Test Bank Docx Older Women Chapter 11 - Psychology of Women and Gender 1e Complete Test Bank by Miriam Liss. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 11: Older Women
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
11.1 Stereotypes of Older Women
11.1a. Identify and describe the stereotypes of older adults, including how they vary based on varying social identities.
11.1b. Understand stereotype embodiment theory and how stereotypes influence the way older adults see themselves.
11.2 The Aging Body
11.2a. Understand how older women feel about their appearance, and what roles beauty work, age concealment, and the media plays on body image for aging women.
11.2b. Describe the double standards of aging based on gender.
11.2c. Define menopause, identify its symptoms, and differentiate between the different stages of this process.
11.2d. Identify which physical health concerns disproportionately affect women versus men and explain how.
11.2e. Explain how differing social identities, ageism, and other prejudices can impact older women’s experiences within the health-care system.
11.3 Changing Relationships
11.3a. Identify variables that influence marital satisfaction, frequency of sexual activity, and sexual satisfaction for older adults.
11.3b. Define family caregiving and identify the reasons for group differences in receiving caregiving.
11.3c. Define and compare the widowhood effect, bereavement, and disenfranchised grief.
11.3d. Identify the stereotypes about and realities of older women’s roles as mothers and grandmothers, including the role strain relief hypothesis and the effects of empty nest syndrome.
11.4 Older Women at Work
11.4a. Identify the ways in which women experience workplace age discrimination and describe how this type of discrimination can interact with other forms.
11.4b. Identify both positive and negative outcomes of retirement for women.
11.5 Aging “Successfully”?
11.5a. Define “successful aging” and identify the problems with this perspective.
11.5b. Explain how perspectives on aging can be broadened to more positively frame aging and being old.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Research indicates that people generally stereotype older adults
a. | as having less healthy relationships. |
b. | as having healthier relationships. |
c. | more negatively compared to stereotypes of younger people. |
d. | more positively compared to stereotypes of younger people. |
2. Younger adults tend to stereotype older men more positively in domains of ______ while stereotyping older women more positively in domains of ______.
a. | social relationships; competence |
b. | competence; social relationships |
c. | intelligence; artistic ability |
d. | artistic ability; intelligence |
3. Older lesbians are perceived similarly as men in the sense that younger individuals assume that both are
a. | less emotionally intelligent and empathetic. |
b. | less capable in navigating household responsibilities. |
c. | more ambitious and diligent. |
d. | more masculine and independent. |
4. Stereotype embodiment theory may affect behaviors if individuals engage in which of the following?
a. | cognitive dissonance |
b. | self-stereotyping |
c. | endorsement of gender roles focusing on communal traits |
d. | endorsement of gender roles focusing on agentic traits |
5. Research focusing on stereotype embodiment theory, or the internalization of aging stereotypes, has suggested that this concept is related to
a. | stereotype threat. |
b. | ageism. |
c. | paternalistic prejudice. |
d. | the intersectional nature of age and gender. |
6. According to the text, the message that beauty is often equated with youth for women is especially reinforced by which of the following?
a. | a lack of positive portrayals of older women in the media |
b. | the pairing of middle-aged actors with younger actresses as romantic interests in mainstream films |
c. | marketing strategies used by cosmetic products targeting younger women that label products as “anti-aging” |
d. | media portrayals of older women as being humorous and presented for comic relief, but not as role models |
7. Studies indicate that middle aged women who have greater exposure to the media tend to express
a. | healthier attitudes toward healthy eating. |
b. | more willingness to express their sexuality. |
c. | lower inhibitions related to engaging in physical activity. |
d. | greater body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. |
8. Research has indicated that one positive outcome for aging women may be that __________ decrease(s) with age.
a. | internalization of benevolent sexism |
b. | self-stereotypes related to competence and cognitive abilities |
c. | self-objectification, body monitoring, appearance anxiety, and disordered eating |
d. | strict adherence to traditional gender roles |
9. Which of the following is NOT an example of beauty work, as defined by the textbook?
a. | exercising |
b. | wearing lipstick and eyeshadow |
c. | shaving body hair |
d. | getting cosmetic surgery |
10. Mary is a 40-year-old woman who shops at clothing stores targeted toward women in their 20s and sometimes wears her 18-year-old daughter’s clothes. Mary’s fashion choices reflect
a. | self-stereotyping. |
b. | age concealment. |
c. | social comparison. |
d. | beauty work. |
11. Compared to aging men, aging women tend to be labeled as _____ at _____ ages.
a. | “forgetful”; earlier |
b. | “forgetful”; later |
c. | “old”; earlier |
d. | “old”; later |
12. Menopause is the result of decreased hormone production in the ______, and it typically occurs around age ______.
a. | fallopian tubes; 55 |
b. | fallopian tubes; 50 |
c. | ovaries; 55 |
d. | ovaries; 50 |
13. Which of the following is a reason why women may experience menopause at earlier stages of their life?
a. | Women may have hormone imbalances within the reproductive system that lead to early onset of both puberty and menopause. |
b. | Women may have had surgery or other medical procedures that affect the reproductive system. |
c. | Women may have experienced severe life stressors that disrupt functioning of the reproductive system. |
d. | Women may have performed extreme exercise, which decreases estrogen production and increases testosterone production. |
14. Symptoms of bodily changes that include fluctuations in the length and regularity of the menstrual cycle, hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness correspond to the _____ stage.
a. | pre-menstrual |
b. | menstrual |
c. | perimenopausal |
d. | postmenopausal |
15. Although she is not aware of this, Juanita is one month away from experiencing her last menstrual cycle. She is currently in the _____ stage.
a. | pre-menstrual |
b. | menstrual |
c. | perimenopausal |
d. | postmenopausal |
16. Erykah has not had a menstrual cycle in 18 months. She is currently in the _____ stage
a. | pre-menstrual |
b. | menstrual |
c. | perimenopausal |
d. | postmenopausal |
17. According to the textbook, which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to have a positive attitude toward experiencing menopause?
a. | June, an Asian American woman |
b. | Mary, a Black woman |
c. | Shirley, a White woman |
d. | Lily, a Latinx woman |
18. Younger women might have more negative attitudes toward menopause compared to older women because they
a. | lack the coping mechanisms to deal with bodily changes related to the reproductive system. |
b. | are less emotionally resilient to experiencing health issues. |
c. | are less likely to seek medical attention for health-related issues. |
d. | are more likely to associate menopause with aging and bodily changes. |
19. The contemporary medical community uses hormone therapy (HT) as a ______ treatment for ______.
a. | short-term; breast cancer and heart disease |
b. | long-term; breast cancer and heart disease |
c. | short-term; hot flashes and vaginal dryness |
d. | long-term; hot flashes and vaginal dryness |
20. On average, heart disease tends to develop in women about ______ compared to men.
a. | 10 years later |
b. | 15 years later |
c. | 5 years earlier |
d. | 10 years earlier |
21. _____ cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer type among women, though ______ cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for all groups of women with the exception of Hispanic women.
a. | Breast; brain |
b. | Breast; lung |
c. | Bone; brain |
d. | Bone; lung |
22. Women are at ______ greater risk of developing Alzheimer's disease compared to men.
a. | 5% |
b. | 10% |
c. | 20% |
d. | 30% |
23. Research from the American Medical Association (AMA) has indicated that which of the following may be a successful method of improving health seeking behaviors and health-care treatment for women of all ages?
a. | recruiting more students of diverse backgrounds into health-care fields |
b. | providing sensitivity training to more male doctors |
c. | promoting better verbal interactions between pharmacists and female patients |
d. | increasing frequency of visits with a mental health professional to encourage health seeking |
24. Which of the following describes infantilization?
a. | treating older adults as if they are hard of hearing |
b. | treating older adults as if they are children |
c. | stereotyping older adults as innocent and well-meaning |
d. | stereotyping older adults as kind, yet naive |
25. Elderspeak, defined as _______ speech with a(n) _______ tone, in a health-care setting tends to lead to ______ outcomes for the patient.
a. | condescending; hostile; negative |
b. | condescending; hostile; positive |
c. | simplified; exaggerated; negative |
d. | simplified; exaggerated; positive |
26. Research on older, heterosexual married couples has indicated that
a. | husbands report greater marital satisfaction than wives. |
b. | wives report greater marital satisfaction than husbands. |
c. | husbands report a decline in marital satisfaction as they age. |
d. | husbands and wives report equal levels of marital satisfaction. |
27. The two main reasons that older women experience less sexual activity compared to younger women are
a. | less available time and greater involvement in raising children. |
b. | health reasons related to change in estrogen levels and concerns about reproductive health. |
c. | partner’s health status and the lack of a partner. |
d. | lower sexual desire and less willingness to engage in strenuous physical activity. |
28. Among older adults, studies have indicated that increased ______ between partners tends to ______ sexual satisfaction.
a. | compromise and negotiation; decrease |
b. | compromise and negotiation; increase |
c. | communication; decrease |
d. | communication; increase |
29. The difference between family caregiving and assisted caregiving in a health facility is that
a. | family caregiving is provided by a paid caregiver. |
b. | family caregiving is provided by an unpaid friend or family member. |
c. | those on the receiving side of care report greater satisfaction with family caregiving. |
d. | those on the receiving side of care report greater guilt with family caregiving. |
30. Older LGBTQ adults, compared to older heterosexual adults, are less likely to rely on family for caregiving because LGBTQ individuals
a. | are more likely to have poor relationships with immediate family members. |
b. | are less likely to live in close geographical proximity to family members. |
c. | are less likely to have children and they haven’t always been permitted to marry. |
d. | tend to be more independent and self-reliant. |
31. Bernice’s husband recently died in an unexpected accident and Bernice has been engaging in riskier behavior since her loss. Bernice’s behavior best fits the concept of
a. | the widowhood effect. |
b. | bereavement. |
c. | disenfranchised grief. |
d. | the role strain relief hypothesis. |
32. Jasmin’s closest friend recently passed away from a terminal illness and Jasmin has been feeling a profound sense of sadness since then. Jasmin’s feelings are most consistent with which of the following?
a. | the widowhood effect |
b. | bereavement |
c. | disenfranchised grief |
d. | the role strain relief hypothesis |
33. Barbara’s wife Valerija recently passed away from natural causes. Barbara and Valerija never disclosed their relationship status to Valerija’s family, so they assume that Barbara was only a friend of hers. Barbara is therefore unable to fully express her sadness when she interacts with Valerija’s family. Barbara’s situation can best be described by
a. | the widowhood effect. |
b. | bereavement. |
c. | disenfranchised grief. |
d. | the role strain relief hypothesis. |
34. Which of the following are possible explanations for the gender differences in older adults’ decision to remarry?
a. | Men and women differ in emotional reactions to widowhood. |
b. | Men and women differ in romantic attraction and sexual desire in late adulthood. |
c. | Men and women differ in financial resources, job stability, and education level. |
d. | Men and women differ in number of potential partners, social support, and caretaking. |
35. Statistics and research suggest that women are more likely to remarry if they
a. | had fewer children with their previous marriage partner. |
b. | have higher income and lower concern about finances. |
c. | feel greater pressure from immediate family members to find a new partner. |
d. | were raised in a non-religious family background. |
36. Carolina’s 18-year-old daughter Jane has recently moved out of the house to attend college. Although Carolina misses Jane very much, she also feels more relaxed now that she has fewer responsibilities such as preparing meals for Jane, helping her with her schoolwork, doing her laundry, and attending parent-teacher conferences. Carolina’s experiences can best be characterized as
a. | the role loss hypothesis. |
b. | empty nest syndrome. |
c. | the launching phase. |
d. | the role strain relief hypothesis. |
37. Research indicates that when children move out of the house, mothers may report positive outcomes such as
a. | increased self-care and a greater sense of freedom. |
b. | lower levels of stress. |
c. | relief over not having to discipline their children when they misbehave. |
d. | higher levels of physical health due to having more time to exercise. |
38. Margarita’s only child, Camila, has recently left home to join the military. Margarita begins feeling a sense of loss and loneliness over no longer having someone to care for and look after. Margarita’s emotional experience is most consistent with ______, which is associated with the ______.
a. | bereavement; role loss hypothesis |
b. | bereavement; role strain relief hypothesis |
c. | empty-nest syndrome; role loss hypothesis |
d. | empty-nest syndrome; role strain relief hypothesis |
39. The term launching phase refers to a period of time during which
a. | a child who left home to attend college moves back home as an adult due to financial/economic hardships. |
b. | one child or more has left home, but the younger children in the family continue to live at home. |
c. | an only child plans to move out but has not begun the process of doing so yet. |
d. | the youngest child in a multi-children family plans to move out but has not begun the process of doing so yet. |
40. Parents of boomerang kids may experience
a. | positive outcomes associated with being able to reconnect with their children. |
b. | negative outcomes associated with the financial strain of another adult moving into the home. |
c. | positive outcomes associated with revising their parental roles as providers. |
d. | both positive (i.e., bonding with children) and negative outcomes (i.e., conflict between partners). |
41. Xiang-Yi’s granddaughter Lulu is about to begin high school. Xiang-Yi has never lived with Lulu, but often visits Lulu to support her in her extracurricular activities, bring her gifts, and talk with her to offer advice and emotional support. Compared to grandmothers who are the primary caregiver of their grandchildren, Xiang-Yi likely
a. | has lower levels of mental and physical health. |
b. | has higher levels of mental and physical health. |
c. | will be less susceptible to the role loss hypothesis when Lulu begins high school. |
d. | will be more susceptible to the role loss hypothesis when Lulu begins high school. |
42. Multigenerational homes are more common in the _____ region of the United States.
a. | southern |
b. | northwestern |
c. | midwestern |
d. | northeastern |
43. Nancy’s daughter Betsy, a single mom, has decided to join the military. Nancy has offered to let her grandchild, Betsy’s 5-year-old daughter, move in while Betsy is away so that she can care for granddaughter full-time. Nancy’s situation can best be described as
a. | the role loss hypothesis. |
b. | the role strain relief hypothesis. |
c. | assuming a custodial role. |
d. | experiencing the launching phase. |
44. Which of the following explains why grandparents who become primary caregivers of their grandchildren may experience a decrease in psychological health?
a. | additional cognitive resources needed to navigate caregiving responsibilities |
b. | additional energy needed to contribute to domestic responsibilities |
c. | less resiliency to physical illness associated with changes of the immune system |
d. | less free time and greater financial hardship |
45. Grandmothers who assume a custodial role of their grandchildren report better outcomes if
a. | their child and the child’s marital partner both work full-time. |
b. | they have a stronger support system. |
c. | they are chronologically younger. |
d. | their marital partner is already retired. |
46. The Age Discrimination and Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 prohibits discrimination of older adults, who are defined under this act as over age
a. | 35. |
b. | 40. |
c. | 55. |
d. | 60. |
47. Studies that use ______ have found evidence that ______ toward older women occurred more frequently compared to rates for older men.
a. | high school transcripts; acceptance biases to elite colleges and universities |
b. | paychecks and tax forms; discrimination in salaries |
c. | resumés; hiring biases in the workplace |
d. | court cases; age discrimination in firing of employees |
48. What are some intersecting factors related to older individuals being more likely to be terminated from work than younger individuals?
a. | stereotypes associated with being more forgetful and physically slower in accomplishing physical tasks |
b. | taking more sick days, which is seen as reduced workplace commitment to an organization |
c. | being in “blue collar” rather than “white collar” positions, and having lower levels of education |
d. | physical health related to disability status and having accumulated higher pay due to career longevity |
49. Research has indicated that employer perceptions of a candidate’s physical _____ negatively affects working women more so than working men, and this effect _____ as employees age.
a. | appearance; worsens |
b. | appearance; improves |
c. | strength; worsens |
d. | strength; improves |
50. Though there are several negative stereotypes associated with older adults in the workforce, actual research has found that older adults
a. | are more nurturing toward coworkers and have better conflict resolution skills. |
b. | have higher levels of motivation and are more interested in change at work. |
c. | have better problem-solving skills from resolving workplace conflicts. |
d. | have more experience and possess better communication skills. |
51. In terms of legal policies, Title IX dictates that discrimination based on ______ is illegal.
a. | age |
b. | gender |
c. | age, gender, and ethnicity/race |
d. | age, gender, and religion |
52. An older woman who was wrongfully terminated is suing her former employer on the basis of gender discrimination, but not age discrimination. Based on current legal policies, her lawyer would likely cite ______ in her defense to a judge.
a. | Title I |
b. | Title IX |
c. | the Age Discrimination and Employment Act |
d. | the Age and Gender Employment Protection Clause |
53. Additional factors that may contribute to the wage gap include the greater likelihood that aging women, more so than aging men,
a. | receive lower pay raises due to taking more sick days and are therefore viewed as less committed to work. |
b. | are less likely to receive promotions as they are regarded as physically weaker. |
c. | attempt to reenter the workforce after caring for children, a divorce, or the death of a partner. |
d. | are less likely to receive opportunities in the entertainment industry, the highest paying domain in the United States workforce. |
54. Pam, a former professor, has recently retired from the state university where she worked for
over 30 years. She decides to teach a night course at the local community college to ease the
transition between working full-time to not working at all. Her decision to teach part-time at a
new location is an example of
a. | role loss hypothesis. |
b. | wanting more time to do charity work. |
c. | wanting more time for leisure. |
d. | bridge work. |
55. An economic disadvantage of aging women compared to aging men is that
a. | women with adult children who are struggling financially are more likely to be asked for money compared to fathers. |
b. | women tend to have less money in savings and receive less in terms of Social Security and pension. |
c. | women are more likely to declare bankruptcy due to medical debt based on discrepancies in health-care provisions. |
d. | women are more likely to lose financial assets following a divorce. |
56. A recently retired individual who decides to learn a new skill for recreational purposes is experiencing which of the following?
a. | leisure innovation |
b. | bridge work |
c. | role loss hypothesis |
d. | role strain relief hypothesis |
57. After women retire, they tend to experience
a. | mostly positive outcomes, such as reconnecting with friends. |
b. | mostly negative outcomes, such as stress associated with loss of income. |
c. | exclusively negative outcomes associated with loss of income and feelings of incompetence. |
d. | mixed outcomes, such as initial boredom or loss of worker identity, yet having more time for leisure. |
58. Women are more likely than men to retire due to
a. | a stronger desire to reconnect with children. |
b. | experiencing greater workplace stress associated with gender discrimination. |
c. | a need to care for others, such as children or an older relative. |
d. | being better able to financially plan ahead for retirement. |
59. Although researchers have difficulty agreeing on aspects of successful aging, variables that are typically studied include
a. | marital satisfaction, maintaining contact with children, and being a presence in grandchildren’s lives. |
b. | physical health, emotional well-being, community engagement, and financial resources. |
c. | maintaining a social support network, regular engagement in social activities, and friendship quality. |
d. | physical fitness, cognitive health, and nutrition. |
60. Some researchers propose using the term(s) “______” rather than “successful aging” in order to use less stigmatizing and more inclusive language.
a. | harmonious, active, or resilient aging |
b. | healthy aging |
c. | adequately aging |
d. | trajectory-expected aging |
61. Why might the term “successful aging” be problematic?
a. | It ignores the struggles of underprivileged individuals associated with systematic oppression. |
b. | It does not acknowledge that men and women face different struggles. |
c. | It ignores that the final developmental milestone is the most difficult one. |
d. | It stigmatizes those with chronic illness and/or disabilities. |
1. Define the stereotype embodiment theory and explain how it affects aging individuals. List some of the factors that may buffer against stereotype embodiment theory related to aging.
2. Describe the double bind associated with aging women regarding physical appearance.
3. Explain why women are less likely than men to get a proper diagnosis of heart disease.
4. Identify some possible outcomes experienced by older women after the death of a significant other.
5. List both positive and negative outcomes for grandmothers who provide care to their grandchildren. Identify which factors predict more positive outcomes for grandmothers, and which factors predict negative outcomes.
6. Describe some of the challenges faced by older women who pursue legal action after they have been discriminated against based on age.
7. Describe some of the challenges faced by scholars who are interested in studying “successful aging.” Explain why the term “successful aging” could be problematic.
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Psychology of Women and Gender 1e Complete Test Bank
By Miriam Liss