Gender-Based Violence Complete Test Bank Liss Ch.12 - Psychology of Women and Gender 1e Complete Test Bank by Miriam Liss. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 12: Gender-Based Violence
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
12.1 Gender-Based Violence
12.1a. Compare and contrast the following terms: gender-based violence, hate crime, multiple jeopardy, structural violence.
12.1b. Summarize how gender-based violence directly and indirectly affects youth generally and girls and women specifically.
12.2 Youth and Violence
12.2a. Differentiate among the different types of abuse that children may experience and outline how and when girls may be at particular risk for certain types of abuse.
12.2b. Outline the consequences of child abuse, identify factors that may promote resiliency in abuse victims, and describe challenges to the concept of individual resilience.
12.2c. Describe how the tendency to objectify girls and women increases risk for gender-based violence.
12.3 A Rape Culture
12.3a. Summarize the characteristics of rape culture and the different types of sexual violence associated with rape culture specifically in the U.S.
12.3b. Define rape myths, summarize research evidence that challenges these myths, and describe how these myths affect how people tend to understand what acts do and do not constitute sexual violence.
12.3c. Explain why some specific groups of girls and women are at elevated risk for being victims of sexual violence.
12.3d. Outline the different ways in which sexual assault can affect a victim’s well-being.
12.4 Interpersonal Violence
12.4a. Define domestic violence, differentiate among the different ways in which intimate partner violence manifests, and describe the link between violence and control within relationships.
12.4b. Explain why some women are at heightened risk for intimate partner violence and describe the common characteristics of perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV).
12.4c. Identify factors that are related to the decision to either stay with or leave an abusive partner, including one who enacts intimate terrorism.
12.4d. Compare and contrast the experiences of intimate partner violence and sex trafficking.
12.4e. Describe older women’s experiences of violence by intimate partners as well as by family members and caretakers.
12.4f. Outline the different ways in which abusive relationships can affect a victim’s well-being and the potential benefits and problems associated with the restorative justice approach to healing.
12.5 War and Violence
12.5a. Summarize the ways in which militarism and war promote different types of violence, both directly and indirectly by spreading particular types of beliefs and practices.
12.5b. Contrast militarism with the goals of peace scholars and transnational feminism.
12.6 Stopping a Culture of Violence
12.6a. Describe how elevating women into higher status or leadership positions may promote safety and counter norms and common practices that support violence.
12.6b. Summarize the unique ways in which men may help promote non-violence.
12.6c. Outline the role of the media in normalizing violence and strategies that can be used to counter this normalization.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The term “hate crime” refers to
a. | criminal misbehavior directed at someone because of their perceived identity. |
b. | crimes that adversely affect the individual(s) targeted as well as others who are similar to the target(s). |
c. | crimes that require proving beyond a reasonable doubt that bias against the type of person targeted motivated the crime. |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
2. Acts of aggression motivated by anger or bias due to a person’s gender are BEST known as
a. | hate crimes. |
b. | gender-based violence. |
c. | multiple jeopardy. |
d. | structural violence. |
3. After Alexi was raped, police asked what she was wearing and why she was out alone. These questions reflect which of the following?
a. | a hate crime |
b. | gender-based violence |
c. | multiple jeopardy |
d. | structural violence |
4. Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of changes in rates of crime in the United States over the past 30 years?
a. | Overall rates of homicide, theft, and burglary have dropped by half. |
b. | Crimes against men have decreased. |
c. | Crimes against women have decreased. |
d. | There have been substantial documented changes in rates of crime. |
5. Which of the following women is disempowered by actual or potential gender-based violence?
a. | Anna, who avoids wearing short skirts so that she won’t attract a potential sexual predator |
b. | Barb, who doesn’t walk alone at night to avoid risk for assault |
c. | Calliope, who avoids traveling alone to keep from being targeted by assailants |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
6. Spanking children is associated with increases in all of the following EXCEPT
a. | cognitive abilities and school achievement. |
b. | mental health symptoms, including lower self-esteem. |
c. | aggressive and non-compliant behavior. |
d. | conflict and negativity with parents. |
7. Acts of aggression intended to cause fear, shame, isolation, or deprivation are known as
a. | physical abuse. |
b. | psychological abuse. |
c. | spanking. |
d. | sexual abuse. |
8. After failing her history exam, Shanice’s father removes the door from her bedroom, saying that Shanice has not earned the right to privacy. Her father’s behavior reflects which of the following?
a. | emotional abuse |
b. | verbal abuse |
c. | physical abuse |
d. | structural violence |
9. In the United States, girls are more often ___________________ compared to boys.
a. | sexually abused by someone outside the family |
b. | eager to consent to arranged marriages |
c. | forced to marry despite being minors |
d. | receptive to abusers’ expressions of remorse and regret |
10. One’s capacity to adapt to stress with optimism and hope is BEST known as
a. | coping. |
b. | responsibility. |
c. | resiliency. |
d. | growth. |
11. Which of the following scenarios BEST demonstrates resiliency?
a. | After Nia was sexually abused as a child, she gained a good deal of weight in order to deflect others’ sexual attention. |
b. | After being physically abused by her stepfather, Diamond learned that drinking alcohol could numb her pain and help her sleep. |
c. | After leaving her abusive husband, Raven joined a domestic violence survivor support group and sought to develop connections with other group members. |
d. | To cope with the ongoing, persistent stress of being stalked by her ex-boyfriend, Sydney attempts to meditate regularly. |
12. Which of the following statements BEST illustrates the dark side of resiliency?
a. | “A resilient person maintains a positive attitude no matter what they face.” |
b. | “Abuse exists in the eye of the beholder.” |
c. | “Abuse of power is a crime regardless of who is targeted.” |
d. | “An abuse victim is damaged forever.” |
13. Which of the following ideas challenges the utility of the concept of resiliency?
a. | Resiliency places potentially unfair expectations onto individual survivors to recover. |
b. | A focus on resiliency shifts focus away from structural problems that allow abuse to occur in the first place. |
c. | It is possible to argue that, because individuals show resiliency following abuse, the abuse was not that serious or harmful. |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
14. How are people affected by viewing sexualized images of girls and women in the media?
a. | Viewers report greater support for sexist beliefs. |
b. | Viewers are more tolerant of sexual violence. |
c. | Viewers feel less empathy for girls and women. |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
15. After exposure to sexually objectified images of female bodies, 11- to 16-year-old _________ tended to show stronger acceptance of sexual harassment.
a. | boys |
b. | girls |
c. | boys and girls |
d. | boys and girls who were White |
16. Which of the following is true of the adult entertainment industry?
a. | It completely avoids any suggestion of the illegal depiction of minors engaged in sexual activity. |
b. | It more frequently shows acts of verbal aggression than physical aggression. |
c. | It depicts acts of female and male aggression at about the same rate. |
d. | It both implicitly and explicitly links sexual content with aggression. |
17. The most defining feature of rape is
a. | vaginal contact. |
b. | penile penetration. |
c. | lack of sexual consent. |
d. | lack of sexual desire. |
18. Which of the following is the LEAST accurate description of sexual assault in the United States?
a. | About 1 in 3 women will experience some form of sexual assault. |
b. | About 1 in 5 women will experience rape. |
c. | Most rape victims are female. |
d. | Most rapes are perpetrated by strangers. |
19. A large national study of female rape survivors suggested that most people who perpetrate rape do so against
a. | strangers. |
b. | family members. |
c. | intimate partners. |
d. | coworkers. |
20. A study of female rape survivors found that _____ rape, or rape perpetrated by an intimate partner or someone known to the victim, is much more common than stranger rape.
a. | unacknowledged |
b. | incapacitated |
c. | compliant |
d. | acquaintance |
21. When victims feel unable to fight back against a perpetrator, they may be experiencing which of the following?
a. | tonic immobility |
b. | a flight response |
c. | a fight response |
d. | learned helplessness |
22. When perpetrators of rape are intoxicated, they are blamed ________; when victims of rape are intoxicated, they are blamed ___________.
a. | less; less |
b. | less; more |
c. | more; more |
d. | more; less |
23. Sex that is unwanted but consensual is known as
a. | compliant sex. |
b. | coercive sex. |
c. | rape. |
d. | seduction. |
24. According to past research, why have women engaged in token resistance?
a. | They said no, and meant no, but then were pressured into saying yes. |
b. | They said no because they were ambivalent about whether to say yes, and then they said yes. |
c. | They said no but then changed their minds and said yes. |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
25. Which of the following individuals is providing affirmative consent?
a. | Kayla, who is breathing hard, is flushed, and seems aroused although she isn’t saying anything. |
b. | Ken, who said that he had hoped to have sex later in the evening, and who now has a strong erection. |
c. | Kris, who agrees to sex after her partner threatens to spread rumors about her unless she agrees. |
d. | Keisha, who says she wants to have sex and asks if her partner does as well. |
26. People who accept rape myths also tend to exhibit
a. | racism. |
b. | homophobia. |
c. | belief in a just world. |
d. | racism, homophobia, and a belief in a just world. |
27. Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?
a. | Women may minimize rape or blame victims to feel less personally threatened by rape. |
b. | Rape myths are unrelated to beliefs about systemic oppression of women, people of color, and other social groups. |
c. | Media reports about rape rarely include references to victim blaming or other rape myths. |
d. | Media depictions of rape in love stories clearly portray rape as incompatible with romance. |
28. Which of the following groups of women has NOT been shown to be at elevated risk for sexual assault?
a. | Native American women |
b. | women who have been widowed |
c. | women in the armed forces |
d. | women pursuing degrees in higher education |
29. Why are women in college at elevated risk for sexual assault?
a. | The college social scene involves risky elements such as heavy substance use. |
b. | Most women in college are at a vulnerable age during which all people are at increased risk for rape. |
c. | Most men in college are threatened by women who are also attending college; rape is a way to put women back “in their place.” |
d. | Women who attend college have liberal sexual attitudes, and people with such attitudes have more sexual partners, increasing the odds of partnering with a sexually aggressive person. |
30. The “invisible war” refers to
a. | the acceptability of violence in civilian life among those in the military. |
b. | the mental health struggles of veterans. |
c. | women’s risk for being sexually assaulted by a fellow soldier. |
d. | women’s risk for experiencing retaliation after reporting a sexual assault by a fellow soldier. |
31. Cultural spillover theory refers to
a. | the tendency for those in the military to perceive aggression as more acceptable in civilian life. |
b. | the mental health struggles of veterans that develop in the field but then spill over to their everyday lives after their service ends. |
c. | women’s risk for being sexually assaulted in general, which spills over to military service. |
d. | the condemnation and isolation of a soldier by his male peers after being accused of sexual assault. |
32. The group of women at greatest risk for sexual assault are _____ women.
a. | White |
b. | Black |
c. | Hispanic |
d. | Native American |
33. What differentiates sexual assault against Native American women from other types of sexual assaults?
a. | Native American women tend to be assaulted by non-Native American men, yet for other racial groups, assailants are typically from the same race. |
b. | Native American women rarely identify their assaults as rapes, unlike women from other racial groups. |
c. | Native American women tend to be assaulted because they are seen as “two spirits” who lack a specific gender. |
d. | Unlike other women of color, Native American women tend to be devalued by law enforcement and thus are especially unlikely to be believed by law enforcement officers. |
34. Women are at increased risk for sexual assault if they
a. | are deaf or hard of hearing. |
b. | have severe physical impairments. |
c. | have cognitive disabilities. |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
35. Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of post-traumatic growth?
a. | Rather than developing post-traumatic stress, victims grow as feminists and activists. |
b. | After the symptoms of post-traumatic stress subside, victims feel a renewed zeal for life. |
c. | After experiencing a trauma such as rape, victims grow more cautious about trusting others. |
d. | After experiencing a trauma such as rape, victims develop new priorities about what matters in life. |
36. Which of the following is a form of domestic violence?
a. | intimate partner violence |
b. | elder abuse |
c. | child abuse |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
37. There are ______________ main types of intimate partner violence
a. | two |
b. | three |
c. | four |
d. | six |
38. When conflict spontaneously escalates to violence and isn’t severe, it can be classified as
a. | coercive controlling violence. |
b. | violent resistance. |
c. | coercive power. |
d. | common couples violence. |
39. Another name for intimate terrorism is
a. | common couple violence. |
b. | coercive controlling violence. |
c. | conflict carryover. |
d. | violent resistance. |
40. Learned hopefulness refers to which of the following?
a. | a passive response to violence involving a sense that nothing one does will change the behavior |
b. | an active response to violence during which one defends oneself by any means necessary |
c. | the belief that a violent partner can change and the violence will end |
d. | the stage of the cycle during which tension builds before violence erupts |
41. Which of the following behaviors is an example of coercive power?
a. | Donald sends Trudy threatening text messages to keep her in line. |
b. | Eric keeps track of Erica’s location by tracking her phone GPS. |
c. | Bryan reviews Kim’s Internet browsing history to check whether she’s visiting online dating sites. |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
42. Which of the following couples is most at risk for intimate partner violence?
a. | Issa and Ty are in their early 20s, they are both employed part time, and they have three children. |
b. | Tom and Iris are in their early 30s; Iris is a homemaker raising their daughter while Tom works as a defense attorney. |
c. | Ilsa is a bank teller in her early 30s and Ted is a hospital administrator in his early 40s; they are childfree. |
d. | Tris and Isolde are in a second marriage after meeting in a widow/widower support group; each has two adult children from their first marriages. |
43. Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of those who perpetrate intimate partner violence?
a. | those who have experienced childhood abuse |
b. | those who have witnessed interpersonal violence |
c. | those who have low self-esteem |
d. | those who have traditional attitudes about gender |
44. A person who might want to leave an abusive relationship is encouraged to keep ready access to
a. | money. |
b. | copies of important documents. |
c. | supplies for self, children, and pets. |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
45. Criticisms of programs that purport to help women leave abusive relationships include all of the following EXCEPT
a. | Such programs involve a singular focus on shelter rather than a multi-pronged approach including case management, advocacy, health education, and support. |
b. | Such programs involve a lack of training to work sensitively and effectively with queer women. |
c. | Such programs involve a lack of preparation to work with women with severe mental health challenges. |
d. | Such programs involve stringent policies that can make women feel both scrutinized and unwelcome. |
46. Which of the following is true regarding sex trafficking?
a. | It involves people being sold and traded into sex work. |
b. | It is the fastest growing criminal industry in the world. |
c. | It may involve paying to have sex with children, teenagers or adults. |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
47. Which of the following is NOT a true statement about victims of sex trafficking?
a. | A majority of victims have been romantically involved with the people who coerce them into selling sex. |
b. | Men perceive victims of sex trafficking as being unable to be raped because they sell sex. |
c. | Women tend to blame victims of sex trafficking for their plights, perhaps as a way to feel less vulnerable themselves. |
d. | Many youth involved in sex trafficking were kicked out of their houses or ran away from home. |
48. Why is elder abuse often ignored as a crime?
a. | Most people who perpetrate elder abuse are the victim’s romantic partners. |
b. | Elder abuse is often perceived to be a result of caregiver stress. |
c. | Older people often make false reports because they resist being taken care of by younger adults. |
d. | The symptoms of elder abuse are masked by symptoms from other types of health problems. |
49. Which of the following people would be most vulnerable to experiencing elder abuse?
a. | Edna, a 75-year-old woman who loves to do crossword puzzles and watch soap operas. |
b. | Ed, a 60-year-old man who loves to go fishing and work on car engines. |
c. | Ethel, an 80-year-old woman who suffers from dementia and is confined to a wheelchair. |
d. | Earl, an 85-year-old man who has PTSD from his years in the military. |
50. The MOST common form of elder abuse documented involves
a. | sexual victimization. |
b. | physical violence. |
c. | financial exploitation. |
d. | gaslighting. |
51. When a woman moves on from an abusive relationship, she is likely to
a. | feel a greater sense of freedom. |
b. | develop more hope for the future. |
c. | grieve the loss of her relationship. |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
52. Using incarceration to achieve justice in cases of domestic violence
a. | tends to involve the punishment of people of color, the poor, and people with mental illnesses. |
b. | effectively discourages future violent behavior. |
c. | provides a safe place for violent people to go to learn new ways to cope with anger and frustration. |
d. | promotes widespread social change by deterring people from enacting violence. |
53. A primary benefit of a restorative justice approach to healing after intimate partner violence is to
a. | provide an alternative to incarceration for perpetrators. |
b. | help couples with children co-parent effectively. |
c. | reduce the financial burdens associated with supporting multiple households. |
d. | completely eliminate all risk for future violence. |
54. Research suggests that offering perpetrators opportunities to participate in a restorative justice process is associated with which of the following?
a. | fewer repeat offenses and greater victim safety as compared to punitive approaches such as jail |
b. | the perpetrator apologizing to the victim |
c. | benefits to victims, including decreased vengefulness and self-blame |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
55. Which of the following is the LEAST accurate statement about war and violence against women?
a. | Women soldiers, but not women civilians, are at risk for rape by military soldiers. |
b. | Women and children account for almost 80% of war casualties. |
c. | War crimes often go unpunished. |
d. | Peacekeeping forces engage in sex trafficking and other forms of sexual coercion. |
56. Which of the following terms refers to practices that extend a country’s power through war, diplomacy, or both?
a. | imperialism |
b. | transnationalism |
c. | militarism |
d. | human rights |
57. People with strong militaristic attitudes tend to believe all of the following EXCEPT that
a. | threats of force deter violence. |
b. | men are natural protectors. |
c. | conformity is more important than diversity. |
d. | it would be desirable to live in a world without prisons. |
58. Which type of feminist is MOST concerned about the militarization of civilian society?
a. | cultural |
b. | liberal |
c. | radical |
d. | transnational |
59. Why does the text suggest that violence may be addressed via candid conversations with men about masculinity?
a. | People with more traditional attitudes about gender are at greater risk for perpetrating violence. |
b. | Male gender socialization promotes attitudes and values that foster the acceptance of violence. |
c. | Male gender socialization pressures boys and men to engage in violence. |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
60. What is the White Ribbon Campaign?
a. | A movement wherein women educate other women about media biases in the depiction of rape and other forms of violence against women. |
b. | A movement wherein microloans are offered to allow poor women to own land, increasing women’s status and decreasing their risk for interpersonal violence. |
c. | A global movement of boys and men who work to end violence against girls and women, in part by building healthy relationships. |
d. | An educational program that promotes healthy self-defense tactics for girls and women to avoid rape. |
61. Which of the following was NOT a documented effect of educational efforts for college students that encourage bystander intervention?
a. | Women were less likely to perpetrate violence. |
b. | Men were less likely to perpetrate violence. |
c. | Women were less likely to experience victimization. |
d. | Men and women could identify a controlling relationship as one involving risk for violence. |
62. How can parents help counteract the harmful effects of the media in promoting acceptance of violence among their children?
a. | Parents can help children critically evaluate the media that they consume. |
b. | Parents can limit their children’s exposure to violent media. |
c. | Parents can point out the likely costs of violence when watching depictions of violence that communicate violence is a winning strategy. |
d. | All of the answer options are correct. |
63. After reading passive descriptions of rape (e.g., “She was raped”) rather than active descriptions (“He raped her”), ________________ believed that violence against women was more acceptable.
a. | women |
b. | men |
c. | both women and men |
d. | neither women nor men |
1. Robbie, a 7-year-old, loves to play dress up with his mother’s clothing and makeup. He wrapped his head in a long yellow towel to mimic blond hair, clipped earrings to his earlobes, and polished his cheeks and lips with pink makeup. When Robbie’s dad sees this, he’s enraged, and he strikes Robbie in the face multiple times. Robbie’s mom tries to calm her husband, but the dad tells her that he wishes Robbie had never been born and that unless Robbie signs up for football, he’ll send him away to military school. Define and describe at least two different types of abuse Robbie has experienced and offer at least two specific predictions about how his father’s behaviors may affect Robbie’s well-being.
2. In 2017, New Jersey became the first state in the United States to completely ban the marriage of minors and therefore banned the legal loophole that allows for children to be sexually abused. Make the argument that other states should pass similar laws to promote the well-being of American youth.
3. The text describes a new conceptual model of rape that is defined in terms of non-consensual sex, independent of sexual desire. Differentiate between the concepts of sexual desire (e.g., wanting to engage in sex) and sexual consent (e.g., agreeing to engage in sex) within this new model of rape. Explain why someone might agree to have sex in the absence of desire, and why someone might not agree to have sex even if they feel strong desire and/or physical arousal.
4. Define rape myths, and identify at least two specific false but common beliefs about rape that are either stated or implied within excerpted statements from a New York Times article published on March 8, 2011:
Vicious Assault Shakes Texas Town: “The assault started after a 19-year-old boy invited the victim (an 11-year-old girl) to ride around in his car. He took her to a house on Travis Street where one of the other men charged, also 19, lived. There the girl was ordered to disrobe and was sexually assaulted by several boys in the bedroom and bathroom. She was told she would be beaten if she did not comply, the affidavit said. Residents in the neighborhood said the victim had been visiting various friends there for months. They said she dressed older than her age, wearing makeup and fashions more appropriate to a woman in her 20s. She would hang out with teenage boys at a playground, some said. The arrests have left many wondering who will be taken into custody next.”
5. The Dean of Students at All American University announces a new campus sexual assault policy: For a victim of sexual assault to receive campus services, s/he must report their assault to campus police. Make the argument that this new policy is oppressive by offering at least two potential ways in which reporting may be harmful to victims.
6. Identify at least three specific barriers to ending a relationship with a partner who engages in intimate terrorism.
7. Compare and contrast the experiences of intimate partner violence and sex trafficking by outlining at least two similarities and at least two differences in the experiences of each type of victim.
8. Define restorative justice (RJ). Then, provide an argument against the use of restorative justice to heal from intimate terrorism.
9. Some politicians in the United States have responded to school shooting episodes by suggesting that public school teachers be armed. Explain how this response could be justified by militarism, and how this response might be countered by feminists and peace scholars.
10. Describe and explain at least three ways in which enhancing the status of women within broader structural or social systems can help reduce or prevent gender-based violence for girls and women.
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Psychology of Women and Gender 1e Complete Test Bank
By Miriam Liss