Chapter 16: Parole and Reintegration

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. ______ can be defined as the early release of an offender from a secure facility on completion of a certain portion of their sentence; the remainder of their sentence is served in the community.

a. Parole

b. Incarceration

c. Probation

d. Intermediate Sanctions

Learning Objective: 16.1: Define parole and basic parolee characteristics.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole and Parolee Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. During the 1500s and 1600s, England implemented a form of punishment known as banishment on a widespread scale. During this time, criminals were sent to the American colonies and ______.

a. India

b. Egypt

c. Brazil

d. Australia

Learning Objective: 16.1: Define parole and basic parolee characteristics.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Beginning History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. In 1853, he successfully lobbied for the ______, which established several rehabilitation programs for offenders.

a. Prison Reform Act

b. English Penal Servitude Act

c. Jail Servitude Act

d. French Penal Act

Learning Objective: 16.1: Define parole and basic parolee characteristics.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Beginning History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The largest percentage of parolees was convicted of ______ offenses.

a. drug

b. violent

c. property

d. public order

Learning Objective: 16.7: Be able to discuss the parole selection process, factors influencing parole decisions, and factors considered when granting and denying parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole and Parolee Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. About ______ of those on parole are female offenders.

a. 12%

b. 25%

c. 50%

d. 80%

Learning Objective: 16.7: Be able to discuss the parole selection process, factors influencing parole decisions, and factors considered when granting and denying parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole and Parolee Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. If prisoners had already been shipped to Australia for criminal acts committed in England, later they were shipped to ______ due to additional criminal acts or forms of misconduct committed while serving time in Australia.

a. Devil’s Island

b. Norfolk Island

c. Tasmania

d. Nasser Island

Learning Objective: 16.1: Define parole and basic parolee characteristics.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Beginning History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The United States Parole Commission Extension Act of ______ was passed to provide for the continued performance of the Parole Commission.

a. 1993

b. 2000

c. 2008

d. 1932

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: History of Federal Parole and Supervised Release

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. This report played a role in the shift from a community model of corrections to a crime control model of corrections.

a. Crofton Report

b. Maconochie Report

c. Parole Report

d. Martinson Report

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole From 1960 Onward

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Which of the following men is considered the father of parole?

a. Jeremy Bentham

b. Alexander Maconochie

c. William Penn

d. Sam Sanborn

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Beginning History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. This was the first state to abolish parole.

a. Oregon

b. Minnesota

c. North Carolina

d. Maine

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parole From 1960 Onward

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. During the period from 1930 through the 1950s, correctional thought reflected what was referred to as the ______.

a. medical model

b. reintegration model

c. crime control model

d. tough-on-crime model

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parole From 1960 Onward

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Which act provided for the abolition of the Parole Commission?

a. Second Chance Act

b. Parole Commission and Reorganization Act

c. Comprehensive Crime Control Act

d. Parole Commission Act

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parole From 1960 Onward

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Which era of correctional thought advocated for limited use of incarceration, preferring probation for nonviolent offenders?

a. medical model era

b. reintegration era

c. crime control model era

d. tough-on-crime model era

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parole From 1960 Onward

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Which act created the U.S. Sentencing Commission?

a. Second Chance Act

b. Parole Commission and Reorganization Act

c. Comprehensive Crime Control Act

d. Parole Commission Phaseout Act

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: History of Federal Parole and Supervised Release

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. This agency oversees the supervision of offenders who leave federal confinement early due to credit for good behavior.

a. the Federal Bureau of Prisons

b. the U.S. Attorney General’s Office

c. the U.S. Board of Parole

d. the U.S. Sentencing Commission

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: History of Federal Parole and Supervised Release

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in ______ that offenders have basic rights at a parole revocation hearing.

a. LeMaire v. Maass (1992)

b. Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)

c. Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)

d. Fulwood v. Clemmer (1962)

Learning Objective: 16.4: Evaluate the use of parole as a correctional release valve for prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Liability of Parole Board Members for Violation of Substantive or Procedural Rights

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Reentry preparation typically begins ______ prior to the offender’s release.

a. 2 months

b. 1 year

c. 6 months

d. 9 months

Learning Objective: 16.5: Describe the role of parole officers.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Role of Institutional Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Who typically completed the Offender Accountability Plan?

a. community parole officers

b. institutional parole officers

c. unit managers

d. correctional counselors

Learning Objective: 16.5: Describe the role of parole officers

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Role of Institutional Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Which case held that parolees do have a limited right to counsel during revocation proceedings?

a. LeMaire v. Maass (1992)

b. Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)

c. Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)

d. Fulwood v. Clemmer (1962)

Learning Objective: 16.5: Describe the role of parole officers

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Violations of Parole, Parole Warrants, and Parole Revocation Proceedings

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. The use of parole was not initially designed to consider ______, but this is now often considered in parole decisions.

a. providing incentives to inmates

b. providing a gradual process of offender reintegration into society

c. prison overcrowding

d. behavior of inmates and their progress in work assignments and programming

Learning Objective: 16.4: Evaluate the use of parole as a correctional release valve for prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parole as the Correctional Release Valve for Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. The key concern when granting parole is ______.

a. the probability of recidivism

b. prison populations

c. cost of incarceration

d. public perception

Learning Objective: 16.7: Be able to discuss the parole selection process, factors influencing parole decisions, and factors considered when granting and denying parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Granting of Parole in State Systems

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. The majority of state parole board members are appointed by the state’s ______.

a. director of corrections

b. governor

c. Supreme Court

d. attorney general

Learning Objective: 16.3: Know and understand the basics regarding state parole, its organization, and its administration.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The granting of Parole in State Systems

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the Supreme Court’s opinion about parole-granting hearings?

a. The parolee has the right to counsel at a parole-granting hearing.

b. The parolee has the right to witnesses at a parole-granting hearing.

c. The parole-granting hearing is a privilege.

d. An inmate has the right to a parole-granting hearing.

Learning Objective: 16.4: Evaluate the use of parole as a correctional release valve for prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole as the Correctional Release Valve for Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. The proportion of Caucasian parolees has increased during the past several years, comprising ______ of the overall parole population in 2016.

a. 50%

b. 45%

c. 23%

d. 90%

Learning Objective: 16.6: Explain the common conditions of parole and how parole effectiveness can be refined and adjusted to better meet supervision requirements that are based on the offender’s behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole and Parolee Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Parolees are considered high risk for ______ involvement.

a. drug

b. vocational

c. gang

d. gambling

Learning Objective: 16.6: Explain the common conditions of parole and how parole effectiveness can be refined and adjusted to better meet supervision requirements that are based on the offender’s behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Global Positioning System for High-Risk Gang Offenders in California

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. From this point forward, there was a clear shift from a ______ model of corrections to what has been referred to as a crime control model of corrections.

a. community

b. medical

c. rehabilitation

d. classical

Learning Objective: 16.3: Know and understand the basics regarding state parole, its organization, and its administration.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole From 1960 Onward

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. From 1976, more than ______ states and the federal government abolished the use of parole.

a. 19

b. 10

c. 3

d. 14

Learning Objective: 16.3: Know and understand the basics regarding state parole, its organization, and its administration.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole From 1960 Onward

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. The Offender Accountability Plan addresses needs for ______, the need to respect the rights and privacy of prior victims, and any particular arrangements that have been made with the victim as well as any necessary provisions to ensure the offender’s responsibility to the community at large.

a. incarceration

b. justice

c. restitution

d. capital punishment

Learning Objective: 16.6: Explain the common conditions of parole and how parole effectiveness can be refined and adjusted to better meet supervision requirements that are based on the offender’s behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Role of Institutional Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Parole ______ officers are primarily tasked with the routine holding of preliminary parole revocation hearings by reviewing allegations made by parole officers against parolees.

a. detectives

b. revocations

c. drug Abuse

d. abuse

Learning Objective: 16.6: Explain the common conditions of parole and how parole effectiveness can be refined and adjusted to better meet supervision requirements that are based on the offender’s behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Violations of Parole, Parole Warrants, and Parole Revocation Proceedings

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. ______ is a faith-based organization that works with a variety of organizations in the community to provide offenders with housing, transportation, employment, job skills, spiritual guidance, mental health, and substance abuse assistance.

a. Franks Inc.

b. Williams LLC

c. Woodward Inc.

d. Freedmen Inc.

Learning Objective: 16.6: Explain the common conditions of parole and how parole effectiveness can be refined and adjusted to better meet supervision requirements that are based on the offender’s behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Freedmen Inc. Halfway House for Offenders Released From Prison

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. ______ revocations officers are primarily tasked with the routine holding of preliminary parole revocation hearings by reviewing allegations made by parole officers against parolees.

a. Correctional

b. Parole

c. Probation

d. Police

Learning Objective: 16.6: Explain the common conditions of parole and how parole effectiveness can be refined and adjusted to better meet supervision requirements that are based on the offender’s behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Violations of Parole, Parole Warrants, and Parole Revocation Proceedings

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. The proportion of ______ parolees has increased during the past several years, comprising 45% of the overall parole population in 2016.

a. African American

b. Asian

c. Caucasian

d. Hispanic

Learning Objective: 16.6: Explain the common conditions of parole and how parole effectiveness can be refined and adjusted to better meet supervision requirements that are based on the offender’s behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole and Parolee Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. About 12% of those on parole are ______ offenders.

a. female

b. male

c. African American

d. Hispanic

Learning Objective: 16.7: Be able to discuss the parole selection process, factors influencing parole decisions, and factors considered when granting and denying parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole and Parolee Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. The largest percentage of ______ was convicted of drug offenses.

a. parolees

b. probationers

c. convicts

d. jailers

Learning Objective: 16.7: Be able to discuss the parole selection process, factors influencing parole decisions, and factors considered when granting and denying parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole and Parolee Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Fulwood v. Clemmer that offenders have basic rights at a ______ hearing.

a. sentencing

b. preliminary

c. initial

d. parole revocation

Learning Objective: 16.4: Evaluate the use of parole as a correctional release valve for prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Liability of Parole Board Members for Violation of Substantive or Procedural Rights

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. The Second Chance Act was designed to improve outcomes for individual returning to ______.

a. communities

b. jails

c. prisons

d. schools

Learning Objective: 16.5: Describe the role of parole officers

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reentry Initiatives

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Which type of parole officer works to aid the offender in making the transition from prison life to community supervision?

a. revocation

b. authoritative

c. institutional

d. united

Learning Objective: 16.5: Describe the role of parole officers

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Role of Institutional Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Which faith-based organization that works with a variety of organizations in the community to provide offenders with housing, transportation, employment, job skills, spiritual guidance, mental health, and substance abuse assistance?

a. Franks Inc.

b. Williams LLC

c. Woodward Inc.

d. Freedmen Inc.

Learning Objective: 16.6: Explain the common conditions of parole and how parole effectiveness can be refined and adjusted to better meet supervision requirements that are based on the offender’s behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Freedmen Inc. Halfway House for Offenders Released From Prison

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. By ______, more than 19 states and the federal government abolished the use of parole.

a. 1976

b. 1942

c. 1932

d. 1969

Learning Objective: 16.3: Know and understand the basics regarding state parole, its organization, and its administration.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole From 1960 Onward

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. During the 1500s and 1600s, which country implemented a form of punishment known as banishment on a widespread scale. During this time, criminals were sent to the American colonies and Australia.

a. India

b. Egypt

c. Brazil

d. England

Learning Objective: 16.1: Define parole and basic parolee characteristics.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Beginning History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Institutional parole officer works to aid the offender in making the transition from prison life to community supervision.

Learning Objective: 16.5: Describe the role of parole officers

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Role of Institutional Parole Officers

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The Second Chance Act was designed to improve outcomes for people returning to communities from prisons and jails.

Learning Objective: 16.5: Describe the role of parole officers

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reentry Initiatives

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The terms and conditions for parolees, in many cases, are identical to many of those included for offenders on probation.

Learning Objective: 16.6: Explain the common conditions of parole and how parole effectiveness can be refined and adjusted to better meet supervision requirements that are based on the offender’s behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Common Conditions of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The U.S. Internal Prison Commission Extension Act of 1933 was passed to provide for the continued performance of the Parole Commission.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole From 1960 Onward

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. During the 1800s and 1900s, England implemented a form of punishment known as banishment on a widespread scale. During this time, criminals were sent to the American colonies and Canada.

Learning Objective: 16.1: Define parole and basic parolee characteristics.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Beginning History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Parole revocation is guided by the Supreme Court decision in Morrissey v. Brewer (1972).

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Liability of Parole Board Members for Violation of Substantive or Procedural Rights

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 created the U.S. Sentencing Commission to establish sentencing guidelines for the federal courts and established a regimen of determinate sentences.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: History of Federal Parole and Supervised Release

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The use of parole boards no longer exists within the federal justice system.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: History of Federal Parole and Supervised Release

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The number of prisoners released on discretionary parole has steadily decreased in recent years.

Learning Objective: 16.4: Evaluate the use of parole as a correctional release valve for prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parole and Parolee Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Parole decisions are discretionary.

Learning Objective: 16.4: Evaluate the use of parole as a correctional release valve for prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parole and Parolee Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The key concern when granting parole is cost of incarceration.

Learning Objective: 16.7: Be able to discuss the parole selection process, factors influencing parole decisions, and factors considered when granting and denying parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Granting of Parole in State Systems

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The federal government currently uses indeterminate sentencing.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole From 1960 Onward

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The ticket of leave was basically a permit that was given to an offender in exchange for a certain period of good conduct.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Beginning History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. The proportion of Caucasian American offenders on parole has increased during the past several years.

Learning Objective: 16.4: Evaluate the use of parole as a correctional release valve for prisons.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parole and Parolee Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. The parolee population tends to be quite large when compared with the probation population.

Learning Objective: 16.1: Define parole and basic parolee characteristics.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Parolees are categorized as high risk for gang involvement or activity.

Learning Objective: 16.6: Explain the common conditions of parole and how parole effectiveness can be refined and adjusted to better meet supervision requirements that are based on the offender’s behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Global Positioning System for High-Risk Gang Offenders in California

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. By 1976, more than 14 states and the federal government abolished the use of parole.

Learning Objective: 16.3: Know and understand the basics regarding state parole, its organization, and its administration.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole From 1960 Onward

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Freedmen Inc. is a faith-based organization that works with a variety of organizations in the community to provide offenders with housing, transportation, employment, job skills, spiritual guidance, mental health, and substance abuse assistance.

Learning Objective: 16.6: Explain the common conditions of parole and how parole effectiveness can be refined and adjusted to better meet supervision requirements that are based on the offender’s behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Freedmen Inc. Halfway House for Offenders Released From Prison

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Parole revocation officers are primarily tasked with the routine holding of preliminary parole revocation hearings by reviewing allegations made by parole officers against parolees.

Learning Objective: 16.6: Explain the common conditions of parole and how parole effectiveness can be refined and adjusted to better meet supervision requirements that are based on the offender’s behavior.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Violations of Parole, Parole Warrants, and Parole Revocation Proceedings

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. During the period from 1980 through the 1990s, correctional thought reflected what was referred to as the medical model.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parole From 1960 Onward

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. The Parole Commission Phaseout Act of 1996 extended the life of the Parole Commission until November 1, 2002, but only with regard to supervising offenders who were still on parole from previous years.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole. | 3. Know and understand the basics regarding state parole, its organization, and its administration.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parole From 1960 Onward

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. About 92% of those on parole are female offenders.

Learning Objective: 16.7: Be able to discuss the parole selection process, factors influencing parole decisions, and factors considered when granting and denying parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole and Parolee Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. The U.S. Parole and Probation Review Act of 1891 was passed to provide for the continued performance of the Parole Commission.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: History of Federal Parole and Supervised Release

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. The mid- to late 1970s saw a slowly emerging shift in corrections thought due to high crime rates that were primarily perceived as the result of high recidivism among offenders. Skepticism of rehabilitation was brought to its pinnacle by practitioners who cited (often in an inaccurate manner) the work of Robert Martinson.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole From 1960 Onward

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. While each state has the right and ability to administer community supervision functions in a manner that is most suitable for that state, there are as many similarities between probation and parole programs around the nation as there are differences.

Learning Objective: 16.3: Know and understand the basics regarding state parole, its organization, and its administration.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole at the State Level

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. The U.S. 1987 Crime Control Act was passed to provide for the continued performance of the Parole Commission.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole From 1960 Onward

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Morrissey v. Brewer (1972) set forth a two-stage revocation process. Identify and explain the process and the rights afforded to parolees.

Learning Objective: 16.3: Know and understand the basics regarding state parole, its organization, and its administration. | 16.8 Describe the process for violations of parole, parole warrants, and parole revocation proceedings.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension and Application

Answer Location: Violations of Parole, Parole Warrants, and Parole Revocation Proceedings

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Alexander Maconochie created a mark system in which “marks” were provided to the offender for each day of successful toil. This system was quite well organized and thought out. It was based on five main tenets. What were the five tenets?

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Beginning History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Describe the concept of “release valve mechanisms”.

Learning Objective: 16.7: Be able to discuss the parole selection process, factors influencing parole decisions, and factors considered when granting and denying parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parole as the Correctional Release Valve for Prisons

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. What is the main task of a parole revocation officer?

Learning Objective: 16.7: Be able to discuss the parole selection process, factors influencing parole decisions, and factors considered when granting and denying parole. | 16.8 Describe the process for violations of parole, parole warrants, and parole revocation proceedings.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Violations of Parole, Parole Warrants, and Parole Revocation Proceedings

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The Federal Interagency Reentry Council brings together 20 agencies that are tasked with various missions. Describe several of the council’s missions.

Learning Objective: 16.7: Be able to discuss the parole selection process, factors influencing parole decisions, and factors considered when granting and denying parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Use of Reentry Councils

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. What did the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 establish?

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: History of Federal Parole and Supervised Release

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Identify and discuss the contributions of Sir Walter Crofton to the development of parole.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The beginning History of Parole

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. What is the Second Chance Act?

Learning Objective: 16.8: Describe the process for violations of parole, parole warrants, and parole revocation proceedings.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reentry Initiatives

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Explain Braithwaite’s theory of shaming and reintegration.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension and Application

Answer Location: Braithwaite’s Crime, Shame, and Reintegration as Related to Parole

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Explain how parole is granted throughout most state systems and what tends to influence parole decisions.

Learning Objective: 16.3: Know and understand the basics regarding state parole, its organization, and its administration. | 16.7 Be able to discuss the parole selection process, factors influencing parole decisions, and factors considered when granting and denying parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension and Application

Answer Location: The Granting of Parole in State Systems

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Currently, the U.S. Sentencing Commission oversees the supervision of offenders who leave federal confinement early due to credit for good behavior. Discuss the 2007 Federal Guidelines Manual.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Discuss the historical development of parole.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension and Application

Answer Location: History of Federal Parole and Supervised Release

Difficulty Level: Medium