Test Bank Docx A Cultural Approach To Human Development Ch.1 - Human Development ANZ Edition -Test Bank by Jensen Arnett. DOCX document preview.
Arnett, Human Development: A Cultural Approach, First edition
Chapter 1: A cultural approach to human development
Section 1: Human development today and its origins
Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. The way people grow and change across the lifespan is referred to as ____.
A. development
B. evolution
C. change
D. growth
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
2. What is the total pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art and technology?
A. Clan
B. Society
C. Culture
D. Beliefs
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
3. ____ is the total pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art and technology.
A. Culture
B. Ethnicity
C. Race
D. Nationality
Learning Objective: 1.1
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
4. Human beings everywhere have essentially the same biological constitution, yet their paths through the life span are remarkably different depending on ____.
A. their genetic lineage
B. their culture
C. the strength of their id
D. the expression of their phenotype
Learning Objective: 1.1
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
5. According to the text, for most of history the total human population was under ______.
A. 1 million
B. 10 million
C. 100 million
D. 1 billion
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
6. For most of human history, how many children did women typically birth?
A. 1 to 2
B. 4 to 8
C. 10 to 12
D. 13 to 15
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
7. The human population began to increase noticeably around 10,000 years ago. What has been hypothesised as the reason for the population increase at that time?
A. The discovery of medicine.
B. The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals.
C. An increase in the size of women’s pelvic openings that assisted in labour.
D. Construction techniques that allowed for stronger homes that were better heated.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
8. When did the human population reach 500 million people?
A. 400 years ago
B. 1,000 years ago
C. 4,000 years ago
D. 10,000 years ago
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
9. How long did it take the human population to double from 500 million to 1 billion?
A. 150 years
B. 300 years
C. 450 years
D. 600 years
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
10. Which of the following most contributed to the large increase in world population that occurred around the 1800s to 1900s?
A. Families increased the average number of children per household from one to three children.
B. Less women were dying in childbirth because they waited longer to have children.
C. The domestication of animals provided a larger food supply.
D. The elimination or sharp reduction of deadly diseases.
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
11. Human population doubled from 1 to 2 billion between 1800 and 1930. What led to this increase in population?
A. Government-controlled farming
B. Globalisation and shared resources
C. Medical advances that eliminated many diseases
D. People had more children
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
12. The total fertility rate (TFR) is defined as the number of ____.
A. births per woman
B. conceptions per woman
C. foetuses that were spontaneously aborted
D. women on fertility drugs
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
13. What is the current total fertility rate (TFR) worldwide?
A. 1.4
B. 2.5
C. 4.2
D. 5.6
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
14. At what point does the total fertility rate (TFR) become the replacement rate?
A. 1.4
B. 2.1
C. 2.8
D. 3.2
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
15. If current trends continue, when will the worldwide total fertility rate (TFR) reach the replacement rate?
A. 2020
B. 2050
C. 2080
D. 3010
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
16. What trend is occurring with the worldwide total fertility rate (TFR) over the past 10 years?
A. The TFR is continuing to increase sharply.
B. The TFR is continuing to decrease sharply.
C. The TFR has continued to hold steady for the past 10 years.
D. The TFR is continuing to increase gradually.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
17. ____ is the number of births per woman.
A. Total fertility rate
B. Expressive births
C. Implicit calculation of replacement
D. The sum of replacement
Learning Objective: 1.1
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
18. Nearly all of the population growth in the decades to come will take place in ____.
A. developed countries
B. developing countries
C. emerging countries
D. South American countries
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
19. Given what is known about the population changes in the past 10 years, which country is likely to see the highest total fertility rate (TFR)?
A. United States
B. Canada
C. South Korea
D. India
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
20. What will happen to the populations of developed countries during the next few decades and beyond? They will _____.
A. increase more than developing countries
B. remain stable in population
C. decrease
D. increase slowly
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
21. What term is used in the text to refer to the most affluent countries in the world?
A. Affluent countries
B. Developed countries
C. Developing countries
D. Population-rich countries
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
22. The United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand and nearly all the countries of Europe are examples of ____.
A. developed countries
B. developing countries
C. collective cultures
D. individualistic cultures
Learning Objective: 1.1
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
23. What term is used in the text to refer to countries which have less wealth, but are experiencing rapid economic growth?
A. Impoverished countries
B. Developed countries
C. Developing countries
D. Population-rich countries
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
24. What per cent of the current world’s population lives in the most affluent countries?
A. 18%
B. 34%
C. 51%
D. 68%
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
25. ____ refers to the most affluent countries in the world.
A. Developed countries
B. Developing countries
C. Collective cultures
D. Individualistic cultures
Learning Objective: 1.1
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
26. Developed countries roughly make up ____ of the world’s population, whereas, developing countries make up ____.
A. 18%, 82%
B. 27%, 73%
C. 37%, 63%
D. 47%, 57%
Learning Objective: 1.1
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
27. Developed countries can be viewed as ____, whereas developing countries can be seen as ____.
A. wealthy; populated
B. populated; wealthy
C. collective; individualistic
D. individualistic; collective
Learning Objective: 1.1
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
28. What developed country is projected to have the steepest decline in population between now and 2050?
A. The United States
B. Germany
C. Japan
D. Canada
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
29. Which of the following is true regarding population changes by country?
- Japan is projected to drop in population due to a low fertility rate.
- England is projected to grow in population due to a significant increase in total fertility rate (TFR).
- Canada is projected to increase in population due to high rates of immigration.
- The United States is projected to drop in population due to limits placed on immigration.
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
30. Between now and 2050, what will the increase in population in the United States be nearly entirely due to?
A. Immigration
B. Minority fertility
C. Majority fertility
D. In vitro fertilisation
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
31. What country allows for more legal immigrations than most other countries and has tens of millions of illegal immigrants as well?
A. The United States
B. Canada
C. Germany
D. Japan
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
32. Statistically speaking, a child born today will most likely be from ______.
A. a developing country
B. a developed country
C. an economically wealthy country
D. a high social economic status culture
Learning Objective: 1.1
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
33. What portion of the United States’ population will increase from 16% to 30% by 2050?
A. African American
B. Anglo American
C. Asian American
D. Latino
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
34. José was born in a country where his parents make less than $2 a day and he is expected to attend grade school but not university. Jose was most likely born in a ____.
A. developed country
B. developing country
C. collective culture
D. individualistic culture
Learning Objective: 1.2
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
35. What per cent of the world’s population lives on a family income of less than $6,000 per year?
A. 20%
B. 40%
C. 60%
D. 80%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
36. Although economic growth has been strong for the past decade, what region remains the poorest region in the world?
A. Africa
B. South America
C. Southeast Asia
D. Western Australia
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
37. What per cent of the world’s population lives in the United States?
A. 5%
B. 10%
C. 15%
D. 20%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
38. What per cent of individuals in developed countries receive tertiary education or other post-secondary training?
A. 30%
B. 50%
C. 70%
D. 90%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
39. How much of the world is made up of developed countries?
A. 22%
B. 43%
C. 55%
D. 83%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
40. ____ cultures emphasise independence and self-expression, whereas ____ cultures emphasise obedience and group harmony.
A. Individualistic; collective
B. Collective; individualistic
C. Developed; developing
D. Developing; developed
Learning Objective: 1.2
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
41. What per cent of children in developing countries are enrolled in secondary education?
A. 30%
B. 50%
C. 70%
D. 90%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
42. Who attends colleges, universities and other forms of post-secondary education in developing countries?
A. The wealthy elite
B. Most of the population
C. About half of the middle class
D. About one-fourth of the middle class
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
43. What term is used to refer to people in the rural areas of developing countries, who tend to adhere more closely to the historical aspects of their culture than do people in urban areas?
A. Agrarian cultures
B. Conventional cultures
C. Traditional cultures
D. Rural cultures
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
44. What general values do developed countries tend to regard highly?
A. Collectivistic
B. Individualistic
C. Traditional
D. Modern
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
45. What general values do developing countries tend to regard highly?
A. Collectivistic
B. Individualistic
C. Traditional
D. Modern
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
46. Individuals from collectivist cultures would be most likely to value
A. making independent decisions.
B. spending time alone.
C. getting along with their family members.
D. receiving praise for hard work on an academic exam.
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Applied
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
47. What did Arnett define as the increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration and communication?
A. Globalisation
B. Social networks
C. The Internet
D. Small world syndrome
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
48. Globalisation is ____.
A. the number of births per woman
B. the ways people grow and change across the life span
C. the total pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art and technology
D. the increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration and communication
Learning Objective: 1.2
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
49. Within any given country, which of the following sets most of the norms and standards, and holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual and media power?
A. Majority culture
B. Minority culture
C. Ethnic populace
D. Subcultural groups
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
50. Many African countries were constructed by European colonial powers in what century?
- 17th
- 18th
- 19th
- 20th
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
51. Who sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual and media power in most countries?
A. Power culture
B. Controlling culture
C. Minority culture
D. Majority culture
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
52. ____ includes an individual’s educational level, income level and occupational status.
A. Nationality
B. Ethnicity
C. Sociohistorical index
D. Socio-economic status
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
53. Also referred to as a person’s social class, his or her ____ includes their level of education, income and occupational status.
A. socio-economic status
B. ethnicity
C. culture
D. sociohistorical index
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
54. What term is often used to refer to a person’s social class, which includes educational level, income level and occupational status?
A. Social class status
B. Socio-economic status
C. Tax bracket status
D. Education status
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
55. The expectations that cultures have for males and females are different from the time they are born. The degree of the difference depends on _____.
A. culture
B. age
C. gender
D. socio-economic status
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
56. In Australia, a physician spends 12 years in university and training, generally has a high income and possesses a strong occupational status. In terms of socio-economic status, a physician would most likely be _____.
A. low SES
B. middle SES
C. moderate SES
D. high SES
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
57. LaWanda has a high school diploma and is currently working as a waitress but is attending school in hopes of becoming a paediatrician. Her current socio-economic status is likely ____; however, when she becomes an established paediatrician, her socio-economic status will be ____.
A. low; high
B. high; moderate
C. high; low
D. moderate; low
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
58. In Australia, infant mortality in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people is almost _______ the rate of non-Indigenous Australians.
A. half
B. twice
C. non-existent compared to
D. three times
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
59. The expectations cultures have for males and females are different from the time they ____. However, the degree of the differences ____.
A. are conceived; is minimal among cultures
B. are born; varies greatly among cultures
C. reach puberty; is consistent among cultures
D. reach adulthood; is minimal among nations
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
60. What term describes a variety of aspects of different groups that include cultural origin, cultural traditions, race, religion and language?
A. Gender
B. Race
C. Ethnicity
D. Age
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
61. ____ may include a variety of components, such as cultural origin, cultural traditions, race, religion and language.
A. Ethnicity
B. Race
C. Socio-economic status
D. Cultural independency
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
62. Kalid is an African American who was born in the United States but is currently living in Australia. When asked his political and religious beliefs, he describes himself as more similar to those who are located in the northeastern states than those who are located in the southern part of the United States. At times, his friends amuse themselves at Kalid’s expense by mocking his Brooklyn accent. The above statements are describing Kalid’s ______.
A. nationality
B. race
C. ethnicity
D. mainstream cultural group
Learning Objective: 1.3
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
63. In ____, the young of any species are born with variations on a wide range of characteristics. Among the young, those who will be ____ until they can reproduce will be the ones whose variations are best adapted to their environment.
A. Social Darwinism; able to gain financial resources
B. the theory of psychoanalysis; controlled by their unconscious
C. natural selection; most likely to survive
D. humanistic psychology; congruent between their different ‘selves’
Learning Objective: 1.4
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
64. What term is used to describe the development of the individual?
A. Ontogenetic development
B. Phylogenetic development
C. Polygenetic development
D. Autogenetic development
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
65. What term is used to describe the development of the human species?
A. Ontogenetic development
B. Phylogenetic development
C. Polygenetic development
D. Autogenetic development
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
66. Which of the following best highlights phylogenetic development?
A. Jenny grows from 3 to 5 feet in the period of two years.
B. Manuel gets married after he finishes university and soon has two children.
C. Amalia is the top reader in her class. Last year, she struggled in this area.
D. Irene has red hair. Her entire family has red hair because of a genetic mutation that was passed down for centuries.
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
67. Who first wrote about the principles of evolution in his book The Origin of Species?
A. Alfred Binet
B. Francis Galton
C. Charles Darwin
D. Robert Hook
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
68. Charles Darwin, in his book The Origin of Species, first proposed the theory of _____.
A. natural selection
B. social Darwinism
C. psychosocial reproduction
D. the unconscious id
Learning Objective: 1.4
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
69. In the book ____, Charles Darwin proposes the theory of natural selection.
A. The Origin of Species
B. Principles of Psychology
C. On Becoming a Person
D. Walden Two
Learning Objective: 1.4
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
70. What term describes the process in which the young of any species will be more likely to survive because they were born with variations on a wide range of characteristics that are best adapted to their environment?
A. Evolution
B. Adaptive centrism
C. Mutational change
D. Natural selection
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
71. In a town in England, the wings of a local butterfly species had a black and white pattern. Over the years, as air pollution worsened in the town, a coat of black soot often covered everything. From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following is a logical sequencing?
A. Butterflies became blacker because the ones with relatively more black on their wings were most likely to blend in with the sooty background.
B. Butterflies became lighter because the ones with relatively more white on their wings were least likely to blend in with the sooty background.
C. Butterflies became more aggressive because their behaviours were altered by the toxins that were in the black soot.
D. Butterflies morphed into moths because environmental conditions triggered an unfolding of a hidden gene.
Learning Objective: 1.4
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
72. Which of the following best describes natural selection?
A. Individuals are striving to find consistency between their ideal self, their real self and their fear self.
B. Humans are born as blank slates and they are conditioned unknowingly and without free will by their environment.
C. Humans are in a constant struggle to control their unconscious urges for physical gratification and aggressive impulses.
D. Species change little by little with each generation, and over a long period of time they can develop into new species.
Learning Objective: 1.4
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
73. Which of the following best describes how the scientific community views Darwin’s proposal of evolution?
A. Most researchers have discounted the theory of evolution, as it lacks empirical and scientific support.
B. Darwin’s theory of evolution received a high degree of support at its initial proposal; however, in recent times it has lost the backing of the scientific community.
C. There is an enormous amount of evidence that has accumulated to verify the theory and support the principle of natural selection as the main mechanism of evolutionary change.
D. Darwin’s theory of evolution has been abandoned for the more comprehensive and scientifically supported theory of intelligent design.
Learning Objective: 1.4
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
74. The evolutionary line that eventually led to humans is known as the _____.
A. hominid line
B. Neolithic line
C. Upper Palaeolithic line
D. amphibious line
Learning Objective: 1.4
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
75. By 200,000 years ago, the early hominid species had evolved into our species: ______.
A. Homo sapiens
B. Hydro sapiens
C. Poly sapiens
D. Hetero sapiens
Learning Objective: 1.4
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
76. How much larger was the size of early Homo’s brain compared to the brains of earlier hominids?
A. 100%
B. 200%
C. 55%
D. 70%
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
77. Evolutionary biologists believe that the larger brains of early Homo babies meant that babies were born less mature than they were for earlier hominids, resulting in ____.
A. a greater likelihood of death at birth
B. a longer time before the rest of the body could support the head in infancy
C. a longer period of dependency of infants on their parents
D. a great likelihood that its head would get stuck in the pelvic opening
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
78. Evolutionary biologists believe that the jaw and teeth of early Homo sapiens reduced in size because
A. the brain also reduced in size.
B. the overall size of the body was also decreasing.
C. food cooked with fire is easier to chew compared to raw food.
D. there was a great likelihood that its head would get stuck in the pelvic opening
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
79. When did the early hominid species evolve into Homo sapiens?
A. 20,000 years ago
B. 200,000 years ago
C. 2,000,000 years ago
D. 20,000,000 years ago
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
80. How much larger are the brains of Homo sapiens than the brains of the early Homo species that immediately preceded us?
A. 100 cc
B. 300 cc
C. 500 cc
D. 700 cc
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
81. The Upper Palaeolithic period was from ______.
A. 40,000 to about 10,000 years ago
B. 4,000 to about 1,000 years ago
C. 60,000 to about 300,000 years ago
D. 6,000 to about 60,000 years ago
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
82. Human art first appeared during the ____.
A. Upper Palaeolithic period
B. Lower Mesozoic period
C. Middle Cenozoic period
D. Lower Jurassic period
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
83. It is clear that during the ____ human began to use boats and trade with others.
A. Upper Palaeolithic period
B. Lower Mesozoic period
C. Middle Cenozoic period
D. Lower Jurassic period
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
84. Which of the following tools were developed by human beings during the Upper Palaeolithic period?
A. The bow and arrow and the spear thrower
B. The gun and canon
C. The folding-blade knife and shovel
D. The pistol and shotgun
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
85. Which of the following experienced global temperatures that resemble the temperatures of today?
A. Neolithic period
B. Upper Palaeolithic period
C. Early Civilisation period
D. Monolithic period
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
86. Which of the following is an indicator of the Upper Palaeolithic period in human evolutionary history?
A. Humans began to bury their dead.
B. Humans began to walk.
C. Humans began to read.
D. Humans began hunting animals.
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
87. The cultivation of plants and the domestication of animals occurred during the ____ period of evolutionary history.
A. Neolithic
B. Jurassic
C. Palaeolithic
D. Monolithic
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
88. The Upper Palaeolithic was the time of the last _____.
A. Ice Age
B. period of global warming
C. devastating tsunami
D. eruption of a supervolcano
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
89. When was the Neolithic period?
A. 100,000 to 70,000 years ago
B. 80,000 to 60,000 years ago
C. 40,000 to 10,000 years ago
D. 10,000 to 5,000 years ago
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
90. What time period included major climate change that allowed humans to cultivate plants and domesticate animals?
A. Neolithic
B. Jurassic
C. Palaeolithic
D. Monolithic
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
91. The final major historical change that provided the basis for how we live today began around 5,000 years ago with the development of ____.
A. agriculture and animal husbandry
B. roadways
C. family units
D. civilisation
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
92. ____ is characterised by cities, written language, specialisation of work and differences among people with wealth and status.
A. A civilisation
B. The ethnicity of a group
C. Nationality
D. A race of people
Learning Objective: 1.5
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
93. Which of the following is a characteristic of human evolutionary history and a similarity that we have with our ancestral relatives, hominid?
A. Humans have especially long arms to allow them to move in trees.
B. Humans have small skulls to make the birthing process easier.
C. Humans have a relatively short time span during which they depend upon adults.
D. Humans have a relatively long period of childhood dependence on adults before reaching maturity.
Learning Objective: 1.6
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
94. ____ claims that many traits and characteristics in human development are influenced by our evolutionary history.
A. Evolutionary psychology
B. Social Darwinism
C. Cultural anthropology
D. Natural psychology
Learning Objective: 1.6
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
95. Although women are capable of giving birth to at least eight children in the course of their reproductive lives, how many children do most women have today?
A. 0 to 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6 or more
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
96. From an evolutionary perspective, it is believed that the human species originated in ____.
A. the forests and plateaus of South America
B. the plains and lowlands of North America
C. the grasslands and forests of Africa
D. the tundra and deciduous forests of the Arctic
Learning Objective: 1.6
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
Short
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
98. Describe two ways that Homo sapiens was different from earlier Homo species.
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.4
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
99. What are two characteristics that mark civilisation, the final historical change that began around 5,000 years ago?
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.5
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
100. Describe a research question an evolutionary psychologist might investigate.
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.6
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Human development today and its origins: human origins and the birth of culture
101. Compare and contrast features related to developed and developing countries.
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
102. India is the second most populous country and is projected to have more people than any other country by 2050. Describe three aspects of Indian people and/or culture.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Human development today and its origins: a demographic profile of humanity today
Section 2: Theories of human development
Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. What is probably the oldest known conception of the life course, written about 3,000 years ago?
A. The Dharmashastras
B. The Bible
C. The Koran
D. The Talmud
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
2. According to the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, how long does each stage of a man’s life last?
A. 5 years
B. 15 years
C. 25 years
D. 35 years
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
3. The Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, divide lifespan into _____.
A. two stages, each of which lasts 50 years
B. three stages, each of which lasts 25 years
C. four stages, each of which lasts 25 years
D. six stages, each of which lasts 30 years
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
4. Which of the following is a correct order for man’s life stages as described by the Dharmashastras?
A. Forest dweller, apprentice, householder and renunciant
B. Householder, apprentice, renunciant and forest dweller
C. Renunciant, forest dweller, householder and apprentice
D. Apprentice, householder, forest dweller and renunciant
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
5. The Dharmashastras include four life courses that were reflective of the stages of a man’s life. What important period of life is missing from this model of life stages?
- infancy and early childhood
- marriage and parenthood
- grandparenting
- end of life
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
6. Aadit is in his early teens and is dependent on his parents. As he grows up and learns the skills necessary for adult life, he will move forward and become independent. According to the Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, Aadit is in the ____ stage.
A. apprentice
B. householder
C. forest dweller
D. renunciant
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
7. From the Dharmashastras, at which of the following stages are people supposed to begin to withdraw from worldly attachments? This means an end to sexual life, a decline in work responsibilities, and the beginning of a transfer of household responsibilities to the sons of the family.
A. Apprentice stage
B. Householder stage
C. Forest dweller stage
D. Renunciant stage
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
8. Yuthika is 42 years old, married and the father of three children. He is considered head of the household and has many responsibilities. Beyond taking care of his own children, he is also responsible for taking care of his elderly parents. According to Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, Yuthika is in the ____ stage.
A. apprentice
B. householder
C. forest dweller
D. renunciant
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
9. According to Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, an individual who is 65 years old is in the ____ stage.
A. apprentice
B. householder
C. forest dweller
D. renunciant
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
10. According to Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, an individual who is 45 years old is in the ____ stage.
A. apprentice
B. householder
C. forest dweller
D. renunciant
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
11. The Dharmashastras, the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, say that life has ____ stages.
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
12. According to the sacred law books of the Hindu religion, what is the purpose of life during the final stage (renunciant)?
A. To withdraw from the world
B. To prepare for the end of life and entry into the next
C. To embrace the world and gain material possessions to pass to the next generation
D. To reach the highest level of spirituality
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
13. According to Solon, a Greek philosopher who lived 2,500 years ago, how many segments are there in a lifespan?
A. 5
B. 10
C. 15
D. 20
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
14. According to Solon, a Greek philosopher who lived 2,500 years ago, how long did each segment of the lifespan last?
A. 5 years
B. 7 years
C. 9 years
D. 11 years
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
15. Ancient philosopher Solon divided the lifespan into ____.
A. two 35-year segments
B. five 13-year segments
C. ten 7-year segments
D. fifteen 5-year segments
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
16. Which of the following best describes a life stage as proposed by the ancient Greek philosopher Solon?
A. Ages 28–35: The ages of marriage and parenthood, when a man bethinks him that this is the season for courting.
B. Age 13: The age of moral responsibility, when a boy has his Bar Mitzvah signifying that he is responsible for keeping the religious commandments, rather than his parents being responsible for him.
C. Ages 56–63: The religious ideal in this stage is for a man to withdraw from the world and literally live in the forest, devoting himself to prayer and religious study, living only on alms and cultivating patience and compassion.
D. Ages 63–70: The renunciant goes even farther in rejecting worldly attachments. The purpose of life in this stage is simply to prepare for the end of this life and entry into the next.
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
17. The Jewish holy book, the Talmud, describes the lifespan as consisting of ___ segments.
A. 10
B. 14
C. 20
D. 25
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
18. Like the Hindu Dharmashastras, the life course described in the Talmud goes up to age ___.
A. 70
B. 80
C. 90
D. 100
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
19. Which of the following best describes a life stage from the Jewish holy book, the Talmud?
A. Ages 35–42: A stage of maturity of mind and morals, when his mind, ever open to virtue, broadens and never inspires him to profitless deeds.
B. Age 13: The age of moral responsibility, when a boy has his Bar Mitzvah signifying that he is responsible for keeping the religious commandments, rather than his parents being responsible for him.
C. Age 60: The religious ideal in this stage is for a man to withdraw from the world and literally live in the forest, devoting himself to prayer and religious study, living only on alms and cultivating patience and compassion.
D. Ages 42–56: The renunciant goes even farther than the forest dweller in rejecting worldly attachments. The purpose of life in this stage is simply to prepare for the end of this life and entry into the next.
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
20. Jacob is ready to accept the moral responsibilities of his Jewish religion and has chosen to have a ceremony signifying his change from parental responsibility to self-responsibility. According to the Jewish holy book, the Talmud, at what age can Jacob take this on?
A. 10
B. 13
C. 15
D. 18
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
21. When comparing three ancient conceptions of life, the Dharmashastras, the Talmud and the philosopher Solon, a common theme is that _____.
A. preparation for life is made in youth, skills and expertise are gained in adulthood and wisdom and peace are the fruits of old age
B. the lifespan has a maximum of 120 years and those years can be divided into six substages
C. youth is a time for maturity, adulthood is a time of social responsibility and the final stage is a time for psychological regression and self-absorption
D. all of these perspectives assume that individuals will have a short lifespan and not make it to the final stages of the life cycle
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
22. When comparing three ancient conceptions of life – the Dharmashastras, the Talmud and the philosopher Solon – a major difference is ____.
A. they are all based upon biological and genetic evidence
B. they all come from a Western historical point of view
C. they all end at 100 years of life
D. they each have very different ways of dividing up the lifespan
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
23. Based upon an understanding of three ancient conceptions of life, the Dharmashastras, the Talmud and the philosopher Solon, it is clear that ______.
A. lifespan is not really divided into clear and definite biologically based stages but is partly socially driven
B. stages of the lifespan are consistent across cultures and therefore must be genetically based
C. lifespan is determined by one’s genetic inheritance and social factors do not play a role in longevity
D. lifespan is divided into clear and definite biologically based stages and is not influenced by social factors
Learning Objective: 1.7
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
24. One important difference among the three ancient conceptions of human development – the Dharmashastras, the Talmud and the philosopher Solon – is that they have very different ways of ____.
A. dividing the lifespan into segments or stages
B. defining the afterlife
C. developing a sense of the lifespan based on their religious thoughts
D. expressing their theories regarding development
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
25. According to the text, how long has the scientific study of human development existed?
A. 20 years
B. 70 years
C. 120 years
D. 200 years
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
26. Working with persons suffering from various mental health problems, Freud concluded that a consistent theme across patients was that they seemed to have experienced some kind of ____.
A. incongruent self-concept that is interfering with daily functioning
B. momentous event that classically conditioned a fear within them
C. traumatic event in childhood now buried in their unconscious
D. biological unfolding of the genetic code that is interfering with daily life
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
27. According to Freud, traumatic events during childhood that are buried in the unconscious mind are also known as ____ memories.
A. repressed
B. expressed
C. conscious
D. conditioned
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
28. Freud developed the first method of psychotherapy, which he called ______.
A. psychoanalysis
B. psychosocial moratorium
C. behavioural therapy
D. humanistic psychology
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
29. Sigmund Freud divided human development into ____ stages.
A. psychosexual
B. psychosocial
C. psychobiological
D. psychocognitive
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
30. Which of the following comprise Freud’s theory of personality?
A. Id, ego, superego
B. Conscious, collective unconscious, subcortical unconscious
C. The self, the shadow, the anima
D. Real self, fear self, future self
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
31. Carlos cannot wait to go get home and eat his candy bar, so he eats it in the backseat of the car. He does not care that his mother clearly told him not to eat in her car. According to Freud, what part of his mind is operating here?
- id
- ego
- superego
- unconscious mind
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
32. Jenica wants to leave school early because her favourite music group is playing down the street. When she stops and thinks about it, she realises that leaving school early would be a very bad idea and she would get in trouble for doing so. She chooses not to leave. According to Freud, what part of his mind is operating here?
- id
- ego
- superego
- unconscious mind
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
33. According to Freud, when a traumatic event is buried, it is _____.
A. sublimated
B. repressed
C. cathartic
D. forgotten
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
34. Freud developed the first method of psychotherapy, which he called _____.
A. psychosexual therapy
B. psychodynamic theory
C. dream analysis
D. psychoanalysis
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
35. What was the goal of Freud’s psychotherapeutic approach?
A. To make repressed memories conscious
B. To keep repressed memories permanently repressed
C. To have the client express his or her sexuality without reprimands or judgment
D. To re-establish child–parental relationships
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
36. According to Freud, what is enough to heal the patient?
A. To make repressed memories conscious
B. To keep repressed memories permanently repressed
C. To have the client express his or her sexuality without reprimands or judgment
D. To re-establish child–parental relationships
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
37. What did Freud believe was the force that drove human development?
A. Biology
B. Culture
C. Sexual desire
D. Family life
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
38. What is Freud’s theory of human development?
A. Bisexual theory
B. Psychosexual theory
C. Sexual stage theory
D. Libido-drive theory
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
39. Which of the following is the correct order of Freud’s first three psychosexual stages?
A. Oral stage, anal stage and phallic stage
B. Phallic stage, oral stage and anal stage
C. Anal stage, phallic stage and oral stage
D. Oral stage, phallic stage and anal stage
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
40. Daquon, who is 4 years old, at times notices that his penis becomes erect and is fascinated by this ‘strange’ phenomenon. According to Freud, Daquon is in the ____ stage of psychosexual development.
A. oral
B. anal
C. phallic
D. fixation
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
41. Freud proposed that all children experience a(n) ____ in which they desire to displace their ____ parent and enjoy sexual access to the ____ parent.
A. Thanatos drive; other-sex; same-sex
B. Oedipus complex; same-sex; other-sex
C. catharsis; same-sex; other-sex
D. Freudian slip; other-sex; same-sex
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
42. What operates on the pleasure principle and constantly seeks immediate and unrestrained satisfaction?
A. Id
B. Ego
C. Superego
D. Libido
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
43. Adults in the environment teach the child to develop a conscience that restricts the satisfaction of desires and makes the child feel guilty for disobeying. What did Freud call this aspect of his theory?
A. Id
B. Ego
C. Superego
D. Libido
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
44. According to Freud, what balances the demands of the id and the superego?
A. Id
B. Ego
C. Superego
D. Libido
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
45. What principle describes an individual’s ability to seek satisfaction within the constraints imposed by the superego?
A. Pleasure principle
B. Reality principle
C. Balancing principle
D. Libido principle
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
46. According to Freud, what stage of development are infants in when sexual sensations are concentrated in the mouth?
A. Oral
B. Anal
C. Phallic
D. Latency
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
47. According to Freud, what stage of development are infants in when sexual sensations are concentrated in the anus?
A. Oral
B. Anal
C. Phallic
D. Latency
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
48. According to Freud, what is the most important stage in his theory?
A. Anal
B. Phallic
C. Latency
D. Genital
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
49. Nisha constantly chews on pencils and straws. According to Freud, Nisha _____.
A. likely has a strong superego that is constantly monitoring her behaviour
B. has sexual feelings for her other-sex parent
C. is operating on the reality principle
D. is fixated, or stuck, in the oral stage of development
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
50. Freud proposed that all children desired to replace their same-sex parent and enjoy sexual access to the other-sex parent. What was Freud’s term for this concept?
A. Genital complex
B. Incest complex
C. Parental complex
D. Oedipus complex
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
51. During what stage did Freud believe the child represses sexual desires and focuses his or her energy on learning social and intellectual skills?
A. Anal
B. Phallic
C. Latency
D. Genital
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
52. During which stage did Freud believe that the individual’s sexual drive re-emerges, but this time in a way approved by the superego and directed towards persons outside the family?
A. Anal
B. Phallic
C. Latency
D. Genital
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
53. According to Freud, when did everything important to development occur?
A. During the oral and anal stages
B. Before the latency stage
C. Before adulthood
D. During adulthood
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
54. Which of the following is a major criticism of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory of human development?
A. He focused too much on sexuality and it is hard to reduce human development to a single motive.
B. He studied children excessively and spent too much time on experimental methods.
C. He underemphasised the significance of childhood and overemphasised later time periods.
D. He spent too much time studying a diversity of subjects and people from varying ages.
Learning Objective: 1.8
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
55. Your roommate is a smoker. He really would like to quit and has been reading about Freudian theory. He thinks that he is fixated at the oral stage and that he should make an appointment with a clinician who specialises in psychosexual therapy. What would you tell him?
A. Few professionals adhere to Freud’s theory, even psychoanalysts, so he should try something else.
B. He should probably try it. Freud would say that he was orally fixated.
C. It sounds to you like he is actually anally fixated.
D. It will take time, but psychoanalysis should probably work for him.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
56. Today, what is the status of Freud’s stages of psychosexual stages in explaining human development?
A. Few people who study human development adhere to the theory.
B. It is the accepted theory of how people’s personalities develop.
C. There are some arguments regarding the theory, but overall it has met the test of time.
D. The first three stages have been very explanatory, but the two last are not.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.8
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
57. Which of the following theorists proposes that human development is broken into psychosocial stages?
A. Erik Erikson
B. Sigmund Freud
C. B. F. Skinner
D. Carl Rogers
Learning Objective: 1.9
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
58. Unlike Freud, Erikson proposed that human development continues ____ and is not solely determined by the years of childhood.
A. throughout the lifespan
B. into the teenage years
C. until the mid-20s
D. until a midlife crisis
Learning Objective: 1.9
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
59. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory comprises ______ stages.
A. four cognitive
B. five psychosexual
C. eight psychosocial
D. three moral
Learning Objective: 1.9
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
60. Which of the following is the correct order of Erik Erikson’s third, fourth and fifth stages of psychosocial development?
A. Initiative vs. guilt, identity vs. identity confusion, generativity vs. stagnation
B. Ego integrity vs. despair, intimacy vs. isolation, identity vs. identity confusion
C. Trust vs. mistrust, industry vs. inferiority, autonomy vs. shame and doubt
D. Initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. identity confusion
Learning Objective: 1.9
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
61. Grant is in the third grade and is enthusiastic about learning in school. Beyond recess he enjoys reading books, doing his math homework and learning new spelling words. He is also confident in his ability to accomplish goals that he has set for himself. Which of Erikson’s psychosocial stages is Grant in?
A. Trust vs. mistrust
B. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C. Initiative vs. guilt
D. Industry vs. inferiority
Learning Objective: 1.9
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
62. Hector is in second grade. He has just finished his first science fair project and is very proud of it. Although he did not know anything about gravity before his project, he now feels confident that he understands the concept. Which of Erikson’s psychosocial stages is Hector in?
A. Trust vs. mistrust
B. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C. Initiative vs. guilt
D. Industry vs. inferiority
Learning Objective: 1.9
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
63. Erikson’s eighth and final stage of psychosocial development is _____.
A. Trust vs. mistrust
B. Generativity vs. stagnation
C. Ego integrity vs. despair
D. Industry vs. inferiority
Learning Objective: 1.9
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
64. Irina just had her first grandchild. She loves this child very much and wants to make sure he thrives in her family. Although she is retired, she has decided to stay home with her granddaughter and help the family. Which of Erikson’s psychosocial stages is Maria in?
A. Intimacy vs. isolation
B. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C. Generativity vs. stagnation
D. Integrity vs. despair
Learning Objective: 1.9
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
65. Who developed a psychosocial theory in which the driving force behind development is not sexuality but the need to become integrated into the social and cultural environment?
A. Freud
B. Erikson
C. Bronfenbrenner
D. Piaget
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
66. What was one of the ways that Erikson’s theory differed from Freud’s theory? Erikson believed that _____.
A. sexuality was even more important than Freud did
B. personality was set at birth, while Freud thought that it was completed by age 6
C. development continued throughout the lifespan, and Freud believed that only the early years were important
D. biological factors were more important in terms of development, and Freud believed that culture was more important
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
67. Erikson believed that each stage had a distinctive developmental challenge, which he referred to as a _____.
A. fixation
B. sensitivity
C. critical period
D. crisis
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
68. What happens when a person who had difficulty with the developmental challenge in one stage enters the next stage? He or she is ______.
A. equally likely to do well with the new stage as someone who achieved the developmental challenge at the earlier stage
B. at high risk for being unsuccessful at the next stage as well
C. advised to regress to the earlier stage and successfully complete the developmental challenge before moving on
D. more likely to do well since he or she experienced the difficulty in the previous stage
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
69. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during infancy?
A. Trust vs. mistrust
B. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C. Initiative vs. guilt
D. Industry vs. inferiority
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
70. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during toddlerhood?
A. Trust vs. mistrust
B. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C. Initiative vs. guilt
D. Industry vs. inferiority
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
71. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during early childhood?
A. Trust vs. mistrust
B. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C. Initiative vs. guilt
D. Industry vs. inferiority
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
72. According to Erik Erikson, a toddler who is 3 years old and develops a sense of self distinct from others is in which of the following psychosocial stages?
A. Trust vs. mistrust
B. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C. Initiative vs. guilt
D. Industry vs. inferiority
Learning Objective: 1.9
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
73. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during late childhood?
A. Trust vs. mistrust
B. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C. Initiative vs. guilt
D. Industry vs. inferiority
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
74. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during adolescence?
A. Identity vs. identity confusion
B. Intimacy vs. isolation
C. Generativity vs. stagnation
D. Ego integrity vs. despair
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
75. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during early adulthood?
A. Identity vs. identity confusion
B. Intimacy vs. isolation
C. Generativity vs. stagnation
D. Ego integrity vs. despair
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
76. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during middle adulthood?
A. Identity vs. identity confusion
B. Intimacy vs. isolation
C. Generativity vs. stagnation
D. Ego integrity vs. despair
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
77. According to Erikson, what is the developmental challenge during late adulthood?
A. Identity vs. identity confusion
B. Intimacy vs. isolation
C. Generativity vs. stagnation
D. Ego integrity vs. despair
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
78. Which theory of human development has endured better?
A. Freud’s psychosexual theory
B. Erikson’s psychosocial theory
C. Gilbert’s biosocial theory
D. Hall’s biobehavioural theory
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
79. Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory focuses on ____ that shape human development in the social environment.
A. biological factors
B. genetic inputs
C. instinctive drives
D. multiple influences
Learning Objective: 1.10
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
80. Whose theory is not a stage theory of human development, but rather a theory that focuses on the multiple influences that shape human development in the social environment?
A. Freud
B. Erikson
C. Bronfenbrenner
D. Piaget
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
81. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory has ____ key levels or systems that play a part in human development.
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
Learning Objective: 1.10
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
82. What is Bronfenbrenner’s term for the immediate environment, the settings where people experience their daily lives?
A. Microsystem
B. Mesosystem
C. Exosystem
D. Macrosystem
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
83. What is Bronfenbrenner’s term for the network of interconnections between the various immediate environments that the individual experiences?
A. Microsystem
B. Mesosystem
C. Exosystem
D. Macrosystem
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
84. Which of the following are components of the microsystem from Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?
A. Parents, siblings, peers and friends and teachers
B. Schools, religious institutions and the media
C. Cultural beliefs and values, and economic and governmental systems
D. Time and historical change
Learning Objective: 1.10
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
85. In Asian countries such as South Korea, competition to get into university is intense and depends chiefly on adolescents’ performance on a national exam at the end of high school; consequently, the high school years are a period of extreme academic stress. Fierce competition to get into university is an example of which of the following of Bronfenbrenner’s systems?
A. Microsystem
B. Exosystem
C. Macrosystem
D. Mesosystem
Learning Objective: 1.10
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
86. What is Bronfenbrenner’s term for the societal institutions that have indirect but potentially important influences on development (e.g., schools, religious institutions, media)?
A. Microsystem
B. Mesosystem
C. Exosystem
D. Macrosystem
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
87. Many developmental psychologists feel that the two biggest influences on a child’s life are their parents and their peers. According to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory, which system would therefore have the most influence?
- Microsystem
B. Mesosystem
C. Exosystem
D. Macrosystem
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
88. What is Bronfenbrenner’s term for the broad system of cultural beliefs and values and the economic and governmental systems that are built on those beliefs and values?
A. Mesosystem
B. Exosystem
C. Macrosystem
D. Chronosystem
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
89. What is Bronfenbrenner’s term for the changes that occur in developmental circumstances over time, both with respect to individual development and to historical changes?
A. Mesosystem
B. Exosystem
C. Macrosystem
D. Chronosystem
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
90. Many theories of development do not address culture. Why does Bronfenbrenner’s theory hold that culture is so important? He recognises that ______.
A. cultural beliefs are the basis for many other conditions of children’s development
B. nearly everyone lives in a very similar culture
C. culture should be factored out to determine what really influences development
D. culture is damaging and can be devastating to a young child’s development
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
91. The textbook that you are using, A Cultural Approach to Human Development, divides development into ____.
A. major theories
B. major life stages
C. psychological paradigms
D. psychoanalytic phases
Learning Objective: 1.11
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
92. In the textbook, A Cultural Approach to Human Development, after the stage of adolescence there are ____ stages of adulthood.
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
Learning Objective: 1.11
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
93. ____ is a life stage in which most people are not as dependent on their parents as they were in childhood and adolescence but have not yet made commitments to the stable roles in love and work that structure adult life for most people.
A. Emerging adulthood
B. Young adulthood
C. Middle adulthood
D. Late adulthood
Learning Objective: 1.11
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
94. Within the textbook, the stage of early childhood is from _____.
A. birth to 12 months
B. 12 to 36 months
C. 3 to 6 years
D. 6 to 9 years
Learning Objective: 1.11
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
95. Scholars of human development generally regard development as ______.
A. discontinuous
B. continuous
C. stage-like
D. abrupt
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
96. Which of the following signifies the onset of adolescence?
A. Puberty
B. A deepening voice
C. Widening of the hips
D. Hormonal fluctuations
Learning Objective: 1.11
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
97. Human development can be viewed from a stage perspective, or as a gradual, _____ process.
A. continuous
B. disjointed
C. sloping
D. inverted
Learning Objective: 1.11
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
98. Which of the following is the best example of continuous development?
- James goes from crawling to walking overnight.
B. Jose says his first word on his first birthday.
C. Jenny learns how to play the piano by first learning notes, and then playing them in a sequence.
D. Jalisa takes a class and learns how to knit at the end of the hour.
Learning Objective: 1.11
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
99. Emerging adulthood exists in some cultures and not others, and consequently young adult responsibilities such as marriage and stable work may be taken on as early as ____ or as late as ____.
A. 17 or 18; 29 or 30
B. 24 or 25; 36 or 37
C. 34 or 35; 42 or 43
D. 45 or 46; 51 or 52
Learning Objective: 1.11
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
Short
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.9
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
101. Give an example of a country with a macrosystem that is different from the one where you grew up. Explain how that difference would likely impact your development.
Answers will vary. Example: Afghanistan has macrosystem beliefs that women are inferior to men and, therefore, should not be educated. As a female, opportunities there would be far fewer than in the United States.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
102. Define two of the systems in Bronfenbrenner’s theory and give a concrete example of each.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
103. Why is emerging adulthood considered to be a phenomenon of developed countries rather than developing countries?
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.11
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
104. Why would you expect the textbook author, Arnett, to use Bronfenbrenner’s model as a frame for his book more than Freud’s theory?
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.10
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: Theories of human development: scientific conceptions
Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
105. In what religion are there sacred law books called the Dharmashastras? Briefly describe the following four stages described in these books and put them in the correct order: Forest dweller, Apprentice, Householder and Renunciant.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
106. Describe one similarity and one difference in the way that the conception of the life course is outlined in the Dharmashastras, the view of the ancient Greek philosopher, Solon and the Talmud.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.7
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: Theories of human development: ancient conceptions
Section 3: How we study human development
Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. In its classic form, the scientific method has how many steps?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
2. What is the first step of the scientific method?
A. Identify a question of scientific interest.
B. Form a hypothesis.
C. Choose a research method and a research design.
D. Collect data.
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
3. According to the text, what is a researcher’s idea about one possible answer to the question of interest?
A. A scientific idea
B. A hypothesis
C. A proof
D. A law
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
4. A researcher is interested in examining how well children who are good at delaying gratification do academically. The researcher would state ‘children who can delay gratification get better grades in school than children who cannot delay gratification’. What step of the scientific method was just accomplished?
A.Iidentifying a question of scientific interest
B. Forming a hypothesis
C. Selecting a research method and a research design
D. Collecting data
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
5. The scientific method involves five basic steps: ____.
A. observe the environment; generate a theory of the phenomenon to be studied; generate possible hypotheses; systematically vary variables; and conduct an experiment
B. collect data to test a theory; manipulate variables within a laboratory setting; conduct a statistical analysis of the data; synthesise the results; and publish the findings
C. identify a question to be investigated; form a hypothesis; choose a research method and a research design; collect data to test the hypothesis; and draw conclusions that lead to new questions and hypotheses
D. generate a conclusion; isolate variables; determine how variables are related to the conclusion; conduct the research study; and publish the findings
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
6. The first step in the scientific method is to _____.
A. collect data to test the hypothesis
B. identify a question of scientific interest
C. form a hypothesis
D. choose a research method and a research design
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
7. Cameron is a graduate student who is working on her doctoral thesis and is in the process of conducting a research study on how learning phonics contributes to reading skills in first graders. Based upon the scientific method, after collecting data to test her hypothesis, Cameron’s next task is to _____.
A. draw conclusions and form new questions and hypotheses
B. identify a question of scientific interest
C. form a hypothesis
D. choose a research method and a research design
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
8. The second step in the scientific method is to ____.
A. collect data to test the hypothesis
B. identify a question of scientific interest
C. form a hypothesis
D. choose a research method and a research design
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
9. A ____ is the researcher’s idea about one possible answer to the question of interest.
A. paradigm
B. theory
C. hypothesis
D. world view
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
10. Which of the following is an example of a scientific hypothesis?
A. ‘Space exploration benefits our world and Australia needs to increase funding it’s space program.
B. ‘Marital satisfaction tends to improve when the youngest child is grown and leaves the home because parents now have more time and energy for the marital relationship.’
C. ‘HIV causes AIDS, and AIDS is a disease and will never be cured.’
D. ‘If a tree falls in the forest, and no one is there to hear it; does it make a sound?’
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
11. Questionnaires and interviews are examples of ____.
A. ways to generate hypotheses
B. faulty research designs
C. statistical procedures used to analyse data
D. the research method
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
12. The plan for when and how to collect the data for a study is the ____.
A. data collection schedule
B. research design
C. scientific plan
D. research method
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
13. Sirena administered a survey to her psychology class to poll them on their stress level in college. She hypothesised that students would report higher stress levels towards the end of the semester. Which step of the scientific method is she employing?
A. Step 1
B. Step 2
C. Step 3
D. Step 4
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
14. A researcher is interested in whether toddlers who are taught to solve a puzzle can remember the strategy two weeks later. What would be the population of interest?
A. All toddlers
B. The toddlers in the study
C. All children
D. Only toddlers who are in preschool
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
15. How does the text define the term ‘population’?
A. Only those individuals who are in the research study
B. The entire category of people
C. A smaller subset of an entire category of people
D. Those individuals in the research pool
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
16. How does the text define the term ‘sample’?
A. Only those individuals who are in the research study
B. The entire category of people
C. A smaller subset of an entire category of people
D. Those individuals in the research pool
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
17. Your professor hands you a sealed bag of potato chips and asks you to open the bag and take out two scoops of chips. The scoops of chips are analogous to
A. a sample.
B. a population.
C. a hypothesis.
D. a generalisable scoop.
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
18. What is the goal when developing a sample for a research study? To generate a sample that will be _____.
A. easy to find
B. an answer to the scientific question
C. representative of the population
D. as large as possible
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
19. Which of the following is the subset of a population for which data are collected in a scientific study?
A. Sample
B. Population
C. Research method
D. Scientific method
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
20. What aspect of a study outlines the way the study was conducted and how the data were collected?
A. Procedure
B. Method
C. Statistical analysis
D. Generating conclusions
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
21. The last step of the scientific method is to ______.
A. form a hypothesis
B. choose a research method and a research design
C. collect data
D. draw conclusions and form new questions and hypotheses
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
22. The third step in the scientific method is to
A. collect data to test the hypothesis.
B. identify a question of scientific interest.
C. form a hypothesis.
D. choose a research method and a research design.
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
23. The first step in the scientific method is ____; the third step is to ____.
A. identifying a question of scientific interest; choose a research method and a research design
B. forming a hypothesis; choose a research method and a research design
C. identifying a question of scientific interest; collect data to test the hypothesis
D. collecting data to test the hypothesis; choose a research method and a research design
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
24. A sample is ____.
A. a framework that presents a set of interconnected ideas in an original way and inspires further research
B. a group of people who participate in a research study
C. a statement indicating that participation in the study is voluntary, and that persons may withdraw from participation in the study at any time
D. the way the study is conducted and the data are collected
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
25. The sample should represent the ____, which is the entire category of people the sample represents.
A. theory
B. population
C. variable
D. hypothesis
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
26. To study adolescents’ attitudes towards contraceptive use, a researcher recruits subjects from a waiting room of a community clinic that offers free contraceptive services to all. This researcher has a sample that is ____.
A. not representative of all adolescents
B. similar to the general population of adolescents
C. representative of adolescents in Australia, but not other developed nations
D. representative of female adolescents and not males
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
27. Which of the following best describes when findings from the sample make it possible to draw conclusions about the larger population than the sample is intended to represent?
A. Generalisability
B. Validity
C. Reliability
D. Standardisation
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
28. The ____ of the study is the way the study is conducted and the data are collected.
A. validity
B. procedure
C. reliability
D. sample
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
29. Which of the following best describes a theory?
A. A framework that presents a set of interconnected ideas in an original way and inspires further research
B. The way the study is conducted and the data are collected
C. A group of people who participate in a research study
D. The researcher’s idea about one possible answer to the question of interest
Learning Objective: 1.12
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
30. Once a researcher writes a manuscript describing the methods used, the results of the statistical analyses, and the interpretation of the results, the researcher typically ____.
A. submits the manuscript for publication in a scientific journal
B. posts the manuscript on his or her website
C. sends the manuscript to other researchers
D. files the manuscript away so that no one else can duplicate the study
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
31. Which of the following is considered the most important consideration in human development research?
A. Informed consent prior to participation
B. Confidentiality
C. Deception and debriefing
D. Protection from physical and psychological harm
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
32. What is the process by which an editor of a journal sends a manuscript to other researchers to evaluate for potential publication in a journal?
A. Editorial evaluation
B. Editor’s choice
C. Publication priority
D. Peer review
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
33. According to the text, a framework that represents a set of interconnected ideas in an original way and inspires further research is the definition of ____.
A. a research study
B. a hypothesis
C. a theory
D. the scientific method
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.12
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
34. Which of the following is when researchers are ethically required to take steps to ensure that all information provided by participants in human development research will not be shared with anyone outside the immediate research group?
A. Informed consent prior to participation
B. Confidentiality
C. Deception and debriefing
D. Protection from physical and psychological harm
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
35. Which of the following is the standard ethical requirement that includes a statement indicating that participation in the study is voluntary?
A. Informed consent prior to participation
B. Confidentiality
C. Deception and debriefing
D. Protection from physical and psychological harm
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
36. Which of the following means that following their participation, the participants are told the true purpose of the study and the reason they were misled?
A. Informed consent prior to participation
B. Confidentiality
C. Deception and debriefing
D. Protection from physical and psychological harm
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
37. ____ occurs at the beginning of the research study, whereas the ____ occurs at the end.
A. Debriefing; confidentiality
B. Confidentiality; reliability
C. Informed consent; debriefing
D. Debriefing; informed consent
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
38. Participants want to feel sure that their responses will be ____.
A. graded fairly
B. recorded accurately
C. confidential
D. not judged
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
39. Which of the following is the group of people who have research experience and can judge whether the research being proposed to them follows reasonable ethical guidelines?
A. Department of Research
B. Ethical Standard Board
C. Human Research Ethics Committee
D. University Research Sponsorship Department
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
40. What is the most important consideration in human development research in terms of ethical standards? That the participants will ____.
A. gain knowledge about themselves
B. have fun participating
C. not be harmed
D. learn something from the study
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
41. What typically includes information about who is conducting the study, what the purposes of the study are, what participation in the study involves, what risks (if any) are involved in participating and what the person can expect to receive in return for participation?
A. IRB proposal
B. Informed consent form
C. Research participation advertisement
D. Study proposal
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
42. Once the study has been carried out and the data collected, the participants must be _____.
A. debriefed
B. paid
C. allowed to leave
D. evaluated for psychological damage
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
43. Professor Smith is conducting a research study on discrimination; however, he is afraid that if he tells subjects the true nature of his research, they might provide a socially desirable response and skew his results. To minimise socially desired responses and skewed results, Professor Smith may use ______.
A. deception
B. informed consent
C. an intuitional review board
D. a debriefing
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
44. Informed consent is for ____, whereas a debriefing is for ____.
A. the beginning of a research study; the end of a study
B. the end of a research study; the beginning of a study
C. animal subjects; human subjects
D. human subjects; animal subjects
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
45. Human Research Ethics Committees require researchers to show that deception in a proposed research study ____.
A. is a clear objective of the Austrlaian Psychological Association
B. will be completely funded by endowment
C. will contribute to scientific knowledge
D. will cause no harm to subjects
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
46. When subjects ____, they are provided with findings, results and conclusions of the research study they participated in. In addition, if deception was used, they must be told the true purpose of the study and the reason for the deception.
A. are randomly selected
B. are provided informed consent
C. are debriefed
D. are dependent variables
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
47. Which of the following best describes confidentiality within scientific research?
A. Subjects must be told the true purpose of the study and the reason for any deception that may have been part of the study.
B. Personal information will not be shared with anyone outside the immediate research group and any results from the research will not identify any of the participants by name.
C. They are usually comprised of people who have research experience themselves and therefore have experience that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable ethical guidelines.
D. Subjects are told what the purposes of the study are, what participation in the study involves, what risks (if any) are involved in participating and what the person can expect to receive in return for participation.
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
48. Which of the following best describes informed consent within scientific research?
A. Subjects must be told the true purpose of the study and the reason for any deception that may have been part of the study.
B. Personal information will not be shared with anyone outside the immediate research group and any results from the research will not identify any of the participants by name.
C. Subjects are told what the purposes of the study are, what participation in the study involves, what risks (if any) are involved in participating and what the person can expect to receive in return for participation.
D. They are usually comprised of people who have research experience themselves and therefore have experience that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable ethical guidelines.
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
49. Which of the following best describes a debriefing within scientific research?
A. Subjects must be told the true purpose of the study and the reason for any deception that may have been part of the study.
B. Personal information will not be shared with anyone outside the immediate research group and any results from the research will not identify any of the participants by name.
C. They are usually comprised of people who have research experience themselves and therefore have experience that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable ethical guidelines.
D. Subjects are told what the purposes of the study are, what participation in the study involves, what risks (if any) are involved in participating and what the person can expect to receive in return for participation.
Learning Objective: 1.13
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
50. What is the most commonly used method in social science research?
A. Case study
B. Questionnaire
C. Experiment
D. Correlational study
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
51. When participants are provided with specific responses to choose from on a questionnaire, what type of format is being used?
A. Open-ended question format
B. Closed-question format
C. Stream of consciousness format
D. Multiple choice format
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
52. When participants are allowed to state their responses following the questions, what type of format is being used?
A. Open-ended question format
B. Closed-question format
C. Stream of consciousness format
D. Multiple choice format
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
53. Your professor gives you a writing assignment that asks you to describe a dream you had this week. What type of format is being used by this project?
A. Open-ended question format
B. Closed-question format
C. Stream of consciousness format
D. Multiple choice format
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
54. What research method allows a researcher to hear people describe their lives in their own words?
A. Case study
B. Survey
C. Experiment
D. Interview
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
55. On a survey of beverages you consumed during the past week, you are presented with the following choices: water, milk, coffee, tea and soda. What format is being used?
- Open-ended question format
- Closed-question format
- Stream of consciousness format
- Multiple choice format
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
56. What is an example of a qualitative research design?
A. Case study
B. Questionnaire
C. Experiment
D. Interview
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
57. Which of the following best describes a questionnaire with a closed-question format?
A. Observing people and recording their behaviour either through filming or through written records
B. Participants are allowed to state their own responses following the question
C. Researchers spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, often by actually living among them
D. Participants are provided with specific responses to choose from
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
58. Which of the following best describes a questionnaire with an open-ended question format?
A. Observing people and recording their behaviour either through filming or through written records
B. Participants are allowed to state their own responses following the question
C. Researchers spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, often by actually living among them
D. Participants are provided with specific responses to choose from
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
59. Which of the following research questions would be best examined by a questionnaire?
A. What is the rate of alcohol use of high school students?
B. What are the cognitive abilities of a 3-year-old?
C. How does damage to the brain affect one’s cognitive and behavioural abilities?
D. How do antidepressant drugs minimise depressive symptoms?
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
60. Qualitative data is ____, whereas quantitative data is ____.
A. informed consent; debriefing
B. reliable; valid
C. non-numerical; numerical
D. internally measured; externally measured
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
61. Professor Parks is conducting a research study where he is asking individuals to rate their satisfaction with their first year of college. His questionnaire is based upon a scale where students respond to questions by choosing one of the following descriptors: ‘5. very satisfied; 4. somewhat satisfied; 3. not very satisfied; 2. not at all satisfied’. Professor Parks is gathering ____.
A. valid data
B. quantitative data
C. qualitative data
D. reliable data
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
62. Which of the following best describes ethnographic research?
A. Observing people and recording their behaviour either through filming or through written records
B. Participants are allowed to state their own responses following the question
C. Researchers spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, often by actually living among them
D. Participants are provided with specific responses to choose from
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
63. Observational methods have an advantage over questionnaires and interviews in that they involve _____.
A. the reporting of behaviour by a close relative of the participant
B. actual behaviour rather than self-reports of behaviour
C. the self-reporting of behaviour
D. less-involved data analysis
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
64. Clarence Maloney is a cultural anthropologist. Having lived with individuals from the Republic of Maldives in the Indian Ocean, he has chronicled their daily lives and provided detailed descriptions of this cultural group to the scientific community. Currently, climatologists and anthropologists are working together to illustrate how rising sea levels have changed the daily behaviours of these people and are comparing it to what Maloney had described in the past. Which of the following best describes the type of research that Clarence Maloney conducted?
A. An ethnography
B. A quasi-experiment
C. A correlation
D. A survey
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
65. What type of research method involves researchers spending a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, often by actually living among them?
A. ethnographic research
B. on-site research
C. group-processing research
D. survey research
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
66. A book that presents an anthropologist’s observations of what life is like in a particular culture is known as a(n) _____.
A. biography
B. ethnography
C. groupography
D. anthrography
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
67. What is the main disadvantage of the ethnographic method?
A. It is a flawed method.
B. Most groups usually will not allow researchers to study them.
C. Researchers do not place any validity on the design.
D. It requires a great deal of time and sacrifice on the part of the researcher.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
68. What research method entails the detailed examination of the life of one person or a small number of people?
A. survey
B. interview
C. case study
D. experiment
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
69. What is a disadvantage of the case study method? The results are ____.
A. not valid
B. difficult to generalise
C. usually exaggerated by the participant
D. too difficult to analyse
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
70. Jean Piaget based his ideas about infants’ cognitive development on his detailed observations of his own three children. This is an example of what research method?
A. survey
B. interview
C. case study
D. experiment
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
71. A study measuring heart rate, body temperature, and hormone levels is taking what type of measurements?
A. biological
B. ethnographic
C. case study
D. experimental
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
72. ____ refers to the consistency of measures, whereas ____ refers to the truthfulness of a measurement.
A. Reliability; validity
B. Validity; reliability
C. Variance from the mean; standardisation
D. Standardisation; variance from the mean
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
73. ____ refers to the consistency of measurements—if a research method obtains similar results on different occasions.
A. Standardisation
B. Measurability
C. Validity
D. Reliability
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
74. ____ refers to the truthfulness of a method—if a research method measures what it claims to measure.
A. Variance from the mean
B. Validity
C. Reliability
D. Standardisation
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
75. ____ are programs intended to change the attitudes or behaviours of the participants.
A. Interventions
B. Primary preventions
C. Experiments
D. Confounding variables
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
76. The ____ variable is the variable that is different for the experimental group than for the control group. The ____ variable is the outcome that is measured to calculate the results of the experiment.
A. quasi-experimental; correlational
B. correlational; quasi-experimental
C. dependent; independent
D. independent; dependent
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
77. The ____ variable is the variable that is different for the experimental group than for the control group.
A. quasi-experimental
B. correlational
C. dependent
D. independent
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
78. The ____ variable is the outcome that is measured to calculate the results of the experiment.
A. quasi-experimental
B. correlational
C. dependent
D. independent
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
79. In an experiment, what group receives the treatment?
A. Experimental group
B. Comparison group
C. Cohort group
D. Control group
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
80. In an experiment, what group does NOT receive the treatment?
A. Experimental group
B. Comparison group
C. Cohort group
D. Control group
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
81. According to the text, what variable in an experiment is different for the experimental group than for the control group?
A. Extraneous variable
B. Control variable
C. Dependent variable
D. Independent variable
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
82. According to the text, what variable in an experiment is measured to calculate the results of the experiment?
A. Extraneous variable
B. Control variable
C. Dependent variable
D. Independent variable
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
83. What is the advantage of the experimental method?
A. It can detect correlations.
B. It allows for a high degree of control over the participant’s behaviour.
C. It helps describe the behaviour of a single participant.
D. It follows a group of participants over many phases of measurement.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
84. In order to measure aggressiveness in toddlers, a researcher sat on a park bench for an afternoon and observed children playing on the slides and climbing equipment. To get clean results, it was very important that the toddlers not know that someone was observing them. What type of experiment would best fit these criteria?
A. Ethnography
B. Case study
C. Experimental research strategy
D. Natural experiment
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
85. A ____ is a situation that exists naturally but that provides interesting scientific information to the perceptive observer.
A. holistic experiment
B. natural experiment
C. random experiment
D. quasi-experiment
Learning Objective: 1.14
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
86. According to the text, what type of experiment occurs when the researcher does not control the variables in a particular environment but provides interesting scientific information to the perceptive observer?
A. Developmental experiment
B. Natural experiment
C. Accidental experiment
D. Qualitative experiment
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
87. What research term refers to the consistency of measurements?
A. Validity
B. Reliability
C. Correlation
D. Generalisation
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
88. According to the text, what research term refers to the truthfulness of a method?
A. Validity
B. Reliability
C. Correlation
D. Generalisation
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
89. If you are diabetic, you want a glucose monitor that provides consistent results. In other words, if you tested your blood sugar five times in a row, it should show the same reading across all five measurements. A criteria for a good glucose monitor would be one that has high
A. validity.
B. reliability.
C. correlation.
D. generalisation.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
90. If you are diabetic, you want a glucose monitor that accurately tests your blood sugar. It would be dangerous if it gave you an inaccurate reading. Using this criteria, a good glucose monitor would be one that has high
A. validity.
B. reliability.
C. correlation.
D. generalisation.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
91. In ____ research, data is collected on a sample of people on a single occasion. Then, the researcher examines potential relations between variables in the data, based on the hypotheses of the study.
A. semi-reliable
B. quasi-lateral
C. longitudinal
D. cross-sectional
Learning Objective: 1.15
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
92. Professor Cook is conducting a research study on the cognitive abilities of infants and young children. Rather than follow subjects from birth to the age of 10, he assesses small groups from various ages. Of 1-year-olds he measures five children, of 2-year-olds he measures five different children and so forth. By the time he has completed his study, Dr. Cook has an assessment of 50 different children from 10 different age groups. Which of the following describes the research method that Dr. Cook is using?
A. A cross-sectional design
B. A longitudinal design
C. A quasi-experimental design
D. A semi-reliable design
Learning Objective: 1.15
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
93. What type of design collects data on a sample of people on a single occasion?
A. Survey method
B. Longitudinal method
C. Cross-sectional method
D. Correlational method
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
94. What is the main strength of a cross-sectional study? It can ____.
A. isolate the influence of a generation
B. be completed quickly and inexpensively
C. assess the influence of time between measurements
D. assess the strength of a relationship
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
95. A(n) __________ is a statistical relationship between two variables, such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other.
A. correlation
B. theory
C. experiment
D. quasi-experiment
Learning Objective: 1.15
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
96. A(n) ____ means that when one variable increases, the other increases as well; a(n) ____ means that when one variable increases, the other decreases.
A. positive correlation; negative correlation
B. negative correlation; positive correlation
C. additive correlation; subtractive correlation
D. subtractive correlation; additive correlation
Learning Objective: 1.15
Difficulty: Complex
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
97. Which of the following is an example of a positive correlation?
A. Exercise and physical health
B. Immunisations and illnesses
C. Poor weather conditions and motor vehicle accidents
D. Gas prices and the rate of driving
Learning Objective: 1.15
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
98. Which of the following is an example of a negative correlation?
A. Exercise and physical health
B. Study time and grades
C. Exposure to sunlight and plant growth
D. Gas prices and the rate of driving
Learning Objective: 1.15
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
99. It is a basic statistical principle of scientific research that ____, meaning that when two variables are correlated, it is not possible to tell whether one variable ___ the other.
A. the standard curve is always correlational; is expressed by
B. quasi-experiments have functionality; is related to
C. correlation does not imply causation; caused
D. hypotheses always support the theory; acted as a catalyst for
Learning Objective: 1.15
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
100. What type of correlation occurs when both variables increase in the same direction together?
A. Positive correlation
B. Negative correlation
C. Inverse correlation
D. Multiple correlation
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
101. What type of correlation occurs when one variable increases while the other variable decreases?
A. Positive correlation
B. Negative correlation
C. No correlation
D. Multiple correlation
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
102. A(n) ____ design is one in which the same persons are followed over time and data are collected on two or more occasions.
A. ethnographic research
B. quasi-experimental research
C. longitudinal research
D. cross-sectional research
Learning Objective: 1.15
Difficulty: Basic
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
103. Dr. Mitchell is conducting a research study on temperament. As a basis of this study, he plans to follow 1,000 subjects from the age of 5 to the age of 35. At periodic times he will revisit subjects and their temperament. Dr. Mitchell’s research study is planned to last for 30 years. Which of the following best describes the type of research Dr. Mitchell is conducting?
A. Ethnographic research
B. Quasi-experimental research
C. Longitudinal research
D. Cross-sectional research
Learning Objective: 1.15
Difficulty: Moderate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
104. A basic statistical principle of scientific research is that correlation _____.
A. indicates causation
B. does not imply causation
C. implies causation if it is significantly positive
D. implies causation if it is significantly negative
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
105. What type of design follows the same group of people over time and collects data on two or more occasions?
A. Survey method
B. Longitudinal method
C. Cross-sectional method
D. Correlational method
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
106. What effect occurs when the performance of people of different ages varies because they grew up in different generations?
A. Gender effect
B. Time of measurement effect
C. Age effect
D. Cohort effect
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
107. What term describes when participants drop out of a longitudinal study?
A. Selective survival
B. Attrition
C. Cohort effect
D. Selective sampling
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.15
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
Short
Difficulty: Basic
Learning Objective: 1.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method
109. Give an example of qualitative data. Can a researcher turn interview data into quantitative data? Explain.
Answers will vary. Example: A researcher could ask students about their hoped-for self and feared self in an interview. Responses could then be coded into categories, such as health, education and family.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
110. Questionnaires are the most commonly used research method in the social sciences. Are there any disadvantages? Explain.
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
111. What is ethnographic research and are there any disadvantages?
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
112. Who was Doddy and how did Darwin study him?
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 1.14
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
A-head: How we study human development: research methods and designs
Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
113. In 1947, Sidney Farber injected a two-year-old boy who had leukaemia with various versions of an experimental drug that led to remission. By the next year he had treated 16 patients and had enough data for a publication. Parents were sometimes told about the drug trial, but often it was after the fact. Children were almost never informed or consulted. Authorities at Children’s Hospital in Boston were infuriated at these clinical trials; they figured that because these children were on their deathbeds anyways, it would be better to ‘let them die in peace’. Can clinical trials such as these be carried out with children today? Why or why not?
Difficulty: Complex
Learning Objective: 1.13
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
A-head: How we study human development: the scientific method