Arnett, Human Development: A Cultural Approach, First edition

Chapter 3: Birth and the newborn child

Section 1: Birth and its cultural context

Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. According to the text, oxytocin is released from the _____.

1. foetus’s liver
2. mother’s uterus
3. foetus’s placenta
4. mother’s pituitary gland

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

2. ____ is the hormone that is released by the mother’s pituitary gland that is responsible for initiating contractions in the uterus as a precursor to labour.

1. Androgen
2. Oestrogen
3. Testosterone
4. Oxytocin

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

3. What happens when the amount of oxytocin in a human female’s blood reaches a certain threshold?

1. The likelihood of conception is at its highest.
2. The birth process begins.
3. Labour pain decreases considerably.
4. Lactation begins.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

4. How many stages are there in the birth process?

1. 2
2. 3
3. 4
4. 5

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

5. Which of the following represents the correct order of the birth process?

1. Delivery of the placenta and umbilical cord, labour, delivery of the baby
2. Delivery of the baby, delivery of the placenta and umbilical cord, labour
3. Labour, delivery of the baby, delivery of the placenta and umbilical cord
4. Delivery of the placenta and umbilical cord, delivery of the baby, labour

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

6. What is the first stage of the birth process – and also the longest and most taxing stage?

1. Labour
2. Braxton Hicks
3. Crowning
4. Transition

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

7. For first births, what is the average length of labour?

1. 6 hours
2. 12 hours
3. 24 hours
4. 36 hours

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

8. What is the average length of labour for second or subsequent births?

1. 6 hours
2. 12 hours
3. 24 hours
4. 36 hours

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

9. Your brother and sister-in-law are discussing their plan to get to the hospital for the delivery of their first child. They are concerned about how quickly they could get to the hospital. You should tell them:

1. That is a very good plan. You cannot get to the hospital quickly enough.
2. Labour for first pregnancies is 24 hours, so you could book a flight to a different city and still make it to the hospital.
3. I would not really worry about it too much; the average labour for first pregnancies is 12 hours. You should be able to make it!
4. Since they live in the city, they should take a cab; many children are born in cabs and cab drivers know what they are doing.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

10. During the process of labour, what needs to dilate to 10 centimetres (4.5 inches)?

1. The cervix
2. The uterus
3. The fallopian tubes
4. The ovaries

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

11. You are at one of your last scheduled prenatal office visits and the doctor determined that your cervix has dilated to 10 centimetres. What should happen next?

1. You should get to the hospital; you are ready to deliver the baby!
2. You probably have at least a week of pregnancy left.
3. Your doctor just made up that number.
4. Something is not good; cervixes do not dilate to 10 centimetres.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

12. ____ is/are responsible for the discomfort and pain associated with the labour birth process stages.

1. Increased blood pressure
2. Low blood sugar
3. Muscular contractions
4. Increased adrenaline

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

13. The second stage of the birthing process is called _____.

1. labour
2. delivery
3. transition
4. crowning

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

14. On average, how long does the second stage of the birth process, delivery, last?

1. 15–30 minutes
2. 30 minutes–1 hour
3. 1–5 hours
4. 12–24 hours

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

15. What is it called when the foetus’s head appears at the outer opening of the vagina?

1. Birth
2. Transition
3. Delivery
4. Crowning

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

16. You are all waiting at home for the birth of your nephew. Your brother texts you and writes that he can see the top of the head. Your little sister asks what that means and you tell her that ____.

1. labour will take another 2 to 3 hours
2. something must be wrong and the head is stuck
3. your nephew is being born in the breech position
4. your brother’s partner is in the crowning stage of labour and your nephew is about ready to be born

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

17. ____ describes the stage when the foetus’s head appears at the outer opening of the vagina.

1. Emerging
2. Turtling
3. Crowning
4. Exiting

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

18. What is the name of the procedure in which an incision is made to make the vaginal opening larger during birth?

1. Crowning
2. Episiotomy
3. Vaginalectomy
4. Amniocentesis

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

19. Your best friend has recently had a 4.3 kilograms baby after a long and exhausting labour. She tells you that during labour, her doctor performed an episiotomy to help ease the birth process. During this procedure, _____.

1. an incision is made to make the vaginal opening larger to prevent tearing
2. the foetus is delivered surgically
3. amniotic fluid is extracted so that genetic testing can be done
4. the foetus is in ‘distress’

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

20. The purpose of the episiotomy is to ____.

1. make the mother’s vagina less likely to tear as the foetus’s head comes out
2. cut open the mother’s abdomen and retrieve the baby directly from the uterus
3. help the family manage their anxiety
4. assist the delivery process by placing a suction on the foetus’s head and applying slight force

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

21. About _____ in five Australian mothers had an episiotomy in 2014.

1. one
2. two
3. three
4. four

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

22. What occurs during the third and final stage of labour?

1. The amniotic sac ruptures.
2. The foetus’s head crowns.
3. The foetus is born.
4. The placenta and umbilical cord are expelled.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

23. During what stage is the umbilical cord usually cut and tied?

1. Crowning
2. Active labour
3. Transitional labour
4. The third stage of birth

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.1

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

24. What are the common complications of the birth process?

1. Failure to progress and breech presentation
2. Inverted infant and hormonal stress
3. Caesarean delivery and epidural
4. Foetal heart rate and foetal monitoring

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

25. ____ means that the woman has begun the birth process but the process is taking longer than normal.

1. Caesarean section
2. Breech presentation
3. Failure to progress
4. Nonorganic failure to thrive

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

26. When birth has begun but the process is taking longer than normal, what is happening?

1. Failure to progress
2. Problematic labour
3. The increased likelihood that triplets are being born
4. The third stage of labour

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

27. You and your family are anxiously awaiting the birth of your niece. You see one of the nurses and ask how things are going. She tells you that this might be a while because your sister is experiencing ‘failure to progress’. Your grandmother overhears the conversation and becomes very uneasy. What do you tell her?

1. Not to worry, that simply means that labour is taking longer than they expected.
2. The foetus is probably going to be born breech.
3. The foetus is in ‘distress’ and an emergency caesarean section will likely be performed.
4. The cervix has not dilated at all.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

28. What is a strategy that can be used in labour if failure to progress occurs?

1. Sitting
2. Walking
3. Labour massage
4. Active stretching

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

29. According to the text, if failure to progress continues for some time, what can be given to stimulate labour?

1. Oxygen
2. Gonadotropin
3. Synthetic oxytocin
4. Follicle stimulating hormone

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

30. Tokiko is 9 months pregnant and her doctor just gave her a dose of a synthetic oxytocin. Why would a doctor administer this at the end of her pregnancy?

1. It will help increase the lung capacity of the baby.
2. This will help her progress through the third stage of labour.
3. Oxytocin will help stimulate contractions and progress labour.
4. This helps the placenta be delivered.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

31. What position is the foetus in when it is in a breech presentation?

1. Feet or buttocks down
2. Head down, face away from mother’s spine
3. Head down, face towards mother’s spine
4. Horizontal

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

32. When the foetus is turned around so the feet or the buttocks are positioned towards the birth canal, it is known as ____.

1. upside-down baby
2. inverted foetus
3. F-B presentation
4. breech position

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

33. What percentage of foetuses is present in the breech position?

1. 4%
2. 20%
3. 36%
4. 50%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

34. Breech births are potentially dangerous because the _____.

1. umbilical cord can be constricted, leading to brain damage
2. foetus can get stuck in the birth canal
3. foetus’s heart might stop beating
4. mother can lose consciousness

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

35. If the umbilical cord is constricted during delivery, which of the following is a potential danger for the foetus?

1. Insufficient oxygen and brain damage
2. A toxic buildup of iron in the blood stream
3. Elevated blood pressure and higher than normal heart rate
4. Slow capillary refill, and cold and clammy skin

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

36. What birthing procedure involves removing the foetus from the uterus surgically?

1. Fetalectomy
2. Vaginal birth
3. Caesarean birth
4. Episiotomy

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

37. Which of the following best describes a caesarean delivery?

1. A delivery process that takes longer than normal
2. When the cervix is dilated to 10 centimetres wide
3. Surgically opening the mother’s abdomen and retrieving the baby directly from the uterus
4. When the foetus is turned around so that the feet or the buttocks is presented in the birth canal first

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

38. Until recently, caesarean was a risky surgical procedure because the field of medicine lacked ____.

1. sharp scalpels and rubber gloves
2. sterile procedures and antibiotics
3. anaesthesia and epidurals
4. a basic understanding of anatomy and physiology

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

39. Mehrak is HIV-positive and pregnant. Her physician wants to minimise the risk of the virus being transmitted to her child. Which of the following will help minimise the risk of HIV transmission?

1. Having a vaginal birth
2. Having a caesarean section
3. Having a breech presentation
4. Having a short prenatal period

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

40. According to the text, what is the likely reason for the high rate of caesarean births in some parts of the world?

1. So that physicians can become wealthy
2. To give surgeons practice
3. To avoid a potential disaster during birth
4. Because vaginal deliveries are dangerous

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

41. Over the course of evolutionary history, the female body and pelvis did not grow in size, but the human brain’s size _____.

1. decreased by half
2. did not change
3. doubled
4. more than tripled

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

42. Why has birth for humans become increasingly difficult?

1. Because humans have such extraordinarily large brains.
2. Because humans are more likely to have genetic difficulties.
3. Because humans are the only species to have single births.
4. Because humans are so immature at the time of birth.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

43. Compared to other animals, the birth process for human beings is complicated by _____.

1. the size of the infant’s head
2. the infant’s muscle-to-fat ratio
3. the amount of amniotic fluid expelled
4. the mother’s expectation of the birthing process

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

44. Medical knowledge has led to methods that genuinely help mothers and babies only during the past ____.

1. 200 years
2. 100 years
3. 50 years
4. 10 years

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

45. When did the field of obstetrics first emerge in the field of medicine?

1. 17th century
2. 18th century
3. 19th century
4. 20th century

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

46. Most births throughout history were administered by _____.

1. midwives
2. nurses
3. physicians
4. shamans

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

47. Medical schools were established throughout Europe from the early ______ century.

1. 16th
2. 17th
3. 18th
4. 19th

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

48. The first doctors in Australia were primarily from ________.

1. Africa
2. Germany
3. The United States
4. England

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

49. What is the name of a tong-like apparatus that was used to extract the baby’s head from the womb?

1. Foetal monitor
2. Suction
3. Forceps
4. Transvaginal stirrup

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

50. ____ were commonly used before the 18th century to latch onto the baby’s head to help extract it from the womb.

1. Claws
2. Forceps
3. Fires
4. Hooks

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

51. From the earlier half of the 20th century to 1973, the use of midwives _____.

1. steadily increased
2. steadily decreased
3. remained steady
4. was nonexistent

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

52. What percentage of births is assisted by midwives in Norway?

1. 10%
2. 33%
3. 65%
4. 96%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

53. __________ has one of the lowest rates of maternal mortality.

1. Africa
2. Australia
3. The United States
4. India

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

54. Maternal mortality has ______ since 1980, but is highest for _______.

1. been rising steadily; Latinos
2. dropped steeply; African Americans
3. remained the same; Whites
4. been rising steadily; African Americans

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

55. Childbed fever was vanquished in the 1940s in the United States and Europe when obstetricians began to _____.

1. start making house calls
2. use vaccinations
3. wash their hands
4. use aspirin and acetaminophen

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

56. The use of drugs for pain relief during labour caused what problems during the 20th century?

1. Maternal haemorrhaging
2. Breathing difficulties in babies
3. Stillbirth
4. A and B

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

57. What was the name of the method used to heavily medicate women in labour so that they became less inhibited, which helped them to relax and promote cervical dilation?

1. Twilight sleep
2. Drug-induced coma
3. Hypnosis
4. Labour napping

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

58. From the 1930s through the 1960s, it was standard practice in hospitals in Western countries to ____.

1. have women in labour walk between contractions
2. prevent women from entering hospitals until active labour
3. heavily medicate women in labour
4. encourage women in labour to deliver at home

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

59. ____ is a drug-and-technology-free approach to childbearing.

1. Obstetrician-assisted childbirth
2. Lamaze
3. Bradley
4. Natural childbirth

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

60. What type of childbirth technique has been found to lower women’s anxiety about birth and help them feel more knowledgeable and more in control of the birth process?

1. Twilight sleep
2. Natural childbirth
3. Caesarean birth
4. Puffing childbirth

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

61. What technique of labour rejects medical technology and interventions and promotes breathing techniques to diminish pain?

1. Twilight sleep
2. Natural childbirth
3. Caesarean birth
4. Puffing childbirth

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

62. In developed countries prior to the 1950s, who was excluded from childbirth?

1. Fathers
2. Nurses
3. Physicians
4. Midwives

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

63. Your grandfather was born in 1938, and you’re curious about how his father felt while he was in the delivery room. Unfortunately, he tells you he can’t be much help. Why not?

1. Fathers were almost always excluded from childbirth.
2. Nurses were excluded from childbirth.
3. Physicians were excluded from childbirth.
4. Midwives were excluded from childbirth.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

64. According to the text, some Western advocates of natural childbirth ____.

1. eat the placenta
2. bury the placenta
3. burn the placenta
4. make a skin lotion from the placenta

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

65. Where did the belief that woman are spiritually unclean after giving birth come from?

1. The desire to control the pain and peril of childbirth
2. The idea that blood and afterbirth is unclean
3. The thought that giving birth lower’s one’s social status
4. None of the above

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

66. According to the text, why do traditional cultures have many beliefs that the childbirth puts women in a state of being spiritually unclean?

1. They believe that pregnant women are possessed.
2. They believe that the foetus is evil.
3. Birth requires spiritual intervention.
4. Birth is often dangerous.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

67. In regards to the birth process, which of the following best describes the belief of many traditional cultures?

1. It is unfair that men do not have a similar process.
2. Only women of status should have the right to bear children.
3. It puts the woman in the state of being spiritually unclean.
4. It is socially inappropriate and should not be rewarded in any way.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

68. If a culture believes that the birth process is spiritually unclean, which of the following is more likely to occur?

1. Infant will have to be cleansed immediately following birth.
2. Birth will most likely take place in a location where most people do not reside.
3. Mother will have to travel to the city and give birth in a hospital.
4. The family must pray to the Birthing Gods before the birthing process can occur.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

69. From a traditional cultural perspective, which person will most likely assist the birth process?

1. An older man
2. A middle-aged man
3. A young woman
4. An older woman

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

70. In traditional cultures, who invariably assists the mother in the birth process?

1. The father
2. The oldest daughter
3. Older women
4. Nurses

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

71. A classmate just returned from an educational trip to a traditional culture. During her visit, she was surprised that a father is not involved at all during the process of labour. Who is more likely to assist the mother through labour and delivery?

1. The father
2. The oldest daughter
3. Older women
4. Nurses

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

72. A ____ is the person who helps with the birth process; she is generally older and has direct experience or has been trained at assisting births.

1. nanny
2. midwife
3. wet nurse
4. shaman

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

73. Midwives tend to be ______.

1. young women
2. sisters of the woman giving birth
3. older women who have never had children
4. older women who have had children

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

74. A midwife is ____.

1. a female who serves as a surrogate breastfeeder for an infant’s mother who is unable to lactate
2. generally a female who is trained or has direct experience with the birth process
3. a trained physician who is skilled at monitoring the prenatal period and delivering babies
4. a village elder who is knowledgeable about and connected to the spiritual world

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

75. Midwives often give a pregnant mother ____________ to prevent miscarriage and promote health development of the foetus.

1. herbal tea
2. chiropractic adjustments
3. acupuncture
4. red meat

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

76. In many cultures in _____ and South America, foods are classified as ‘hot’ or ‘cold’, and the mothers are forbidden from eating ‘hot’ foods.

1. Asia
2. Africa
3. North America
4. Europe

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

77. Which of the following is a common practice used by midwives in both developing and developed nations?

1. Magical rituals
2. Massages
3. Caesarean sections
4. Epidurals

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

78. What is one of the reasons that midwives perform abdominal massage?

1. To determine the position of the foetus
2. To determine the sex of the foetus
3. To determine the size of the foetus
4. To determine the length of the foetus

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

79. On a recent trip abroad with her sociology course, your roommate mostly visited traditional cultures. She witnessed abdominal massage being performed with a pregnant woman, but was not sure what information was gathered during the process. You were able to tell her that through abdominal massage, the midwife was listening to what the pregnant woman was experiencing and also was also determining the ____.

1. position of the foetus
2. sex of the foetus
3. size of the foetus
4. length of the foetus

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

80. Injecting an aesthetic drug into the spinal cord is referred to as a(n) ____.

1. ultrasound
2. epidural
3. subcutaneous injection
4. episiotomy

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

81. ____ involves injecting an aesthetic drug into a mother’s spinal fluid to help her manage the pain while also remaining alert.

1. A caesarean section
2. An epidural
3. Amniocentesis
4. Braxton Hicks

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

82. Nearly all cultures have some kind of ____ position that is used during the birthing process.

1. vertical
2. inverted
3. upright
4. left lateral

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

83. In the 20th century, which of the following was the most common position used during the birth process?

1. Supine
2. Upright
3. Lying flat
4. Squatting

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

84. What makes delivery much more difficult for the woman?

1. Lying flat on her back
2. Squatting
3. Kneeling
4. Leaning back on a hammock

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

85. Your spouse is pregnant and you were both discussing the process of labour. When your grandmothers gave birth, they did so in a delivery room in a particular position, which was also the worst position to be in when in delivery. What position was that?

1. Lying flat on her back
2. Squatting
3. Kneeling
4. Leaning on a hammock

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

86. When comparing positions used for the birth process, kneeling or squatting has an advantage over lying flat because it makes use of _____.

1. Centripetal force
2. Gravity
3. Pelvic muscles
4. The uterine wall

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

87. What is the liquid substance that is placed into the vagina to speed up the process of delivering the placenta in traditional cultures?

1. A saline solution
2. A medicated balm
3. An effervescent brine
4. A douche

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

88. What is the name of the device that tracks the foetus’s heartbeat?

1. Foetal heart rate machine
2. Perinatal monitor
3. Electronic foetal monitor
4. Neonatal heart rate monitor

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

89. Which of the following is a device that is used to track the foetus’s heartbeat via a monitor that attaches externally to the mother’s abdomen, or directly by running a wire through the cervix and placing a sensor on the foetus’s scalp?

1. Electronic foetal monitor
2. Amniocentesis
3. Epidural
4. Electroencephalograph

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

90. In Australia, nitrous oxide is used by what percentage of mothers?

1. 54%
2. 70%
3. 85%
4. 100%

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

91. What is one potential contributor to the increase in unnecessary caesarean deliveries?

1. Misinterpreting electronic foetal monitor results
2. Drug usage during pregnancy
3. Panicky fathers in the delivery room
4. Obese mothers

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

92. You are the birthing coach for your best friend, who is in labour at the hospital. As you enter the birthing room, the foetal monitor alarm sounds. What is likely to happen?

1. Nothing. No one pays attention to foetal monitors today.
2. Your friend will have an intense abdominal massage.
3. There is a good chance that your friend will have a caesarean delivery.
4. The foetus will be born with a genetic or chromosomal disorder.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

93. Which of the following are two primary reasons why maternal mortality has decreased during the birthing process in developed countries?

1. Improvements in standardisation for midwives
2. Improvements in healthcare reimbursements
3. Improvements in worldwide standards for physicians
4. Improvements in nutrition and healthcare access

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.6

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

Short

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

95. Name at least one part of the world where rates of caesarean sections are low. Explain why.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.2

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: the birth process

96. Describe the meaning of the placenta in a culture that is different from your own. Include rituals that occur involving the placenta.

Answers will vary, but might include believing that the placenta has a soul of its own, and therefore is given a special burial similar to one a person in that culture would have.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

97. What is twilight sleep and would you have wanted to experience it? Why or why not?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.3

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

98. Describe what birth is like for women in at least one culture where the birth process is accompanied by fear rather than purely celebration. If possible, specify the country.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.4

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

99. Describe a technological advance that has made birth safer for the mothers and babies in developed countries. Are there potential drawbacks to consider? Explain.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.5

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Birth and its cultural context: historical and cultural variations

Section 2: The neonate

Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. What is one evolutionary adaptation to assist in delivering the foetus?

1. Foetus is smaller than expected.
2. Foetus’s skull is not yet fused.
3. Vaginal opening is very large.
4. Foetus still has a very small brain.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

2. What are the ‘soft spots’ on a neonate called?

1. Sutures
2. Cranium areas
3. Fontanels
4. Soft spots

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

3. Your friend just brought her newborn home and was very concerned that her baby’s head was not right. There were two spots that seemed like the skull did not close. She thinks that there is a problem; what do you think?

1. There is no problem. Those spots are fontanels and are supposed to be there.
2. You think that she should have her baby get corrective surgery before anyone else sees her.
3. You are not sure, but you think that she should take her baby to her doctor as soon as possible.
4. It appears to you that the baby might have bone cancer.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

4. How long will it take before the pieces of the skull grow together and the fontanels disappear?

1. 6 months
2. 12 months
3. 18 months
4. 24 months

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

5. What is the average length of a neonate?

1. 45 centimetres
2. 50 centimetres
3. 55 centimetres
4. 60 centimetres

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

6. What is the average weight of a neonate?

1. 2.7 kilograms
2. 3.4 kilograms
3. 4 kilograms
4. 4.7 kilograms

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

7. Neonates tend to lose about ____% of their weight in their first few days because they lose fluids.

1. 5
2. 10
3. 15
4. 20

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

8. Neonates tend to lose about 10% of their birth weight. After how many days does a neonate begin to regain the lost weight?

1. 2 days
2. 5 days
3. 8 days
4. 11 days

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

9. When your neighbours brought their baby home from the hospital, he weighed less than at birth. They were very concerned; what would you tell them?

1. They probably need to try to feed the newborn more frequently.
2. It is normal for babies to lose weight right after birth. He should regain the weight before a couple of weeks go by.
3. The wife probably cannot breastfeed and they should start formula feeding immediately.
4. He must have an eating disorder.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

10. How long does it take before the neonate has regained all of the weight that he or she lost right after birth?

1. 2 weeks
2. 3 weeks
3. 4 weeks
4. 5 weeks

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

11. What condition occurs in which neonates have a yellowish look to their skin and eyeballs?

1. Kidney dysfunction
2. Renal failure
3. Jaundice
4. Epidermal fungus

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

12. When Julius was born, his skin colour and eyeballs looked yellowish, and he was given phototherapy where he was exposed to blue light. Julius was born with neonatal ____.

1. anaemia
2. jaundice
3. colic
4. hypertension

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

13. Why does neonatal jaundice occur?

1. Foetus does not eat enough.
2. Mother is not capable of breastfeeding.
3. Heart is accumulating fluid.
4. Liver is immature and not functioning properly yet.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

14. Your neighbours just had their baby today. They noticed that she had a yellow tint to her skin. They were really worried. What do you think?

1. You think that it is the lighting in the hospital.
2. The yellow tint means that she is very hungry and needs to be fed more often.
3. The baby must have accidentally been given something to which she is allergic.
4. The yellow tint is jaundice, which should correct itself fairly quickly.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

15. When do most neonates begin breathing?

1. After the physician slaps their bottom
2. Just before they are born
3. As soon as they are exposed to air
4. 2 minutes after birth

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

16. Deprivation of oxygen is referred to as ____.

1. brain damage
2. anoxia
3. neonatal lung immaturity
4. jaundice

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

17. ____ is a condition where an infant is deprived of oxygen, which results in swift and massive death of brain cells.

1. Hypertension
2. Jaundice
3. Anoxia
4. Tachycardia

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

18. After learning that her newborn son’s birth involved anoxia, Roxanne (a knowledgeable nurse) would most likely ask:

1. How long until my scar heals?
2. How long was the cord wrapped around his neck?
3. Did the cervix ever dilate?
4. Is such a premature birth normal?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

19. Who devised the Apgar scale?

1. Dr. Thomas Apgar
2. Dr. Virginia Apgar
3. Dr. Jeff Arnett
4. Dr. Yuthica Kim

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

20. The Apgar scale assesses colour, heart rate, breathing, muscle tone and ____.

1. weight
2. speed of responding
3. reflexes
4. strength

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

21. Which of the following areas are measured by the Apgar scale?

1. sleepiness, blood pressure, heart rate and pulse
2. appearance, pulse, grimace, activity and respiration
3. iron levels, blood glucose, heart rate and blood pressure
4. blood pressure, heart rate, blood glucose and respiration

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

22. Which is NOT an Apgar factor?

1. Size
2. Colour
3. Respiration
4. Muscle tone

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

23. Your sister and brother-in-law just had a baby. They were a bit confused because they were told that their baby had a score of 7 and then a 10. At first they were joking that that meant that their baby girl was very beautiful. What would you tell them?

1. Those were scores that all doctors and nurses use to indicate attractiveness of a newborn.
2. Those scores were estimates of later intelligence and range from 1 to 10.
3. Those were scores for the Apgar scale that ranges from 1 to 10.
4. Those particular scores indicate how pink a neonate is.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

24. Why is a neonate rated on the Apgar scoring system at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes after birth?

1. The mother insists on it.
2. Physicians are likely to make a mistake.
3. The neonate cries too much at the first assessment.
4. Neonate’s condition can change quickly.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

25. What range of the Apgar scores indicates that a neonate is in good to excellent condition?

1. 1–3
2. 4–6
3. 7–10
4. 10 or greater

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

26. Your friend just gave birth and tells you that the baby’s Apgar score was a 10. What can you assume about the baby’s condition?

1. The baby is in critical condition because an Apgar score of 10 is extremely low.
2. The baby is doing extremely well because an Apgar score of 10 is the highest.
3. The baby is doing OK because an Apgar score of 10 is in the middle of the range.
4. The baby is doing well because an Apgar score of 10 is just beneath the highest of 15.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

27. For Australian infants, what percentage are born with an Apgar score of 7 to 10?

1. 52%
2. 64%
3. 76%
4. 98%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

28. An Apgar score in which range indicates that the neonate is in life-threatening danger?

1. 1–3
2. 4–6
3. 7–10
4. 10 or greater

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

29. The Apgar score is not only useful in determining neonate’s status at birth, but also predicts ____.

1. the likelihood of death in the first month of life
2. adult height
3. risk of cancer in childhood
4. scores on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale at 2 months

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

30. The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale is comprised of 27 items that an infant is assessed on. Which of the following are a few of those items?

1. Temperament, personality and reactivity
2. Reflexes, physical states and responsiveness to social stimulation
3. Appearance, temperament and grimace
4. Capillary refill, blood pressure and heart rate

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

31. On which neonatal assessment scale is the infant assessed on 27 items and receives an overall rating of worrisome, normal or superior?

1. The Apgar scale
2. The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale
3. The Wechsler Infant Intelligence Scale
4. The Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

32. Based upon the assessment of 27 items, the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale categorises infants into one of three categories: ____.

1. sub-average, average or above average
2. below normal, normal or above normal
3. worrisome, normal or superior
4. scary, good or extremely well

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

33. As compared to the Apgar scale, the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale differs in that ____.

1. it has been greatly criticised for being too subjective and lacks scientific support
2. it is only used by midwives, and gynaecologists and obstetricians are not allowed to perform it
3. it has been criticised for being biased towards women from developed countries
4. it is performed about a day after birth and can be given any time within the first 2 months

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

34. When is the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale generally administered?

1. A day prior to birth
2. Immediately after birth and then at 1 year
3. About a day after birth and then a week later
4. When the infant is 1 year old

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

35. What is one of the most important indicators of a neonate’s survival and healthy development?

1. Gestational age
2. The Brazelton score
3. The Apgar score
4. Birth weight

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

36. Your newborn cousin was born at the optimal 40 weeks after gestation, but she was only 4.5 pounds. Should your aunt and uncle be worried?

1. No, this just means that your cousin will always be thin.
2. A little; your cousin is always going to be very short.
3. Yes, birth weight is highly predictive of intelligence.
4. Yes, birth weight is associated with survival and healthy development.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

37. An infant born weighing less than ____ kilograms is considered low birth weight.

1. 2.5
2. 2.9
3. 3.4
4. 3.9

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

38. In order to be considered preterm, an infant must be born before the ____ week of prenatal development.

1. thirty-seventh
2. thirty-eighth
3. thirty-ninth
4. fortieth

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

39. An infant that is born weighing less than 2.5 kilograms and before 37 weeks is considered _____.

1. at risk
2. very small
3. postmature
4. preterm

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

40. According to the text, what are neonates who weigh less than 90% of what they should for their gestational age referred to as?

1. Very light
2. Light for gestational age
3. Small for date
4. Preterm

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

41. Your sister did everything that she could to have a healthy pregnancy, but her baby was born at 33 weeks and was ‘small-for-date’. She is not sure what that means. What would you tell her? This means that her baby was ____.

1. born weighing less than was expected for her gestational age
2. born prematurely
3. very short
4. lucky not to be resuscitated at birth

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

42. Which of the following describes a neonate who was born small-for-date?

1. The circumference of their head is 85% of other infants born at the same gestational age.
2. They weigh less than 90% of other infants born at the same gestational age.
3. They are 10% shorter than other infants born at the same gestational age.
4. Their height is 15% longer than other infants born at the same gestational age.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

43. ____ is defined as the number of weeks since conception.

1. Birth weight
2. Gestational age
3. Pregnancy timeline
4. Small-for-date

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

44. ____ neonates have a four times higher death rate than ____ infants.

1. Small-for-date; preterm
2. Preterm; small-for-date
3. Gestational age; colicky
4. Colicky; gestational age

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

45. Born at 32 weeks after conception, Sasha weighs 900 grams. Given this information, Sasha is best defined as:

1. full-term and normal birth weight
2. preterm and low birth weight
3. preterm and extremely low birth weight
4. overdue and normal birth weight

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

46. Which continents have the highest rates of low-birth-weight neonates?

1. North and South America
2. Europe and Australia
3. Asia and Africa
4. Australia and North America

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

47. What is the current percentage of low-birth-weight neonates in Australia?

1. 7%
2. 18%
3. 28%
4. 38%

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

48. What is the main cause of infants with low birth weight in developed countries?

1. Maternal malnourishment
2. Maternal drug abuse
3. Maternal anaemia
4. Maternal cigarette smoking

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

49. Your roommate is a smoker. You and he are having an argument because he not only thinks that smoking is OK but also thinks it is fine when a pregnant woman smokes – his mother did. You argue that, among other things, women who smoke when pregnant have newborns who are ____.

1. more likely to be low in birth weight, which is not a good start for the baby
2. more sickly, but also more intelligent
3. very energetic and can be hyperactive
4. very likely to have an eating disorder

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

50. For developing countries, the main cause for low-birth-weight neonates is ____, whereas in developed countries it is ____.

1. iron deficiency; HIV
2. HIV; iron deficiency
3. cigarette smoking; malnourishment
4. malnourishment; cigarette smoking

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

51. Low birth weight is the ____ in developed countries.

1. leading cause of death in infancy
2. second most common cause of death in infancy
3. leading cause of intellectual disability
4. second most common cause of mental disabilities

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

52. Low birth weight usually occurs because ____.

1. there was a disruption during prenatal development
2. of factors that researchers have not yet been able to determine
3. of trauma to the placenta
4. of irresponsible parents

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

53. What is that substance that coats the lungs and keeps the air sacs in the lungs from collapsing called?

1. Pulmonary oil
2. Mucus
3. Surfactant
4. Liquivent

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

54. Which of the following is a substance that lubricates the lungs and helps the neonates breathe independently?

1. Surfactant
2. Leptin
3. Acetylcholine
4. White blood cells

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

55. What type of intervention advises mothers and fathers to place their low-birth-weight neonates on their chests for 2–3 hours a day?

1. Papoose care
2. Kangaroo care
3. Marsupial care
4. Frequent contact care

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

56. Your roommate’s brother and sister-in-law just had a baby girl. Their daughter was born with very low birth weight. They did not get much help in terms of advice and are now leaving the hospital after only being there 7 days. What type of close-contact intervention would you advise for them?

1. Papoose care
2. Kangaroo care
3. Marsupial care
4. Frequent contact care

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

57. Based on research, what type of treatment intervention for low-birth-weight neonates helps them to survive their first year?

1. Papoose care
2. Kangaroo care
3. Marsupial care
4. Frequent contact care

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

58. Tatem is a low-birth-weight neonate who now has longer periods of sleep, cries less and has gained weight much faster than other preterm babies. Which of the following treatments would you suspect that Tatem’s parents are using?

1. Calcium supplements
2. Harlow treatments
3. Kangaroo care
4. Montessori care

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

59. What type of intervention for low-birth-weight neonates is so successful that it is used in over 75% of neonatal intensive care units in the United States?

1. Papoose care
2. Kangaroo care
3. Marsupial care
4. Frequent contact care

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

60. What is another very useful technique for assisting low-birth-weight babies?

1. Educating their mothers
2. Smoking cessation program for the parents
3. Infant isolation
4. Infant massage

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

61. Your roommate’s brother and sister-in-law just had a baby girl. Their daughter was born with very low birth weight. What advice can you give them in terms of providing additional care for her?

1. Try infant massage.
2. Leave her in her crib with a bottle to ensure that she gets plenty to eat.
3. Just be calm; there is not much a parent can do at this point.
4. Get an infant monitor so that you can listen to her breathing constantly.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

62. Adolescents who were born with low birth weight were more likely to ____.

1. be obese and have poor muscle tone
2. be depressed and reclusive
3. have low intelligence test scores and more likely to repeat a grade
4. have poor secondary sexual characteristic development

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

63. An adult who was low birth weight is more likely to ____.

1. have brain abnormalities
2. be obese
3. have very short stature
4. have severe psychological problems

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

64. Low-birth-weight babies in either developed or developing countries are most likely to be born to parents who have the ____.

1. highest socio-economic status
2. fewest resources
3. least educational status
4. most children

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

65. How many average hours a day do neonates sleep?

1. 8–10
2. 11–13
3. 16–17
4. 20–22

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

66. Your friends are worried because their newborn sleeps 16 or 17 hours a day. What would you tell them?

1. Their newborn probably has a sleeping disorder.
2. They should try to wake up their neonate every 8 hours.
3. On an average neonates sleep about this amount of time.
4. Sleeping this long is highly associated with laziness during adolescence.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

67. Unlike later in life, a neonate’s sleep–wake patterns are governed by ____.

1. light or dark cues
2. hunger
3. activity level
4. hormonal level

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

68. In terms of sleep, most parents of neonates from developed countries ____.

1. sleep considerably longer than other parents
2. are sleep deprived
3. sleep with their neonates
4. have their neonates sleep with nannies

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

69. One way that neonates’ sleep is distinctive is that they spend a high proportion of their sleep in ____.

1. alpha stage sleep
2. a coma-like sleep
3. a position that is face down
4. rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

70. You are watching your infant sleep and suddenly notice that her eyes sway back and forth from side to side beneath her eyelids. At first you are frightened, but then remember that this phenomenon was described in your textbook and is a normal stage of sleep. Which of the following stages of sleep is your infant in?

1. Hypersleep
2. ESP
3. REM
4. fMRI

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

71. Compared to adults, infants spend ____ in REM sleep.

1. less time
2. more time
3. the same amount of time
4. only the first half of the night

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

72. Whereas adults typically spend about 20% of their time in REM sleep, what percentage of time do neonates spend in REM sleep?

1. 30%
2. 50%
3. 70%
4. 90%

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

73. Adults spend about ____ of their time sleeping in REM, whereas infants spent about ____ of their time sleeping in REM.

1. 5%; 20%
2. 10%; 30%
3. 15%; 40%
4. 20%; 50%

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

74. When neonates fall asleep, they almost always enter ____ instantly.

1. Stage I
2. EKG sleep
3. Non-EFP
4. REM sleep

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

75. While writing a research paper, you propose that infants need a greater amount of sleep than adults because sleep stimulates brain development. Which of the following supports your stance?

1. A neonate’s brain-wave patterns during REM sleep are different from the patterns of an adult.
2. A neonate’s brain is 40% smaller than that of an adult, and REM sleep increases its size.
3. During REM sleep, a neonate appears to be lucid.
4. A neonate spends at least 80% of his or her sleep in REM sleep.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

76. What purpose do researchers believe is served by neonates’ extended periods of REM sleep?

1. It assists neonates in reducing stress.
2. It helps neonates gain weight faster.
3. It stimulates neonates’ brain development.
4. It promotes calm behaviour in neonates.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.9

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

77. What is defined as automatic responses to certain kinds of stimulation?

1. Classical conditioning
2. Voluntary behaviour
3. Reflexes
4. The Apgar score

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

78. Infants are born with 27 automatic responses that occur from being stimulated in certain ways. These automatic responses are known as ____.

1. innate learning
2. conscious behaviours
3. reflexes
4. superficial reactions

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: Physical functioning of the neonate

79. ____ is the reflex that helps the neonates find the nipple before they have learned how to feed from their mother’s breast.

1. Babkin reflex
2. Suckling reflex
3. Moro reflex
4. Rooting reflex

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

80. What helps the neonates find the breast because it causes them to turn their heads and open their mouths when touched on the cheek or side of the mouth?

1. Moro reflex
2. Nursing reflex
3. Grasping reflex
4. Rooting reflex

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

81. When caught off guard by the crash of thunder, 2-month-old Diane arches her back, flails her arms outward and then quickly brings them together in an embrace. Which of the following reflexes did the loud crash of thunder trigger?

1. Babkin reflex
2. Rooting reflex
3. Babinski reflex
4. Moro reflex

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

82. Which of the following appears to have no apparent purpose for the infants?

1. Dive and gag reflexes
2. Moro and rooting reflexes
3. Deep tendon and suckling reflexes
4. Babkin and Babinski reflexes

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

83. The Babinski reflex is when ____.

1. the infant’s leg jerks forward as pressure is exerted on its knee
2. the infant twists its foot inward as the sole of its foot is stroked
3. the infant blinks as a puff of air is blown towards an eye
4. the infant’s eyes track light as it is moved across its plain of view

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

84. What is the earliest sense to develop in neonates?

1. Sight
2. Touch
3. Hearing
4. Smell

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

85. In terms of pain, what did physicians believe about neonates until recent decades?

1. They felt pain very sensitively.
2. They did not feel pain.
3. They could be soothed very quickly.
4. They felt pain in the same manner as adults.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

86. Which taste do neonates prefer?

1. Sweet
2. Sour
3. Bitter
4. Salty

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

87. Some propose infants have a preference for sweet-tasting items as an adaptive principle because ____.

1. adults have a preference for sweets
2. sweet things have more calories
3. breast milk is slightly sweet
4. they have an aversion to bitter foods

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

88. ____ is the ability to distinguish where a sound originates.

1. Hemispheric separation
2. Sound localisation
3. The Doppler Effect
4. Auditory monitoring

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

89. Researchers used a devise to measure sucking patterns in newborns in response to sounds. Which of the following were they able to distinguish?

1. The difference between two-syllable and three-syllable words
2. The location of two different sounds
3. The difference between their father’s voice and that of a male stranger
4. Changes in volume between two songs

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

90. Which of the following are structures of the eye?

1. Lens, retina, cones and optic nerve
2. Malleus, incus, stapes and cochlea
3. Metatarsal, diaphragm and cranial plate
4. Pharyngeal, nasopharynx and oropharynx

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

91. Which of the following best describes the visual abilities of a neonatal infant?

1. Their visual acuity is the same as the average adult.
2. Their visual acuity is worse than the average adult.
3. Their visual acuity is better than the average adult.
4. Their visual acuity has never been measured.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

92. At what distance can neonates focus most accurately?

1. 2–17 centimetres
2. 20–35 centimetres
3. 23–53 centimetres
4. 56–71 centimetres

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

93. An infant’s vision improves steadily and reaches 20/20 sometime in the second half of the _____ year.

1. first
2. second
3. third
4. fourth

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

94. ____ occurs when we combine information from both eyes for perceiving depth and motion.

1. Stereo vision
2. Myopic vision
3. Binocular vision
4. Monocular vision

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

95. At what age are infants able to use binocular vision, the ability to combine information from both eyes so that depth perception is possible?

1. 3–4 months
2. 9–10 months
3. 15–16 months
4. 21–22 months

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

96. As an infant begins to crawl, its ability to perceive depth and motion improves dramatically. At what age do most infants have binocular and colour vision?

1. 1–2 months
2. 3–4 months
3. 1–2 years
4. 3–4 years

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

97. Neonates can distinguish between red and ____, but not between white and other colours, probably because the ____ is/are immature.

1. white; cones
2. green; retinas
3. white; binocular vision
4. pink; lens

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

98. Neonates can distinguish between red and white but not between white and other colours. Why?

1. Neonates are colour-blind.
2. Neonates’ cone receptors are immature.
3. Neonates’ retina is not developed.
4. Neonates are not awake long enough to tell.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

Short

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

100. What is kangaroo care?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

101. Discuss the research findings on the effects of infant massage.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.8

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

102. Name and describe two reflexes that you would see within the first 8 months of a baby’s life.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.10

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

103. Describe one sense that is well developed before birth. Cite research in your response.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.11

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: The Neonate: physical functioning of the neonate

Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

104. You visit your relative who is working as a photojournalist in Africa. She takes you to a village where you see a newborn baby whose eyeballs have a yellowish tint. Is this normal? Explain.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

105. You visit your friend in the hospital after giving birth to her first child, and her husband mentions that he is so relieved that the Apgar score was a 9, so now he doesn’t have to worry about any problems. He states, ‘My best friend had a baby with Down syndrome, and their baby’s Apgar score was really low; we are so lucky that our baby is above average in intelligence.’ Explain what the Apgar stands for and comment on the above quote.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.7

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: The Neonate: the neonate’s health

Section 3: Birth and the newborn child

Multiple choice: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. The ____ glands are responsible for milk production.

1. thyroid
2. pituitary
3. mammary
4. adrenal

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: Is breast best?

2. What expands greatly in size as milk-producing cells multiply and mature?

1. Areolas
2. Montgomery glands
3. Milk cells
4. Mammary glands

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

3. At what month of gestation in humans are the breasts ready to produce milk?

1. 2
2. 4
3. 8
4. 10

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

4. When a mother who is breastfeeding hears her infant cry, what typically happens?

1. Breast-swelling reflex
2. Milking reflex
3. Let-down reflex
4. Lactation reflex

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

5. Your friend is breastfeeding, although no one in her family ever has. She is very concerned because it seems like whenever her infant cries, breast milk begins to flow even when she has not picked her baby up yet. What would you tell her is happening?

1. She is having a breast-swelling reflex.
2. She is experiencing a milking reflex.
3. She is experiencing the let-down reflex.
4. She is having a lactation reflex.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

6. ____ is a reflex that causes milk to be released if a mother hears the cry of her infant, sees an open mouth or even thinks about breastfeeding.

1. Babinski reflex
2. Let-down reflex
3. Sneeze reflex
4. Feeding time reflex

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

7. Chimpanzees breastfeed their infants for about ____ years.

1. 2
2. 3
3. 4
4. 5

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

8. What have anthropologists concluded regarding the proximity of mothers and infants during infancy? For 99% of human history, infants were _____.

1. cared for by their older sisters
2. only picked up during feeding
3. bound or close to their mothers almost constantly
4. separated from their mothers for sleeping

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

9. Over the course of history, which of the following have been common substitutes for breast milk?

1. Sheep’s and dog’s milk
2. Goat’s and elephant’s milk
3. Cow’s and goat’s milk
4. Cat’s and cow’s milk

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

10. Assume you’re living in a tribal group in Africa, and one of the village mothers cannot produce enough breast milk for her infant. Which of the following would most likely serve as a substitute for a mother’s breast milk?

1. Sheep’s milk
2. Goat’s milk
3. Elephant’s milk
4. Dog’s milk

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

11. What name is given to a lactating woman who breastfeeds an infant but is not the infant’s mother?

1. Wet nurse
2. Breastfeeding nurse
3. Surrogate mother
4. Lactating non-mother

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

12. Historically, if a mother could not or did not want to breastfeed, she might have used a(n) ____.

1. lactation consultant
2. wet nurse
3. midwife
4. obstetrician/gynaecologist

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

13. Your grandmother is convinced that formula is the best way to feed infants because that is the way that she was fed as an infant. Although you do not want to argue, why did her mother’s generation formula feed rather than breastfeed?

1. Companies that produced formula convinced the public that formula feeding was the healthiest way to feed infants.
2. Your great-grandmother was correct; we should be formula feeding.
3. In the 1930s and 1940s, it was much more difficult to breastfeed.
4. Evidence is now beginning to emerge indicating that breastfeeding can be dangerous to infants.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

14. Imagine that it is the late 1800s, and you and your wife are speaking with the doctor discussing how to best care for your newborn baby. Your doctor would recommend that the baby be given ____.

1. calcium supplements
2. high fructose corn syrup
3. a multivitamin
4. condensed or evaporated milk

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

15. With the advent of condensed and evaporated milk in the late 1800s and its continuous growth in popularity in the United States, by 1940 what percentage of mothers breastfed their babies?

1. 10%–20%
2. 20%–30%
3. 30%–40%
4. 40%–50%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

16. In the 1970s, scientific evidence had accumulated, and which of the following statements is true?

1. Breast milk is far better than any substitute.
2. Majority of births in Australia take place at home with the use of a midwife.
3. Caesarean sections are far riskier now than they have ever been before.
4. Modern milk formula is far better than breast milk.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

17. Supported by research, UNICEF and the World Health Organization have begun a campaign to ____.

1. promote breastfeeding
2. improve the nutritional value of milk-based formula
3. seek political asylum for those who are of childbearing age
4. encourage the use of rice as a substitute for breast milk

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

18. What percentage of infants is currently breastfed in Australia?

1. 10%
2. 40%
3. 70%
4. 95%

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

19. Which of the following are correlating factors as to whether a mother will breastfeed?

1. Socio-economic status, age and personality traits
2. Family income, temperament and level of education
3. Geographical location, level of education and temperament
4. Age, level of education and socio-economic status

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

20. In general, the higher the mother’s age, educational level and socioeconomic status, the more likely she is to _____.

1. breastfeed
2. formula feed
3. be unable to breastfeed
4. use supplements along with formula feeding

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

21. Soon after birth, an infant will root for a nipple and begin to suckle. How long after birth is this likely to occur?

1. 30 minutes
2. 60 minutes
3. 90 minutes
4. 120 minutes

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

22. Within a few days, neonates _____.

1. are able to crawl and have depth perception
2. recognise their mother’s smell and the sound of her voice
3. have 20/20 vision and see in colour
4. have a strong receptive language but lack expressive skills

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

23. Compared to breast milk, formula lacks which of the following?

1. Protein
2. Antibodies
3. Calcium
4. Vitamin D

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

24. What contains antibodies and other substances that strengthen the baby’s immune system?

1. Formula that contains supplements
2. Solutions that are injected into the baby
3. Vitamin supplements for infants
4. Breast milk

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

25. Breastfed babies have been shown to have a lower rate of illnesses and disease such as diphtheria, pneumonia, ear infections and diarrhoea. Which of the following is an explanation for this lower rate?

1. Breast milk contains a high level of white blood cells.
2. Breast milk contains antibodies.
3. Breast milk contains penicillin.
4. Breast milk contains a high level of platelets.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

26. What is the hypothesis regarding why breastfed infants tend to score higher than bottle-fed infants on measures of cognitive functioning?

1. They actually do not; this has been an artefact of research.
2. Mothers who breastfeed are considerably more intelligent than those who do not breastfeed.
3. Breast milk contains nutrients that promote early brain development.
4. Mothers play with their infants during breastfeeding.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

27. Which of the following are three major benefits of breastfeeding?

1. Increased bonding, weight reduction and lower prevalence of diabetes
2. Convenience, overwhelming popularity and economic viability
3. The passing of antibodies, increased cognitive development and reduced childhood obesity
4. A lower prevalence of personality disorders, increased cognitive development and an increased frequency of mild temperament

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

28. What reduces the likelihood of obesity in childhood?

1. Breastfeeding for 6 months
2. Introducing solid foods as early as possible
3. Formula feeding for at least a year
4. Encouraging the infant to walk as soon as possible

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

29. Of the benefits listed below, which one has NOT been associated with breastfeeding and health in adolescence and adulthood?

1. Superior bone density
2. Taller stature
3. Enhanced vision
4. Improved cardiovascular functioning

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

30. Breastfeeding triggers the release of the hormone oxytocin. What effect does oxytocin have on mothers during the days following the birth of their neonates?

1. Decreases blood pressure
2. Starts the process of ovulation
3. Reduces bleeding in the uterus
4. Delays abdominal cramping

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

31. Nursing helps mothers return to their pre-pregnancy weight. Nursing requires mothers to burn how many additional calories per day?

1. 10–400
2. 500–1,000
3. 2,000–2,500
4. 4,000–4,500

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

32. Your neighbour, who just gave birth has always been a health nut, is very careful what she eats and is interested in getting back to her pre-pregnancy weight. What advice could you give her?

1. Go on a restrictive diet and reduce her caloric intake by 500 calories.
2. Eat regularly and breastfeed, which burns approximately 500–1,000 calories.
3. Consider taking diet pills.
4. Run at least 5 miles a day to burn an extra 500 calories.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

33. Which of the following are known benefits for the mother who breastfeeds?

1. Stress reduction, increased development of a mild personality and weight reduction
2. Slowing of metabolism, increased patience and increased bonding
3. Reduction in bleeding of the uterus, increased weight loss and increased release of oxytocin
4. Reduction of white blood cells, increased lactation and weight reduction

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

34. According to the World Health Organization, it is recommended that women breastfeed for a period of ____.

1. 6 months, with solid foods being introduced immediately
2. 1 year, with solid foods being introduced at 3 months
3. 2 years, with solid foods being introduced at 6 months
4. 3 years, with solid foods being introduced at 1 year

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

35. What is the name of the thick, yellowish milk that is extremely rich in protein and antibodies that the mother first produces?

1. Milk precursor
2. Breast milk
3. Colostrum
4. Yellow milk

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

36. ____ is a thick, yellowish liquid that is extremely rich in protein and antibodies that strengthen the neonate’s immune system.

1. Epidural
2. Colostrum
3. Lanugo
4. Rh factor

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

37. Your friend wants to breastfeed and has been very excited about it since she became pregnant. She was horrified when, on the first day, a thick, yellowish substance was coming from her breasts whenever she wanted to breastfeed. What would you tell her?

1. That was colostrum, which is rich in proteins and antibodies and is completely normal and expected.
2. She is correct, something is definitely wrong with her breast milk.
3. That substance is ‘yellow milk’ and is very sweet, which entices the baby to want to breastfeed.
4. She should not breastfeed until her ‘regular’ breast milk comes in.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

38. As compared to developing nations, in developed nations the benefits of breastfeeding are ____.

1. greater
2. the same
3. relatively small
4. non-existent

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

39. Breastfeeding in developing countries is extremely important. UNICEF estimates that ____ babies die each year because they are bottle-fed rather than breastfed.

1. 100,000
2. 150,000
3. 1 million
4. 1.5 million

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

40. You are having a heated debate regarding breastfeeding in developing countries with your father. He claims that because of the shortage of food in some developing countries, we should provide formula to the mothers of newborns. You argue that breast milk is a better way to go and that a great number of children die because they are formula fed. What do you tell your father regarding why formula feeding is not really such a great idea?

1. You finally concede since you discover that women in developing countries cannot breastfeed.
2. You finally concede because you learn that malaria can be spread through breast milk.
3. Formula is often mixed with contaminated water, which leads to 1.5 million infant deaths per year.
4. Formula is tainted in shipment, which causes severe illness and death.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

41. What is one of the most damaging aspects of formula feeding in developing countries?

1. Mothers have no means to sterilise the nipples on the bottles.
2. Formula is mixed with contaminated water.
3. Fathers refuse to assist in the bottle-feeding of their infants.
4. Mothers are likely to die prematurely and leave the infant malnourished.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

42. What mothers in developing countries would be advised not to breastfeed?

1. Very poor mothers
2. Mothers who could afford to formula feed
3. Mothers with small breasts
4. Mothers with infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

43. Which of the following is a reason why a mother should not breastfeed?

1. The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding should only occur as a last resort.
2. Modern formula is far better than breast milk.
3. The mother has an infectious disease such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis or West Nile virus.
4. The mother needs to work and cannot afford to stay home and breastfeed.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

44. Even though a high percentage of mothers in developing countries could safely breastfeed, why is there such a low rate of breastfeeding in these areas?

1. They have no training on how to breastfeed.
2. Corporations have unethically convinced mothers that formula is better.
3. Religious practices discourage women from breastfeeding.
4. Poor women in these areas are malnourished and are not capable of breastfeeding.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

45. What type of cry is a ‘warm-up’ cry that occurs when babies are mildly distressed?

1. Happy
2. Pain
3. Anger
4. Fussing

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

46. When a baby is fussing, their cry is closer to a ____.

1. complete panic where all control is lost
2. warming up and a mild distress
3. moderate-grade distress, which may transit into panic suddenly
4. panic attack

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

47. According to the text, what type of neonate cry expels a large volume of air through the vocal cords?

1. Happy
2. Anger
3. Pain
4. Fussing

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

48. Which of the following are three types of crying that an infant may demonstrate?

1. Tantrum, angry and hungry
2. Fussing, anger and pain
3. Gassy, sleepy and fussing
4. Sleepy, hungry and upset

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

49. What type of cry has a sudden onset with no initial fussing? The baby takes a large intake of breath and holds it, then lets loose.

1. Happy
2. Anger
3. Pain
4. Fussing

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

50. Baby Jane was just bottle-fed by a babysitter. Having very little experience, her babysitter forgot to burp her. As a result of a buildup of gas, baby Jane is in extreme pain and begins to cry. Which of the following best captures Jane’s cry?

1. A cry that expels a small volume of air through the vocal cords
2. A large intake of breath, briefly held, then let loose
3. Soft in volume, an unsteady whimper punctuated by pauses and long intakes of breath
4. A warm-up cry with mild whimpers

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

51. Most parents can generally distinguish between the different types of cries of their infants at ____ month(s).

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

52. According to the author of the text, what type of cry does not have a distinctive cry and can occur when the baby is hungry, lonely, has wet or soiled diapers, is tired or uncomfortable?

1. Basic
2. Pain
3. Anger
4. Fussing

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

53. Why is it important for parents to remember that a lot of the crying that infants do in their early life occurs for no particular reason?

1. It triggers distress in those around the infants.
2. It is thought to communicate important information.
3. It is just a way for infants to increase lung volume.
4. It has no communicative purpose.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

54. Early in their lives, one out of ten Western infants has frequent episodes of crying that last for 3 hours a day ____.

1. because of separation anxiety
2. for no apparent cause
3. as a function of frustration for lack of parental attention
4. because their environment is not warm enough

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

55. Your next-door neighbours are going crazy. They brought their newborn home from the hospital only to find that he cries for long periods of time, and they do not know what to do about it. What would you tell them?

1. The baby might have diaper rash.
2. Many Western infants cry frequently due to colic
3. The incessant crying indicates that there is a neurological problem.
4. It is because they have a lot to learn as parents, but they will figure it out.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

56. In cultures where babies are held or carried around much of the day, _____.

1. prolonged episodes of crying are common
2. prolonged episodes of crying are rare
3. they cry because infants need time alone
4. they cry because they sense that their mothers are frustrated with them

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

57. Hospital policies in the ____________separated the mother and child immediately after birth.

1. 1910s and 1920s
2. 1930s and 1940s
3. 1950s and 1960s
4. 1970s and 1980s

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

58. Postnatal depression is found in about ____% of new mothers across 11 countries.

1. 10
2. 15
3. 20
4. 25

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

59. In the experiment by Hunziker and Barr (1986), mothers in Group A were instructed to carry their infants for at least 3 hours a day, while the mothers in Group B were not given any special instructions. What were the results?

1. There were no differences between Group A and B infants.
2. Both groups of infants cried the same number of times, but Group A infants cried half as long as Group B infants.
3. Group B infants learned to soothe themselves and cried less than Group A infants.
4. Group B infants cried many more times during the day than Group A infants.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

60. When neonates in traditional cultures cry, what are the two common responses that occur?

1. Breastfeeding and swaddling
2. Picking them up and rocking them
3. Singing to them and letting them continue to cry
4. Ignoring them and walking away

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

61. ____ and ____ are two common techniques used in traditional cultures to comfort a crying infant.

1. Walking; caressing
2. Rocking; singing
3. Breastfeeding; swaddling
4. Lightly bouncing; patting

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

62. As a means to comfort a neonate infant, ____ is when babies are wrapped tightly in clothes or a blanket so that their arms and legs cannot move.

1. swaddling
2. snuggling
3. securing
4. sneaking

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

63. What condition occurs when crying is of extreme duration?

1. Colic
2. Dysphoric crying
3. Intestinal inflammation
4. Infant abuse

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

64. What is it called when babies cry for more than 3 hours a day over more than 3 days at a time for more than 3 weeks?

1. Dysphoric crying
2. Colic
3. Autism spectrum disorder
4. Incessant crying

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

65. The rule of threes: If crying goes on for more than 3 hours a day, over more than 3 days at a time and for more than 3 weeks, then an infant is ____.

1. easy tempered
2. colicky
3. overly gassy
4. melancholy

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

66. You are having a conversation with a friend who has a colicky baby and is worried about the long-term effects. Which of the following is an appropriate response?

1. Most professional athletes were colicky babies, so long-term effects are desired.
2. Colicky babies are more likely to be difficult tempered, so she should speak to her paediatrician.
3. Evidence shows that there appear to be no long-term effects of colic during infancy.
4. The research shows that babies with colic have higher IQs overall.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

67. According to Zeskind and Lester (2001), which of the following is a risk factor for parental mistreatment of infants?

1. Infants postmature at birth
2. Lower income levels
3. Colic
4. Lower intelligence levels

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

68. What is the instant and enduring bond to the first moving object that geese see after hatching?

1. Attachment
2. Imprinting
3. Mother–offspring relationship
4. Mother–offspring reunion

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

69. Unlike other animals, human infants do not ____.

1. seek
2. imprint
3. attach
4. connect

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

70. Who first identified the imprinting process in which geese would bond to any moving object they saw soon after hatching, including him?

1. Lev Vygotsky
2. Konrad Lorenz
3. B. F. Skinner
4. Jean Piaget

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

71. In humans, what was the name of the concept suggesting that shortly after birth was a critically important time for mothers and infants, quite similar to what occurs in animals?

1. Bonding
2. Imprinting
3. Attachment
4. Evaluating

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

72. What did the research examining the concept of bonding in humans discover?

1. That bonding is critically important to the infants’ development
2. That only good mothers can bond with their infants
3. That fathers cannot bond with their infants
4. That not bonding immediately with a caregiver after birth does not cause developmental problems later in life for infants

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.15

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

73. Postnatal depression often peaks about ___ weeks after childbirth.

1. 2
2. 4
3. 6
4. 8

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

74. In the United States and the United Kingdom, what percentage of fathers experience postpartum depression?

1. 4%
2. 8%
3. 12%
4. 16%

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

75. What can happen when rapid post-birth hormonal changes occur and the high concentrations of oestrogen and progesterone return to normal levels?

1. Increased probability of ovulation
2. Rapid weight loss
3. Postpartum euphoria
4. Postpartum depression

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

76. Your friend is very concerned because his wife seems to be overwhelmed by the responsibilities of caring for an infant. They were both extremely excited when they became pregnant, but now his wife is intensely sad and anxious and her emotions are interfering with her ability to function. What do you tell him she probably has?

1. Postpartum depression
2. Childcare depression
3. Parental neurosis
4. Infant abuse

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

77. What is a risk factor for postpartum depression?

1. The mother has lower intelligence and less education.
2. The mother had symptoms of major depression before pregnancy.
3. The mother had no support from her partner.
4. The mother smoked.

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

78. Which of the following is related to the likelihood that a mother develops postpartum depression?

1. Being diagnosed with a sleeping disorder
2. A history of having a difficult temperament
3. A history of major depression
4. Having extreme changes in appetite and difficulty sleeping

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

79. Infants who are irritable, have problems eating and sleeping and have difficulty forming attachments are more likely to have mothers who have ____.

1. schizophrenia
2. postpartum depression
3. no health insurance
4. no support from their partners

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

80. Infants born to mothers with postpartum depression have been found to be more likely to have higher rates of ____.

1. malnutrition and calcium deficiency
2. conduct disorder with a greater tendency to become oppositional defiant
3. irritability, problems eating and sleeping and difficulty forming attachments
4. schizophrenia and eating disorders

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

81. An association has been found between postpartum depression and infant characteristics. What is a major difficulty involved in interpreting this relationship?

1. There has been no genotype discovered that is directly linked with postpartum depression.
2. It cannot be determined if the postpartum depression caused poor infant characteristics or if the poor infant characteristics caused postpartum depression.
3. There has been no genotype discovered that is directly linked with poor infant characteristics.
4. The mother’s and infant’s genotype are too closely related to interpret the relationship.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

82. Research examining postpartum depression has found that mothers with postpartum depression talk to, look at, touch and smile at ____.

1. their infants more than mothers who do not have postpartum depression
2. their infants the exact same amount as mothers without postpartum depression
3. their infants less than mothers who do not have postpartum depression
4. their infants the same amount as mothers without postpartum depression, but hold and rock them more

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.16

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

Short

Difficulty: Basic

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

84. Are there differences in the percent of breastfeeding mothers in developed countries? Explain your response.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

85. What is colostrum? Do all cultures view it similarly? Explain.

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

86. Why is breastfeeding even more crucial in developing countries than in developed countries?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

87. As you arrive to babysit your cousin’s 6-week-old baby so she and her husband can go out, you find her swaddling the baby on the couch. You ask her why she is doing that. In fact, you wonder if it will negatively affect the baby’s motor skills as well as make her cry more because her movement is so restricted. Drawing upon research, what does your cousin tell you?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.14

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Caring for the neonate: social and emotional aspects of neonatal care

Essay: Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

88. Consider two Australian women of similar ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds: one who gave birth in the 1950s and the other who gave birth in the 1970s. Which one would be more likely to have breastfed their baby? Explain why. Briefly explain breastfeeding trends from the 1980s until today.

Difficulty: Complex

Learning Objective: 3.12

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?

89. A good friend of yours tells you that she is going to breastfeed for as long as she can, no matter how hard it is when she returns to work because ‘she knows that breastfed babies are smarter’. She says that she would feel guilty if she stopped before her baby turned one because she would be ‘disadvantaging her child’. How could you explain the research in such a way that she would feel better about her decision if she chose to stop breastfeeding after a couple of months?

Difficulty: Moderate

Learning Objective: 3.13

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

A-head: Caring for the neonate: Nutrition: is breast best?