transport system.

For each of the following, indicate during which stage or stages of aerobic cellular respiration it occurs (i.e., glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and/or electron transport system).

72) ATP formed ________.

73) CO2 given off ________.

74) NADH oxidized ________.

75) ATP used ________.

For each of the following, indicate during which stage or stages of photosynthesis it occurs (i.e., Photosystem I, Photosystem II, and/or Calvin cycle).

76) Fixation of carbon dioxide during the ________.

77) O2 given off during ________.

78) ATP used during ________.