Test Bank Docx Personality Theory And Assessment Ch11 - Mastering the World of Psychology 6th Edition Exam Pack by Samuel E. Wood. DOCX document preview.
Test Bank for Wood 6e
Chapter 11: Personality Theory and Assessment
Multiple Choice
1. _____ consists of a person’s characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling.
a) Emotion
b) Personality
c) An external locus of control
d) Motivation
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
2. _____ is Freud’s theory of personality and his therapy for treating psychological disorders.
a) Behaviorism
b) The locus of control
c) Psychoanalysis
d) Reciprocal determinism
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
3. The central idea of psychoanalytic theory is that _____
a) because all behavior is learned, it can be unlearned.
b) the environment affects behavior, which affects the cognitive factors in an individual.
c) one’s perceived competence affects behavior and performance.
d) unconscious forces shape human thought and behavior.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
4. Which of the following theorists argued that unconscious forces were the main focus of personality?
a) Abraham Maslow
b) Raymond Cattell
c) Sigmund Freud
d) B. F. Skinner
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
5. According to Freud, the three levels of awareness are _____
a) id, ego, superego.
b) environment, behavior, thoughts.
c) preconscious, conscious, unconscious.
d) pleasure principle, libido, reality principle.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
6. According to Freud, the thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories of which a person is aware at any given moment define the _____
a) id.
b) unconscious.
c) conscious.
d) preconscious.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
7. According to psychoanalytic theory, being aware of how you feel answering this question right now would be located in your _____ awareness.
a) id
b) unconscious
c) preconscious
d) conscious
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
8. According to Freud, the thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories that a person is not consciously aware of at the moment, but that may be easily brought to consciousness, defines the _____
a) ego ideal.
b) conscious.
c) preconscious.
d) unconscious.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
9. Imagine you were engaged in a conversation about politics. Information to answer the question “What color is your vehicle?” would be located in the _____ according to psychoanalytic theory.
a) preconscious
b) conscious
c) unconscious
d) superego
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
10. For Freud, the primary motivating force of human behavior, containing repressed memories as well as instincts, wishes, and desires of which you have never been consciously aware, is the _____
a) ego ideal.
b) unconscious.
c) conscious.
d) super ego.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
11. When Nancy was five years old, she found her sister floating face down in the family swimming pool. She was highly traumatized by the event. As a young adult, however, she does not seem aware that she was the one to actually find her sister. According to psychoanalytic theory, this information would likely be located in her _____
a) unconscious.
b) ego.
c) superego.
d) preconscious.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
12. According to psychoanalytic theory, the _____ is where traumatizing, repressed events are located, whereas the _____ holds information an individual may not necessarily be thinking about but can easily access.
a) unconscious; conscious
b) ego; unconscious
c) unconscious; preconscious
d) id; conscious
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
13. According to psychoanalytic theory, being aware of how you feel answering this question right now would be located in your _____ awareness, whereas information to answer the question “What color is your vehicle?” would be available in your _____
a) unconscious; id.
b) ego; unconscious.
c) conscious; preconscious.
d) unconscious; preconscious.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
14. The unconscious system of the personality, which contains the life and death instincts and operates on the pleasure principle, defines the _____
a) superego.
b) conscious awareness.
c) ego ideal.
d) id.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
15. According to psychoanalytic theory, the structure of personality that operates on the pleasure principle is the _____
a) ego.
b) superego.
c) conscience.
d) id.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
16. Which of the following statements is false, according to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
a) The id forms the basis for the moral part of the personality.
b) The id tries to seek pleasure, avoid pain, and gain immediate gratification.
c) The id is the source of the libido.
d) The id is the only part of the personality present at birth.
Skill Level: Evaluate
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
17. According to Freud, the _____ is the psychic energy that fuels the entire personality.
a) preconscious
b) id ideal
c) libido
d) ego ideal
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
18. According to Freud, the _____ accounts for unconscious aggressive and destructive impulses.
a) superego
b) life instinct
c) libido
d) death instinct
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
19. Tarrin is a teenager who is struggling with feelings of hostility and angst. Because she was arrested for vandalism, she was court-ordered to therapy. Her treatment goal is to understand these feelings or at least to learn how to keep them in check. If Freud were her psychoanalyst, he would speculate that her _____ was to blame for her hostility and angst.
a) superego
b) death instinct
c) libido
d) life instinct
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
20. Which of the following, according to Freud’s theory, would likely be the cause of suicidal feelings?
a) the ego ideal
b) an unsuccessful resolution of the latency stage
c) the death instinct
d) the superego
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
21. Which of the following, according to Freud’s theory, would likely be the cause of starting harmful rumors about someone at work?
a) The ego ideal
b) An unsuccessful resolution of the latency stage
c) The death instinct
d) The superego
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
22. Reggie works in an office with about 50 other attorneys. The environment is fiercely competitive because many of them want to be made a partner in the firm. In an effort to gain some ground, Reggie began spreading harmful rumors about two of his coworkers. Even though Reggie knew that the rumors could ultimately impact their career in a negative manner, he still chose to engage in the rumor-spreading behavior. Which of the following, according to Freud’s theory, would likely be the cause of Reggie’s malicious acts?
a) The death instinct
b) An unsuccessful resolution of the latency stage
c) The ego ideal
d) The superego
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
23. According to Freud, the _____ fuels the sexual instincts and biological urges such as hunger and thirst.
a) superego
b) life instinct
c) libido
d) death instinct
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
24. Drug use aside, which of the following, according to Freud’s theory, could have likely been the cause of the free love movement in the 1960s?
a) unsuccessful resolution of the oral stage
b) unsuccessful resolution of the latency stage
c) the death instinct
d) the life instinct
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
25. Shelley is currently undergoing treatment for an eating disorder. She reports to her therapist that food absolutely disgusts her. Her therapist, trained in psychoanalysis, immediately thinks of _____ as the potential cause.
a) unsuccessful resolution of the phallic stage
b) unsuccessful resolution of the latency stage
c) an ineffective preconscious
d) problems in her life instinct
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
26. According to psychoanalysis, which of the following is the source of the libido?
a) Superego
b) Preconscious
c) Ego ideal
d) Id
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
27. Jolene frequently gets into fights at school. When asked about her behavior, she says that she just can’t help but fight. According to psychoanalytic theory, Jolene likely is being influenced by _____
a) a strong id.
b) penis envy.
c) a solid ego ideal.
d) a weak preconscious.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
28. The _____ is to the pleasure principle as the _____ is to the reality principle.
a) superego; conscious
b) ego ideal; conscience
c) id; ego
d) superego; ego
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
29. In Freud’s theory, the logical, rational, and largely conscious system of personality is the _____
a) superego.
b) preconscious.
c) phallic stage.
d) ego.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
30. According to psychoanalytic theory, the structure of personality that operates on the reality principle is the _____
a) ego ideal.
b) superego.
c) ego.
d) id.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
31. Because the _____ is the rational part of the personality, it sometimes plays referee between the wishes of the _____ and the _____
a) superego; id; ego.
b) id; superego; ego.
c) unconscious; id; ego ideal.
d) ego; id; superego.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
32. According to Freud, which of the following is considered the moral system of the personality?
a) Superego
b) Preconscious
c) Fixations
d) Ego
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
33. The superego is made up of the _____ and _____
a) conscious; preconscious.
b) id; ego ideal.
c) conscience; unconscious.
d) ego ideal; conscience.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
34. According to Freud, individuals develop the moral component of their personality by age _____
a) 3.
b) 5 or 6.
c) 12 or 13.
d) 15 or so.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
35. Sixteen-year-old Evan is referred to as a perfectionist by his friends and family. Neither his parents nor his teachers put pressure on him because they all know Evan seems to be the most critical of himself. According to Freud, Evan likely _____
a) has yet to resolve the Oedipus complex.
b) has a strong superego.
c) has a fixation that occurred during the oral stage.
d) has a strong id.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
36. Having a strong feeling of guilt for minor mistakes may be a reflection of a(n) _____
a) weak subconscious.
b) strong superego.
c) strong ego.
d) overextended id.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
37. According to psychoanalytic theory, all of Kendra’s behaviors (both ones for which she has been punished and ones for which she has been praised) reside _____
a) solely within her conscious.
b) within her id.
c) within her ego.
d) within her superego.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
38. Consider this statement: We are our own worst critic. According to Freud, which of the following components of our personality may best fuel this notion?
a) Superego
b) Preconscious
c) Ego ideal
d) Ego
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
39. The superego is made up of the conscience and _____
a) preconscious.
b) ego ideal.
c) death instinct.
d) life instinct.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
40. According to Freud, which structure of the personality contains the conscience?
a) Preconscious
b) Ego ideal
c) Id
d) Superego
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
41. Strategies used by the ego to help reduce the anxiety caused by too much conflict between the id and superego are called _____
a) the psychosexual stages.
b) fixations.
c) defense mechanisms.
d) archetypes.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
42. Peter finally got up the courage to see a therapist after struggling with depression. When discussing his issues with his psychoanalytic therapist, Peter told his therapist that he was sexually assaulted by his previous college roommate. Though Peter was aware that the assault took place, he could not remember any of the painful details of the situation. Which of the following is Peter’s therapist likely to say?
a) “Peter, you are likely experiencing a fixation from the unsuccessful resolution of the Oedipus complex.”
b) “Those details serve no importance in the type of therapy I provide. We will just work to reduce the symptoms of your depression.”
c) “Peter, don’t worry about not remembering the painful details. They are better off left alone.”
d) “Peter, you are likely experiencing repression. After we work through the painful details of that traumatic event, your depression will lift and you will feel much better.”
Skill Level: Evaluate
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
43. Which of the following defense mechanisms involves reverting back to an earlier stage of development?
a) Sublimation
b) Projection
c) Rationalization
d) Regression
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
44. Nine-year-old Sofia was excited about having a new baby brother. However, she was not excited about the fact that he now gets all the attention. She finds that she no longer wants to attend to him when he cries or needs something. Her parents have also noticed, and are frustrated by, her need to suddenly suck her thumb. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Sofia’s new thumb-sucking behavior?
a) Sublimation
b) Projection
c) Rationalization
d) Regression
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
45. Which of the following defense mechanisms involves substituting a less-threatening object or person for the original object of a sexual or aggressive impulse?
a) Displacement
b) Projection
c) Rationalization
d) Sublimation
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
46. Which of the following defense mechanisms involves verbally justifying or supplying a logical reason for one’s own inappropriate behavior or impulse?
a) Sublimation
b) Projection
c) Rationalization
d) Displacement
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
47. Trevor was recently passed over for a promotion at work. He was frustrated and angry because he felt strongly that he deserved the promotion. In light of that, he began taking home office supplies and stretching the truth on his time card. When asked about these behaviors, Trevor said that the company owed him for not awarding him with the promotion. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Trevor’s reasoning?
a) Sublimation
b) Projection
c) Rationalization
d) Displacement
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
48. Which of the following defense mechanisms involves involuntarily removing an unpleasant memory, thought, or perception from consciousness?
a) Repression
b) Projection
c) Rationalization
d) Displacement
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
49. Which of the following defense mechanisms involves rechanneling sexual and aggressive energy into accomplishments that society considers acceptable or even admirable?
a) Repression
b) Sublimation
c) Rationalization
d) Displacement
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
50. Kayla is terribly saddened and frustrated by the antisocial behavior of her moody teenage son. Instead of yelling at him for not engaging with her, she decides to go for a jog. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Kayla’s decision to go for a jog instead of yell at her son?
a) Repression
b) Displacement
c) Rationalization
d) Sublimation
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
51. Which of the following defense mechanisms involves expressing ideas and emotions that are opposite of the disturbing, unconscious impulses or desires?
a) Reaction formation
b) Projection
c) Rationalization
d) Displacement
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
52. Though 10 years out of high school, Simon is still scarred and bothered by the bullying he experienced at the hand of Jeffrey. When Simon unexpectedly saw Jeffrey at the local grocery store, he greeted Jeffrey and shook his hand. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Simon’s behavior?
a) Repression
b) Rationalization
c) Regression
d) Reaction formation
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
53. Though 10 years out of high school, Simon is still scarred and bothered by the bullying he experienced at the hand of Jeffrey. If the defense mechanism of reaction formation were being utilized, which of the following would Simon say to Jeffrey when he unexpectedly saw Jeffrey at the local grocery store?
a) “After all of these years, I finally get a chance to tell you what an arrogant jerk you are, Jeffrey!”
b) “Jeffrey, why would you want to make someone’s life so miserable?”
c) “Hey there, Jeffrey. Good to see you. How are you these days?”
d) “Pardon me, but can you move so I can reach the milk?”
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
54. Which of the following defense mechanisms involves attributing one’s own undesirable traits, thoughts, behaviors, or impulses to another?
a) Repression
b) Sublimation
c) Projection
d) Displacement
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
55. Which of the following defense mechanisms involves refusing to consciously acknowledge the existence of danger or a threatening situation?
a) Displacement
b) Sublimation
c) Rationalization
d) Denial
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
56. Gigi just gave birth to her first child. Unfortunately, the baby was born with significant heart, lung, and kidney damage and is in the neonatal intensive care unit. Though the baby is only surviving because of all of the life support machines he is hooked up to, Gigi refuses to acknowledge the severity of the situation and instead talks about what outfits the baby can wear and whether he’ll like his nursery at home. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Gigi’s refusal to acknowledge how ill her newborn son really is?
a) Repression
b) Denial
c) Projection
d) Displacement
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
57. Unsuccessful resolution of any of the stages of psychosexual development will likely result in _____
a) a strong ego.
b) the development of a fixation.
c) psychological health.
d) an individualistic, as opposed to a collectivistic, perspective.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.2: Describe the role of psychosexual stages in Freud’s theory
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
58. According to Freud’s psychosexual stages of development, successful resolution of the Oedipus complex leads to _____
a) a little boy’s identification with his father.
b) privilege envy.
c) a little boy’s identification with his mother.
d) a little girl’s identification with her father.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.2: Describe the role of psychosexual stages in Freud’s theory
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
59. According to Freud’s psychosexual stages of development, successful resolution of the Elektra complex leads to _____
a) a little boy’s identification with his father.
b) privilege envy.
c) a little boy’s identification with his mother.
d) a little girl’s identification with her mother.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.2: Describe the role of psychosexual stages in Freud’s theory
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
60. Identification with the same-sex parent occurs during the _____ stage of psychosexual development.
a) latency
b) phallic
c) oral
d) anal
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.2: Describe the role of psychosexual stages in Freud’s theory
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
61. Too little gratification during the anal stage may result in _____, whereas overindulgence during the anal stage may result in _____
a) messiness; orderliness.
b) flirtatiousness; pride.
c) rebelliousness; hostility.
d) excessive cleanliness; messiness.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.2: Describe the role of psychosexual stages in Freud’s theory
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
62. According to Freud, _____ occurs during the latency stage of psychosexual development.
a) identification with the same-sex parent
b) toilet training
c) a resurfacing of sexual impulses
d) a period of sexual calm
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.2: Describe the role of psychosexual stages in Freud’s theory
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
63. According to the psychosexual stages of development, initial sexual curiosity occurs during the _____ stage of psychosexual development.
a) oral
b) latency
c) phallic
d) genital
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.2: Describe the role of psychosexual stages in Freud’s theory
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
64. Jane is at the stage of her life in which she is interested in female friends and playing soccer. She also has taken interest in her science class because she thinks the teacher lets the students do cool experiments. According to the psychosexual stages of development, Jane is in the _____ stage.
a) latency
b) oral
c) genital
d) phallic
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.2: Describe the role of psychosexual stages in Freud’s theory
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
65. According to the psychosexual stages of development, the establishment of mature, sexual relationships occurs in the _____ stage.
a) genital
b) anal
c) phallic
d) oral
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.2: Describe the role of psychosexual stages in Freud’s theory
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
66. Twenty-nine-year-old Annabelle and her partner are seriously committed to one another and have discussed the possibility of marriage. According to Freud, in which of the psychosexual stages are they?
a) Latency
b) Oral
c) Genital
d) Anal
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.2: Describe the role of psychosexual stages in Freud’s theory
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
67. Which of the following theorists is considered a neo-Freudian?
a) Julian Rotter
b) Alfred Adler
c) Albert Bandura
d) Gordon Allport
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.4: Contrast the views of the neo-Freudians with those of Freud
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
68. The notions of archetypes, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious are the work of _____
a) Carl Rogers.
b) Carl Jung.
c) Carl Panzram.
d) Albert Adler.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.4: Contrast the views of the neo-Freudians with those of Freud
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
69. According to Carl Jung, the idea that all humans everywhere generally care for their young would be found within the _____
a) idea of the internal locus of control.
b) ego functioning.
c) collective unconscious.
d) notion of reciprocal determinism.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.4: Contrast the views of the neo-Freudians with those of Freud
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
70. Alfred Adler’s theory is called _____ because of its emphasis on the uniqueness of the person.
a) holistic psychology
b) individual psychology
c) the trait theory
d) analytical psychology
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.1.4: Contrast the views of the neo-Freudians with those of Freud
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
71. While growing up, Chuck did not receive much encouragement from his caretakers. In fact, he was often harshly criticized in an unfair manner. As a result, Chuck will likely develop _____ based on Adler’s theory of individual psychology.
a) catharsis
b) negative archetypes
c) a fixation
d) an inferiority complex
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.4: Contrast the views of the neo-Freudians with those of Freud
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
72. Which of the following is false regarding Karen Horney?
a) She rejected the idea that early experiences played a role in later personality development.
b) She believed that cultural and environmental variables were important in the development of personality.
c) She rejected the idea of penis envy.
d) She felt personality developed over an entire lifetime.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.1.4: Contrast the views of the neo-Freudians with those of Freud
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
73. Which of the following pairings is correct?
a) Carl Rogers— conditions of worth
b) Karen Horney— archetypes
c) Albert Bandura— collective unconscious
d) Gordon Allport— individual psychology
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.2.1: Describe how humanistic theorists explain personality
Topic: Humanistic Theories
74. Which of the following is not a characteristic in self-actualizing individuals?
a) Effective personal relationships
b) Autonomy
c) Personal strife
d) Frequent peak experiences
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.2.1: Describe how humanistic theorists explain personality
Topic: Humanistic Theories
75. Developing one’s fullest potential is the goal of _____
a) a fixation.
b) catharsis.
c) rationalization.
d) self-actualization.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.2.1: Describe how humanistic theorists explain personality
Topic: Humanistic Theories
76. _____ involves an experience of deep meaning, insight, and harmony within oneself and with the universe.
a) An archetype
b) A peak experience
c) Catharsis
d) The collective unconscious
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.2.1: Describe how humanistic theorists explain personality
Topic: Humanistic Theories
77. Lulu’s parents have told her that as long as she becomes a doctor, they will pay for her schooling. Lulu, however, really wants to become a chemistry teacher. When she tells her parents of her desire to study chemistry and teaching, they tell her to apply for financial aid. Lulu responds with sadness, anxiety, and distress. Lulu’s parents have established _____
a) an internal locus of control.
b) unconditional positive regard.
c) a high degree of self-efficacy.
d) conditions of worth.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.2.1: Describe how humanistic theorists explain personality
Topic: Humanistic Theories
78. Carl Rogers believed that many parents set up _____, or conditions on which their positive regard rests.
a) archetypes
b) traits
c) unconditional positive regard
d) conditions of worth
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.2.1: Describe how humanistic theorists explain personality
Topic: Humanistic Theories
79. _____ provides unqualified caring and nonjudgmental acceptance of another.
a) The openness trait
b) Conscientiousness
c) Unconditional positive regard
d) An archetype
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.2.1: Describe how humanistic theorists explain personality
Topic: Humanistic Theories
80. The notion that “I’ll feel warmly toward you and respect you only if you do as I say” suggests _____
a) a weak id.
b) conditions of worth.
c) reciprocal determinism.
d) a peak experience is in the making.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.2.1: Describe how humanistic theorists explain personality
Topic: Humanistic Theories
81. Creating an environment in which someone is accepted and not judged, no matter what, exemplifies _____
a) reciprocal determinism.
b) conditions of worth.
c) an internal locus of control.
d) unconditional positive regard.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.2.1: Describe how humanistic theorists explain personality
Topic: Humanistic Theories
82. Kito has just begun the process of therapy with a new therapist. Compared to his previous therapist, this new one seems to create an atmosphere of acceptance and nonjudgment no matter what he says in therapy. Because of this, Kito is willing to share much more than he ever has before. It is clear that Kito’s new therapist is utilizing _____ to establish a safe therapeutic environment.
a) psychoanalytic theory
b) unconditional positive regard
c) feminine psychology
d) conditions of worth
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.2.1: Describe how humanistic theorists explain personality
Topic: Humanistic Theories
83. _____ created person-centered therapy in an effort to help each individual become _____
a) Alfred Adler; at peace with respect to her or his id, ego, and superego functioning.
b) Sigmund Freud; free of defense mechanisms.
c) Carl Rogers; a fully functioning person.
d) Carl Jung; a part of a collectivist society.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.2.1: Describe how humanistic theorists explain personality
Topic: Humanistic Theories
84. Conditions of worth are to _____ as fixations are to _____
a) Albert Bandura; Sigmund Freud.
b) Carl Rogers; Sigmund Freud.
c) Raymond Cattell; Carl Jung.
d) Abraham Maslow; Carl Jung.
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.2.1: Describe how humanistic theorists explain personality
Topic: Humanistic Theories
85. Which of the following is the common thread between psychoanalytic theory and humanistic theory?
a) Both theories discuss the importance of unconscious drives.
b) Both theories study the positive aspects of individuals such as cooperation and acceptance of others.
c) Both theories maintain that individuals are driven by sexual and aggressive impulses.
d) Both theories are difficult to test out from a scientific standpoint.
Skill Level: Evaluate
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.2.1: Describe how humanistic theorists explain personality
Topic: Humanistic Theories
86. _____ is another term for a person’s sense of self-worth.
a) Self-esteem
b) Reciprocal determinism
c) Catharsis
d) Cattell’s cardinal trait
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.2.2: Summarize the research on self-esteem
Topic: Humanistic Theories
87. Based on the research presented in the current chapter, which of the following statements is true of self-esteem?
a) By age 12, self-esteem is stable and has been determined solely by the life experiences up to that point.
b) Self-esteem is typically based on a single area of competence.
c) A child’s self-esteem, fairly stable by age 7, is determined solely by the information provided by parents, teachers, and peers.
d) Actual experiences and information provided by others form the basis for one’s self-esteem.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.2.2: Summarize the research on self-esteem
Topic: Humanistic Theories
88. A personal characteristic that is stable across situations and is used to describe or explain personality defines _____
a) a defense mechanism.
b) self-efficacy.
c) an element of ego functioning.
d) a trait.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
89. Piotr is a researcher who has spent his career studying personality in terms of characteristics and descriptions that are stable across time. Piotr is likely a _____
a) humanistic psychologist.
b) neuropsychologist.
c) psychiatrist.
d) trait theorist.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
90. _____ attempt to explain personality and differences among people in terms of personal characteristics that are stable across situations.
a) Defense mechanisms
b) Validity scales
c) Trait theories
d) Conditions of worth
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
91. Who represents the best example of a clear understanding of the trait theory approach?
a) Dora, who is shy at work because she is intimidated by her coworkers but is outgoing at home with her friends
b) James, who is socially introverted wherever he goes
c) Sasha, who has high self-esteem but is too humble to display it
d) Isa, who is a podiatrist and is kind to her patients
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
92. Which of the following researchers is known for her or his work with the cardinal and central traits?
a) Hans Eysenck
b) Karen Horney
c) Gordon Allport
d) Raymond Cattell
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
93. Cardinal traits are _____, whereas central traits are _____
a) overarching characteristics that describe a person to the point that the person is known for that particular trait; those generally mentioned when writing a letter or recommendation.
b) described as one’s degree of responsibility; described as one’s flexibility in thinking.
c) characteristics possessed by all but in different degrees; observable qualities of a personality.
d) often not-so-obvious characteristics unless one has an opportunity to get to know the person; overarching characteristics that describe a person upon first meeting her or him.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
94. Which of the following researchers is known for her or his work with the surface and source traits?
a) Hans Eysenck
b) Karen Horney
c) Raymond Cattell
d) Gordon Allport
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
95. _____ traits are to Allport as _____ traits are to Cattell.
a) Central; source
b) Source; cardinal
c) Cardinal; central
d) Surface; source
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
96. One’s overall level of likability, a trait possessed by all to a certain degree, is an example of Raymond Cattell’s _____ trait.
a) central
b) source
c) cardinal
d) surface
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
97. Raymond Cattell describes Kevin as a funny and sarcastic guy upon first meeting him. Funny and sarcastic would be examples of _____ traits, whereas his overall level of sociability would be considered a(n) _____ trait.
a) source; individualistic
b) central; cardinal
c) surface; source
d) central; source
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
98. Which of the following researchers created the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, also known as the 16PF?
a) Raymond Cattell
b) Abraham Maslow
c) Gordon Allport
d) Karen Horney
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
99. Which of the following researchers is known for her or his work with the PEN model?
a) Raymond Cattell
b) Hans Eysenck
c) Gordon Allport
d) Karen Horney
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
100. The three personality factors studied by Hans Eysenck are _____
a) internal locus of control, external locus of control, and self-esteem.
b) openness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness.
c) id, ego, and superego.
d) psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
101. Which of the following would best explain the psychoticism dimension of Eysenck’s model?
a) Shy
b) Emotionally stable
c) Outgoing
d) Extremely conventional thinking
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
102. Templeton is a very neat guy. Although he is creative in his thinking, he does not get to the point where he loses touch with reality. Similarly, because he’s not too rigidly tied to the material world, he’s creative enough to veer from strict conventional thinking. Which of the Eysenck trait dimensions is likely being described here?
a) Openness
b) Psychoticism
c) Neuroticism
d) Locus of control
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
103. Which of the following descriptors would be consistent with Eysenck’s dimension of extraversion?
a) Shy
b) Emotionally stable
c) Psychotic
d) Anxious
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
104. Twelve-year-old Layla is sociable, loves being around others, and is particularly fond of performing in talent shows in front of a large crowd. Which of the Eysenck traits is likely being described here?
a) Conscientiousness
b) Psychoticism
c) Neuroticism
d) Extraversion
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
105. Which of the following would best explain Eysenck’s dimension of neuroticism?
a) Shy
b) Outgoing
c) Psychotic
d) Anxious
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
106. Tad and Lilly were standing in line to get coffee with about three other people. Within 10 seconds of waiting, Tad started complaining to anyone who would listen about the wait time and how ridiculous it was. Lilly was embarrassed by Tad’s outburst of emotion. Which of the Eysenck trait dimensions is likely to describe Tad’s behavior?
a) Agreeableness
b) Psychoticism
c) Neuroticism
d) Locus of control
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
107. Hans Eysenck proposed that all three of the personality dimensions he studied are rooted in _____
a) self-efficacy.
b) neurological functioning.
c) an equal balance of genetics and the environment.
d) behavioral shaping.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
108. Consider the theories of both Eysenck and Goldberg. Which of the following dimensions of personality do their theories share?
a) Extraversion
b) Openness
c) Conscientiousness
d) Self-esteem
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
109. Which of the following psychologists proposed what is known as the Big Five model of personality?
a) Gordon Allport
b) Carl Jung
c) Raymond Cattell
d) Lewis Goldberg
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
110. Paul Costa and Robert McCrae are known for their work on _____
a) self-efficacy.
b) reciprocal determinism.
c) the five-factor theory of personality.
d) the psychosexual stages of development.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
111. Which of the following factors is NOT considered as one of the Big Five dimensions?
a) Conscientiousness
b) Sociability
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
112. Imaginative and intellectually curious describe the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
a) extroversion
b) openness
c) sociability
d) conscientiousness
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
113. Barabbas and Castor are brothers who live in Wisconsin. They both enjoy winter because of all the activities that are available to them. Barabbas prefers to ski, and only ski, whereas Castor likes to try any winter sport such as skiing, snowboarding, ice fishing, and the like. Based on this information, Barabbas and Castor differ on which of the factors of the five-factor model?
a) Openness
b) Neuroticism
c) Extraversion
d) Conscientiousness
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
114. Dependability and reliability describe two aspects of the _____ dimension of the five-factor model.
a) extraversion
b) openness to experience
c) sociability
d) conscientiousness
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
115. Lao went on vacation for a week with her family. Prior to leaving, she asked her neighbor to house sit for her to make sure her house and belongings stay safe. While she was away, the neighbor had a party at Lao’s house. By the end of the night, some of Lao’s belongings were ruined and the police eventually came to break up the get-together. The behavior of Lao’s neighbor could be best described by the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
a) openness to experience
b) agreeableness
c) conscientiousness
d) sociability
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
116. Irresponsibility and being undependable fall within the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
a) neuroticism
b) negligent
c) extraversion
d) conscientiousness
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
117. Outgoing and sociable describe aspects of the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
a) conscientiousness
b) extraversion
c) openness to experience
d) agreeableness
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
118. Shy and reserved would fall within the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
a) conscientiousness
b) extraversion
c) openness
d) psychoticism
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
119. Shy and reserved fall within the _____ factor of the five-factor model; outgoing and sociable describe the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
a) neuroticism; extraversion
b) conscientiousness; neuroticism
c) extraversion; conscientiousness
d) extraversion; extraversion
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
120. Lacie is known to most of her friends as outgoing and personable. She feels comfortable in a group of people and has never really been described as shy in any situation. Which factor of the five-factor model best relates to this scenario?
a) Neuroticism
b) Openness to experience
c) Agreeableness
d) Extraversion
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
121. The degree to which one handles emotion, overreacts to daily hassles, and sees things as generally positive or generally negative refers to the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
a) neuroticism
b) agreeableness
c) extroversion
d) conscientiousness
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
122. Bill is described by all as the most even-tempered, stable man they have ever met. Bill would likely score _____ on the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
a) low; openness to experience
b) high; extroversion
c) high; agreeableness
d) low; neuroticism
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
123. Jacquez has been described as a “nervous Nellie” and “worry wart” by those who know him. Jacquez’s seemingly emotional instability would likely score _____ on the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
a) low; extroversion
b) high; neuroticism
c) low; conscientiousness
d) high; sociability
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
124. Friendly, warm, and cooperative are descriptors associated with the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
a) conscientiousness
b) extroversion
c) openness to experience
d) agreeableness
Skill Level: Analyze
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
125. Unpleasant, argumentative, and cold would describe a _____ score on the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
a) high; agreeableness
b) low; conscientiousness
c) low; extroversion
d) low; agreeableness
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
126. Salvatore has been described by his classmates as unfriendly, argumentative, and unpleasant to be around. If these characteristics had to be summed up in one of the factors of the Big Five, which would it be?
a) Conscientiousness
b) Extraversion
c) Agreeableness
d) Openness to experience
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
127. Katrina and Carla are fraternal twins. They have different groups of friends, different interests, and different personalities. Katrina is described as antagonistic, offensive, and unfriendly, whereas Carla is described as warm and easygoing. These twins differ on the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
a) conscientiousness
b) agreeableness
c) openness to experience
d) extraversion
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
128. Studies of personality and culture reveal which of the following?
a) Each culture has an equal degree of both individualism and collectivism.
b) Research shows that the United States has the highest degree of collectivism.
c) According to personality research, Australia has the lowest degree of individualism.
d) Asian countries are some of the most collectivist cultures.
Skill Level: Evaluate
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.4: Describe cross-cultural variations in personality traits
Topic: Trait Theories
129. Which of the following statements is true of the situation-trait debate?
a) Walter Mischel is a strict advocate of the trait side of the debate and argued against the situation side.
b) Studies by Costa and McCrae suggest that personality traits show little stability over time.
c) Research evidence supports both sides of the debate.
d) Research suggests that as we age, we demonstrate an increase in reciprocal determinism.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.4.1: Describe how Mischel and Bandura address the situation–trait debate
Topic: Social-Cognitive Theories
130. The idea that the environment, behaviors, and cognitive factors all play a mutual role in the development of personality is referred to as _____
a) unconditional positive regard.
b) loci of control.
c) reciprocal determinism.
d) successful resolution of the Oedipus complex.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.4.1: Describe how Mischel and Bandura address the situation–trait debate
Topic: Social-Cognitive Theories
131. Sixteen-year-old Enzo is involved in many activities at school, plays sports, and gets good grades. His parents report that he has been this way since he was little. Enzo reports having confidence in himself and his abilities. Consequently, he tends to set higher and higher goals for himself and works diligently to achieve them. Enzo likely has _____
a) a low degree of self-efficacy.
b) an external locus of control.
c) grown up with conditions of worth.
d) a high degree of self-efficacy.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.4.2: Explain the contributions of self-efficacy and locus of control to personality
Topic: Social-Cognitive Theories
132. Merrisa believes that getting a good job after college is all about the connections one has in addition to being at the right place at the right time. Merrisa also believes that if a person doesn’t get the job she or he wants, it was simply not meant to be. Merrisa is demonstrating ____
a) an internal locus of control.
b) unconditional positive regard.
c) an external locus of control.
d) high self-efficacy.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.4.2: Explain the contributions of self-efficacy and locus of control to personality
Topic: Social-Cognitive Theories
133. Christina believes firmly that if she wants good things to come her way, she must work for them to the extent that she can. For this reason, she is volunteering her time at the local food bank. In addition, she is studying extra hard in school in an effort to be admitted into the prestigious social work program she is interested in attending. Christina is demonstrating _____
a) an internal locus of control.
b) unconditional positive regard.
c) an external locus of control.
d) low self-efficacy.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.4.2: Explain the contributions of self-efficacy and locus of control to personality
Topic: Social-Cognitive Theories
134. _____ uses a technique in which certain behaviors are observed and recorded over a specific period of time.
a) The personality inventory
b) The Rorschach
c) The MMPI–2
d) Behavioral assessment
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.5.1: Show how psychologists use observations, interviews, and rating scales
Topic: Personality Assessment
135. _____ is a tool used in psychology and psychiatry in which an individual answers questions about her or his behaviors, thoughts, and feelings; it is then scored using a highly standardized procedure, thereby yielding dimensions of the individual’s personality.
a) The Thematic Apperception Test
b) The Rorschach
c) An inventory
d) The rating scale approach
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.5.1: Show how psychologists use observations, interviews, and rating scales
Topic: Personality Assessment
136. The most widely used personality inventory is the _____
a) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
b) MMPI–2.
c) Thematic Apperception Test.
d) California Personality Inventory.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.5.2: Define what the MMPI-2, the CPI, and the MBTI reveal about personality
Topic: Personality Assessment
137. Gustav works on the psychiatric floor of the hospital. He is responsible for properly diagnosing individuals upon admittance to the hospital. Which of the following tools would be most helpful to him considering his position at the hospital?
a) California Personality Inventory
b) Thematic Apperception Test
c) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
d) Connors Rating Scales
Skill Level: Evaluate
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.5.2: Define what the MMPI-2, the CPI, and the MBTI reveal about personality
Topic: Personality Assessment
138. When an individual responds to personality test items in a way that makes her or him look smart, competent, and otherwise “good,” _____ has been utilized.
a) the behavioral assessment
b) the NEO-PI
c) social desirability
d) the 16PF
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.5.2: Define what the MMPI-2, the CPI, and the MBTI reveal about personality
Topic: Personality Assessment
139. Emily took the MMPI-2 and agreed with items such as “I have never seen an apple” or “Sometimes I leave my body to travel through space.” In fact, she endorsed 90 percent of similar items on that dimension. Based on her responses, Emily would score high on _____________
a) hysteria.
b) hypomania.
c) depression.
d) schizophrenia.
Skill Level: Evaluate
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.5.2: Define what the MMPI-2, the CPI, and the MBTI reveal about personality
Topic: Personality Assessment
140. Mateen works at a clinic that provides substance abuse counseling to adults in need. Which of the following inventories would be most useful to him in assisting the individuals he counsels?
a) 16 PF
b) MMPI–2
c) California Personality Inventory
d) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.5.2: Define what the MMPI-2, the CPI, and the MBTI reveal about personality
Topic: Personality Assessment
141. Tamika is a psychoneuroimmunologist who studies the hostility aspect of the Type A behavior pattern and looks for links to addiction. Which of the following would be most useful to her in her line of work?
a) Connors Rating Scales
b) California Personality Inventory
c) Boston Naming Test
d) MMPI–2
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.5.2: Define what the MMPI-2, the CPI, and the MBTI reveal about personality
Topic: Personality Assessment
142. Which of the following statements is true when comparing the MMPI–2 with the CPI?
a) Both are used to assess psychological disorders.
b) Both are considered personality inventories.
c) Both have little research supporting their validity.
d) Both are only administered in a group format.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.5.2: Define what the MMPI-2, the CPI, and the MBTI reveal about personality
Topic: Personality Assessment
143. Which of the following measures yields ten clinical scales and is effective at determining truthfulness of the test-takers’ responses?
a) California Personality Inventory
b) Thematic Apperception Test
c) MMPI–2
d) 16PF
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.5.2: Define what the MMPI-2, the CPI, and the MBTI reveal about personality
Topic: Personality Assessment
144. Tso is a high-level executive at a large corporation. She is ultimately the decision-maker when it comes to promoting and hiring employees. Which of the following would be most useful and helpful in assisting Tso with those important decisions?
a) Thematic Apperception Test
b) California Personality Inventory
c) Rorschach Inkblot Method
d) MMPI–2
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.5.2: Define what the MMPI-2, the CPI, and the MBTI reveal about personality
Topic: Personality Assessment
145. Which of the following measures is based on the personality theory of Carl Jung?
a) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
b) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
c) 16PF
d) Thematic Apperception Test
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.5.2: Define what the MMPI-2, the CPI, and the MBTI reveal about personality
Topic: Personality Assessment
146. The opposite pole of the thinking dimension of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is _____
a) introversion.
b) judging.
c) sensing.
d) feeling.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.5.2: Define what the MMPI-2, the CPI, and the MBTI reveal about personality
Topic: Personality Assessment
147. Adolf is a psychoanalytic therapist. Which of the following personality tests would he find most useful?
a) California Personality Inventory
b) Any rating scale
c) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
d) Any projective test
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.5.3: Describe the insights into personality that projective tests reveal
Topic: Personality Assessment
148. Andre was given ten cards to examine by his therapist and was asked what they might be. Although it was clear to Andre that the stimuli were actually symmetrical inkblots, he was able to think of many responses to each card. Andre was likely given the _____
a) Rorschach.
b) MMPI–2.
c) Thematic Apperception Test.
d) California Personality Inventory.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 11.5.3: Describe the insights into personality that projective tests reveal
Topic: Personality Assessment
149. Which of the following statements is false regarding projective tests?
a) There are no right or wrong answers.
b) They serve to tap into the unconscious.
c) They are considered completely objective.
d) The answers can be anything.
Skill Level: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 11.5.3: Describe the insights into personality that projective tests reveal
Topic: Personality Assessment
150. Antonia is a psychology graduate student who just learned how to administer and score another projective test. This one has black-and-white drawings of people in various situations. Antonia likely just learned about the _____
a) Rorschach Inkblot Method.
b) California Personality Inventory (CPI).
c) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
d) Incomplete Sentences Assessment.
Skill Level: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.5.3: Describe the insights into personality that projective tests reveal
Topic: Personality Assessment
Completion (Fill-in-the-Blank)
1. In psychoanalytic theory, the three levels of awareness are _____, _____, and _____.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
2. The main component of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is _____, the primary motivating force of human behavior.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Analyze
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
3. Freud believed that the three systems of personality within the personality structure were _____, _____, and _____.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
4. According to psychoanalytic theory, Tad is a 12-year-old boy who is on the path of psychologically healthy development. The many behaviors he has been praised and rewarded for over the years reside within his _____, whereas the behaviors he has been punished for over the years reside within his _____.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
5. According to Sigmund Freud, _____ are strategies used by the ego to help reduce stress and anxiety.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
6. Wong came to work only to find out from his female boss that the company was closing. He was so upset and angry that he lost his job, but he knew he couldn’t take it out on his boss. When Wong arrived home, he yelled at his wife for not turning off the light. The defense mechanism Wong unknowingly utilized is _____.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 11.1.1: Describe the concepts Freud proposed to explain personality
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
7. According to Freud, boys go through the _____ complex, whereas girls go through the _____ complex during the phallic stage.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Analyze
Learning Objective: 11.1.2: Describe the role of psychosexual stages in Freud’s theory
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
8. Freud’s reliance on the case study method has led many thinkers to argue that his findings lack _____.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Evaluate
Learning Objective: 11.1.3: Explain how modern psychologists evaluate Freud’s ideas
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
9. As a young child, Sinisia was told that he was “no good” and “a loser” by his parents. As he grew older, he struggled with those feelings, which inevitably caused problems in his personal development. According to Alfred Adler, Sinisia has developed a(n) _____.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 11.1.4: Contrast the views of the neo-Freudians with those of Freud
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
10. Jung’s idea of the _____ parallels Freud’s notion of the unconscious.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze
Learning Objective: 11.1.4: Contrast the views of the neo-Freudians with those of Freud
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
11. The two main themes of Karen Horney’s work were _____ and _____.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Understand
Learning Objective: 11.1.4: Contrast the views of the neo-Freudians with those of Freud
Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories
12. Two of the many characteristics of self-actualizers, according to Abraham Maslow, are _____ and _____.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand
Learning Objective: 11.2.1: Describe how humanistic theorists explain personality
Topic: Humanistic Theories
13. Though Imodu does not like his teenage daughter’s new gothic-looking hairstyle, he tells her that he loves her no matter how she looks. According to Carl Rogers, Imodu is creating _____ in his home.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 11.2.1: Describe how humanistic theorists explain personality
Topic: Humanistic Theories
14. Andrea is a kind and generous woman. However, you’d never know that about her unless you really had the opportunity to get to know her. The kind and generous description surprises most people because when you first meet Andrea, all you notice is how rowdy she is. According to Gordon Allport, kind and generous would be her _____, whereas rowdy would be her _____.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
15. Hans Eysenck suggested a three-factor model of personality that included _____, _____, and _____ as the factors.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand
Learning Objective: 11.3.1: Summarize the ideas proposed by the early trait theorists
Topic: Trait Theories
16. According to the five-factor model of personality, the _____ dimension would likely have a strong, positive correlation with creativity.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
17. Bernardo is described by his friends as being trustworthy and incredibly dependable. Bernardo’s teachers notice he is always on time and always has his homework completed. Based on this information, Bernardo would likely score high on the _____ scale of the five-factor model.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
18. Percy’s coworker frustrates her immensely. While in meetings, her coworker disagrees with just about everything that is suggested and prevents meetings from adjourning because he doesn’t think they have really finished the discussion. She describes him as antagonistic and difficult to work with. Based on the five-factor model, Percy’s coworker would likely score quite low on the _____ scale.
Difficulty: Easy
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
19. Pessimistic individuals with a flair for drama as evidenced by their behaviors would likely score high on the _____ scale of the five-factor model of personality.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 11.3.2: Explain how the five-factor model describes personality
Topic: Trait Theories
20. Belinda lives in a society that places great emphasis on group harmony, interdependence, and team achievement. Rarely does anyone step away from the pack to outdo the next person. Based on the classic research by Hofstede, Belinda’s society can be described as a(n) _____ culture.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 11.3.4: Describe cross-cultural variations in personality traits
Topic: Trait Theories
21. Bindu is outgoing and gregarious when with her friends, but quiet and timid when with her family. This change in personality is deemed normal based on the research by social-cognitive researcher _____.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 11.4.1: Describe how Mischel and Bandura address the situation–trait debate
22. Based on Bandura’s concept of reciprocal determinism, how an individual views or perceives her- or himself would best fall within the _____ factor.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze
Learning Objective: 11.4.1: Describe how Mischel and Bandura address the situation–trait debate
23. Alfonsia is convinced that getting a good job is a matter of having the right connections and getting lucky. Based on this information, Alfonsia displays a(n) _____, according to Julian Rotter.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 11.4.2: Explain the contributions of self-efficacy and locus of control to personality
24. Mohammed works at a large coffeehouse chain. The company is looking for its next regional manager, and Mohammed decides to apply for the position. Before the interview is scheduled, Mohammed is asked to complete a questionnaire that appears to assess executive success and leadership qualities. He noticed that none of the questions appeared to address emotional problems. Mohammed was likely assessed with the _____.
Difficulty: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply
Learning Objective: 11.5.2: Define what the MMPI-2, the CPI, and the MBTI reveal about personality
Topic: Personality Assessment
25. The _____ is a personality inventory that has such sound research supporting its function of diagnosing psychiatric issues that it has been translated into more than 100 different languages and used in more than 65 countries.
Difficulty: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand
Learning Objective: 11.5.2: Define what the MMPI-2, the CPI, and the MBTI reveal about personality
Topic: Personality Assessment
Essay Questions
1. Does personality change depending on the situation or does it remain stable over time?
2. Explain the concept of reciprocal determinism and discuss its relation to other learning theories.
3. Explain the locus of control idea and provide examples to demonstrate your understanding. Discuss how this notion may play into life success.
4. Describe the purpose of defense mechanisms and describe four defense mechanisms.
5. Describe the Five Factor Model of Personality. Include a description of each factor and some of the correlations between scores and real-world behaviors.
6. Summarize the objections modern psychologists have to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.
1. Why should we be concerned about the information stored in our unconscious?
2. According to psychoanalytic theory, what is the main job of the ego?
3. According to Freud, why is successful resolution of the stages of psychosexual development so significant?
4. What do the neo-Freudians have in common?
5. What is the purpose of person-centered therapy?
6. Why would individuals who rate high on the neuroticism factor of the Big Five or five-factor model tend to struggle with relationships?
7. Why is Walter Mischel opposed to the five-factor model of personality?
8. How does the idea of self-efficacy relate to one’s confidence level?
9. How would a psychologist know if someone were lying or responding untruthfully when taking the MMPI–2 or MMPI-A?
10. Why would the CPI (California Personality Inventory) be an inappropriate choice for use in a psychiatric hospital?
11. What is a reasonable conclusion to reach regarding the contributions of heredity and environment to the formation and maintenance of personality traits?
Skill Level: Evaluate
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 11.3.3: Recall what research suggests about the effects of heredity and environment on personality traits
Topic: Trait Theories
Document Information
Connected Book
Mastering the World of Psychology 6th Edition Exam Pack
By Samuel E. Wood