Chapter 5: Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Understanding Stress and Resilience in Family Systems

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. A social construct refers to ______

A. an idea strictly related to disability

B. an idea based on biology

C. an idea that originates from the social environment

D. an idea that is based on individual beliefs

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Disability as a Social Construct

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2013), more than ______ households with children aged birth to 17 years have at least one child with a special health care need.

A. 1 in 5

B. 2 in 5

C. 3 in 5

D. 5 in 10

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Families and Special Health-Care Needs

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Mia was born with Down syndrome. The social construct of disability focuses on ______.

A. Mia’s interaction with her environment

B. Mia’s biological traits

C. Mia’s medical needs

D. Mia’s cognitive functioning

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Disability as a Social Construct

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Key predictors of the health, stability, and well-being of a person with intellectual and developmental disabilities and his or her family are ______.

A. the family’s perception of the individual and socioeconomic status

B. the individual’s cognitive abilities and his or her ability to be independent

C. the family’s willingness to support the individual for his or her whole life

D. the individual’s functionality and the available social supports

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Families and Special Health-Care Needs

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What did the early research in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities focus on?

A. how teratogens caused disabilities

B. normalizing intellectual and developmental disabilities

C. identifying legal requirements for schools to follow

D. the limitations and negative experiences of parents

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Family Stress Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. According to Boss (1999, 2002), ambiguous loss in the case of a family with a member who has intellectual and developmental disabilities explains the concept that the family experiences ______.

A. a physical presence but a psychological absence

B. a physical and psychological absence

C. a psychic absence that impacts the family’s ability to cope

D. a confusion about the individual’s future residence

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ambiguous Loss

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Which model suggests that appraisals of stressors are important mechanisms through which stress is translated and experienced by parents?

A. stress appraisal model

B. social construction of stress model

C. transactional stress model

D. ABC-X model

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Family Stress Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Compared to fathers of disabled children, mothers ______,

A. are more likely to emphasize the positives

B. express more stress-related issues

C. are less likely to use mental health resources

D. have more difficulty adjusting to their child

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parents of Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. One major flaw of research on children with intellectual and developmental disabilities to date is that it has been predominantly focused on ______.

A. mothers

B. the family unit

C. the sibling relationship

D. aging

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Parents of Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. ______ percent of Americans with intellectual or developmental disabilities between the ages of 21 and 64 were employed in 2013.

A. Fifteen

B. Thirty-four

C. Fifty-two

D. Sixty-five

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Employment and Education for Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. A ______ refers to a child that does not meet age-specific milestones across two or more developmental domains.

A. nonspecific disability

B. developmental disability

C. Down syndrome

D. developmental delay

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Which of the following statements about how health care systems impact the parents of children with Down syndrome is accurate?

A. Attitudes of medical professionals do not influence parents’ perceptions about their caregiving ability or child’s condition.

B. Attitudes of medical professionals only influence fathers’ perception about their caregiving ability, but not mothers’ perceptions.

C. Attitudes of medical professionals can have a significant effect on parents’ perspectives about their child’s condition.

D. Attitudes of medical professionals influence mothers’ perception about their caregiving ability or child’s condition.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Health-Care Systems

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Ms. Ali is a school social worker who works with the Hernandez family, including Juan, their youngest son. She has noticed that the family is isolated because of language barriers, and that Mrs. Hernandez is often teary when she left Juan at school. The parents agreed to meet with Ms. Ali and they created a plan for Juan’s parents to begin a support group for parents of children with autism and for Juan to get into a playgroup twice per week. This is an example of the importance of ______.

A. an individual educational plan (IEP)

B. the daily tasks of a school social worker

C. assisting the family with social supports

D. social worker professionalism

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Support Systems

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. When exploring the external context for resources, one would focus on ______.

A. family adaptation

B. education systems

C. caregiver burden

D. the parent subsystem

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: External Context: Resources and Support Systems in Coping, Adaptation, and Building Resilience

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities whose primary educational experience included segregated special education classrooms are ______ for the social demands of a work setting.

A. well-prepared

B. excited

C. ill-prepared

D. unable to prepare

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Employment and Education for Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Social support systems for families with children with intellectual and developmental disabilities are______.

A. nonexistent because of the stigma associated with having a child with intellectual and developmental disabilities

B. not helpful because families experience marginalization, for the most part

C. considered crucial internal supports

D. considered by parents as one of the most important coping strategies

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Support Systems

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. What distinguishes the internal context from the external context?

A. Internal context is psychological; external context is emotional.

B. Internal context is the nuclear family; external contexts are the extended family.

C. There are more external context systems.

D. External context is less influential.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: External Context: Resources and Support Systems in Coping, Adaptation, and Building Resilience

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Which of the following is considered an internal context?

A. kindergarten

B. healthcare systems

C. the family subsystems

D. parental employment

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: External Context: Resources and Support Systems in Coping, Adaptation, and Building Resilience

Difficulty Level: Hard

19. When exploring research on siblings of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities, which of the following statements is true?

A. When the child with intellectual and developmental disabilities was a girl, siblings had fewer positive feelings.

B. Having a sibling with intellectual and developmental disabilities does not automatically increase negative outcomes in siblings.

C. Having a sibling with intellectual and developmental disabilities decreased the likelihood of depression.

D. Siblings of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities were more likely to run away from home.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Siblings of Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. In a 2013 study, many parents of children with Down syndrome reported ______ with health care personnel.

A. negative experiences

B. mostly positive experiences

C. ambiguous experiences

D. universally positive experiences

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theoretical Frameworks: Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Families as Complex Systems

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Which statement correctly summarizes ambiguous loss?

A. having a baby that needs 24-hr institutional care

B. an incongruence between the psychological and physical family

C. accepting who you are and simultaneously trying to change for the better

D. unhappiness caused by chronic stressors

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ambiguous Loss

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. ______ refer(s) to the experience of not knowing who is in or out of the family or relationship.

A. Ambiguous loss

B. Boundary ambiguity

C. Network ambiguity

D. Ambiguous frames

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ambiguous Loss

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. What is the relationship between ambiguous loss and boundary ambiguity?

A. Ambiguous loss and boundary ambiguity are mutually exclusive.

B. Boundary ambiguity is another way of referring to ambiguous loss.

C. Ambiguous loss is a component of boundary ambiguity.

D. Boundary ambiguity is a component of ambiguous loss.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ambiguous Loss

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Keisha was born with several physical abnormalities. Her disability diagnosis represents a long-term, probably permanent change in her family’s trajectory. It includes a number of unknown elements and will require that the family to adapt to the incongruence between the psychological (expected) and physical (present) family. This is an example of ______.

A. contextual stress

B. transactional stress

C. ambiguous loss

D. caregiver adaptation

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ambiguous Loss

Difficulty Level: Hard

25. Which previously established model of family stress is the contextual model of family stress based on?

A. the ABC-X model

B. the transactional model

C. the cumulative model

D. the sociocultural model

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Model of Family Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Parents of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities frequently report positive personal effects.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parents of Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Siblings of a child with intellectual disabilities report overwhelmingly negative experiences when the child has autism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Siblings of Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Families with children with intellectual and developmental disabilities report similar levels of stress as parents without children with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theoretical Frameworks: Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Families as Complex Systems

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The ambiguity that stems from an intellectual or developmental disability diagnosis includes the uncertainty of the level of impairment and the family’s grief at the loss of the more typical child and life path they were anticipating.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ambiguous Loss

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Research suggests that grandparents may experience similar emotional reactions as parents to the news of a grandchild’s diagnosis with intellectual or developmental disabilities.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Grandparents of Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Research suggests that fathers of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities are likely to experience greater stress than mothers.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parents of Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. External contextual factors that influence the ability of families to cope, adapt, and build resilience may include culture and history, as well as external systems in which the family is embedded.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: External Context: Resources and Support Systems in Coping, Adaptation, and Building Resilience

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The health system is considered a component of the internal context of a family with a child with intellectual or developmental disabilities.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: External Context: Resources and Support Systems in Coping, Adaptation, and Building Resilience

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. When dealing with educational systems, parents of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities should avoid interfering with the IEP developed by the teacher.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Educational Systems

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Research suggests significant positive employment outcomes for individuals with intellectual disabilities who participate in postsecondary education programs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Employment and Education for Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Discuss how the term disability has moved from a person-centered description to a social construct. How has this shift impacted the field? How is disability defined as a social construct?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Disability as a Social Construct

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. What are three reasons that families with members with intellectual or developmental disabilities experience greater stress?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theoretical Frameworks: Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Families as Complex Systems

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Maria and Jen were excitedly waiting for the birth of their daughter. Mia was born with Down syndrome. Describe the family’s experience through the lens of ambiguous loss.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ambiguous Loss

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Discuss how research in the area of families with children with intellectual and developmental disabilities is limited, and address what areas need further development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Implications for Research and Professional Practice

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Outline the contextual model of family stress.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Contextual Model of Family Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium