Test Bank Docx 6th Edition Ch.9 Oceans and Fisheries

CHAPTER NINE

Oceans and Fisheries

Multiple Choice Questions

1. One of the major difficulties working against sustainable human use of the oceans is _______.
2. lack of understanding of oceanic ecosystems
3. transportation routes to ship products
4. bottom trawling
5. commercial fisheries
6. Researchers from Oxford University recently discovered a new zone in the ocean off the coast of Bermuda called the ________.
   1. crustaceous zone
   2. algae zone
   3. rariphotic zone
   4. Bermuda zone
7. Generally, nutrient concentrations ________ with depth because of the decomposition of organisms falling from the surface layer.
   1. disappear
   2. does not change
   3. decrease
   4. increase
8. The oceans cover more than _________ of the Earth’s surface.
   1. 50 per cent
   2. 70 per cent
   3. 30 per cent
   4. 90 per cent
9. Marine ecosystems provide many goods and services to humans, including ________.
   1. transportation routes to ship products
   2. being key components in global cycles and energy flows
   3. provision of food and medicinal products
   4. All of the above
10. The world’s oceans account for ________ of global primary productivity.
    1. 50 per cent
    2. 30 per cent
    3. 70 per cent
    4. 90 per cent
11. On land, water availability is the most common limiting factor for life; in oceans, it is ________.
    1. oxygen
    2. sunlight
    3. nutrients
    4. temperature
12. Oceanic productivity typically ________ with depth.
    1. decreases
    2. increases
    3. disappears
    4. does not change
13. The most productive ocean areas are ________.
    1. coastal zones
    2. zones of upwelling
    3. open ocean
    4. Both a and b
14. A thermocline is ________.
    1. the transition in temperature between the warmer surface waters and the cooler waters underneath
    2. the zone of high productivity in the oceans
    3. the relationship between heat and other forms of energy
    4. the process whereby warm surface waters are cooled at high latitudes and returned to deeper, colder basins
15. The deepest part of the ocean is ________ deep.
    1. over 9,000 metres
    2. over 1,000 metres
    3. over 20,000 metres
    4. over 5,000 metres
16. Over three quarters of the ocean is ________ deep.
    1. 1,000 to 2,000 metres
    2. 9,000 to 10,000 metres
    3. 7,000 to 9,000 metres
    4. 4,000 to 6,000 metres
17. Currently, oceans are about _______ more acidic compared to pre-industrial times.
    1. 70 per cent
    2. 50 per cent
    3. 10 per cent
    4. 30 per cent
18. Oceans absorb ________ of anthropocentric carbon dioxide emissions.
    1. three-quarters
    2. one-third
    3. one-quarter
    4. half
19. Oceanic waters will absorb carbon if and when ________.
    1. the amount of bicarbonate in the water exceeds the amount of bicarbonate in the atmosphere
    2. the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere exceeds the amount of bicarbonate in the water
    3. the amount of bicarbonate in the water exceeds the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
    4. None of the above
20. Since 1750, about half of the anthropocentric CO₂ emissions released between 1750 and 2011 have occurred in the past ______.
    1. 200 years
    2. 10 years
    3. 40 years
    4. 100 years
21. Coral bleaching refers to a process whereby ________.
    1. warmer water temperatures lead to increased productivity in coral reefs
    2. zooxanthellae eat carbohydrates produced by the coral, resulting in a change of coral colour
    3. corals expel the zooxanthellae that serve as their primary food source
    4. zooxanthellae attack the coral’s protective skeleton, resulting in death of the corals
22. Coral reefs ________.
    1. could disappear by 2080 with a temperature increase of only 3 degrees Celsius
    2. are made of calcium carbonate skeletons filled with coral polyps
    3. have been affected by bleaching over large areas over the last decade
    4. All of the above
23. Warm surface water that is cooled at high latitudes and then sinks to deeper basins is part of ________ circulation.
    1. thermosphere
    2. thermocline
    3. thermohaline
    4. isocline
24. This sequence is an example of a positive feedback loop: ________.
    1. warming atmosphere > more ice melting > less CO₂ absorbed by oceans > more warming
    2. more ice melting > falling sea level > ocean expanding
    3. more CO₂ absorbed by oceans > more ice melting > rising sea level
    4. All of the above
25. By 2100, nearly ________ of the world’s population will live within 100 km of coasts.
    1. 50 per cent
    2. 95 per cent
    3. 65 per cent
    4. 75 per cent
26. Global research indicates that virtually no region of the ocean is untouched by humanity, and more than _______ is heavily affected.
    1. 70 per cent
    2. 60 per cent
    3. 50 per cent
    4. 40 per cent
27. Bycatch refers to ________.
    1. fish caught but not targeted by fishing operations
    2. loss of biomass due to natural predators
    3. the harvest that exceeds allowed quotas
    4. the total amount of illegal, unreported, and regulated fisheries
28. The Big Old Fat Fecund Female Fish (BOFFFF) hypothesis suggests that ________.
    1. fish are reaching sexual maturity at a younger age
    2. removing the larger, older individuals of a population can undermine stock replenishment
    3. larger female fish tend to produce smaller fish, although in greater numbers
    4. focusing on harvesting larger fish leaves the smaller, younger individuals to grow to reproductive age
29. When scientists have no option but to use data based on the current degraded state of an ecosystem rather than historical ecological abundance, they are facing the problem of ________.
    1. a shifting baseline
    2. a historical baseline
    3. a changing baseline
    4. a changing state
30. While ________ is a common practice in nature, in fisheries it leads to serial depletion.
    1. shifting baseline
    2. krill foraging
    3. overharvesting
    4. prey switching
31. ________ has had the most negative impact on albatross populations.
    1. Longline fishing
    2. Recreational salmon fishing
    3. Bottom trawling
    4. Crab trapping
32. Methods designed to reduce bycatch include ________.
    1. using fish rather than squid as bait to reduce turtle mortality
    2. setting baited hooks deeper than 100 metres to reduce the impact on turtle mortality
    3. placing magnets on fishing lines to scare away sharks
    4. All of the above
33. ________ caused damage to the ancient sponge reefs off the coast of BC.
    1. Pollution
    2. Bottom trawling
    3. Long liners
    4. Bycatch
34. Endocrine disrupters have been found ________.
    1. to increase human male sperm counts
    2. to cause no physical changes to aquatic species
    3. in commonly used products such as soap
    4. All of the above
35. ________ has been linked to the appearance of hermaphroditic fishes.
    1. Pollution
    2. Global climate change
    3. Collection of bycatch
    4. Bottom trawling
36. Many of the world’s main oil fields, such as the North Sea in Europe and Hibernia off the coast of Newfoundland, are situated in _______.
    1. continental deposits
    2. Arctic regions
    3. coastal communities
    4. sedimentary basins under the oceans
37. An increase in global sea temperature could cause ________.
    1. the alteration of nutrient circulation patterns
    2. the displacement of coastal communities
    3. the destruction of coral reefs worldwide
    4. All of the above
38. ________ provided for the agreement of nations to establish exclusive economic zones.
    1. The UN Moratorium on High Seas Driftnets
    2. The London Dumping Convention
    3. The UN Convention on Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks
    4. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
39. Just over ________ of the ocean has been designated as protected.
    1. 1 per cent
    2. 10 per cent
    3. 0.5 per cent
    4. 3 per cent
40. Changes to the Fisheries Act in 2012 to protect habitat for fisheries caused concerns that ________.
    1. non-native species would have protection as long as they have value in a fishery
    2. threatened fish may be left unprotected if they are not part of a fishery
    3. there is a lack of protection for habitats where there are no fisheries
    4. All of the above
41. TAC is an acronym for ________.
    1. total allowable catch
    2. tough allocation criteria
    3. total annual catch
    4. tallied annual caught
42. Declines in Atlantic cod have been blamed on many factors, but current evidence suggests that the collapse was predominantly caused by ________.
    1. overfishing by humans
    2. changes in sea temperature
    3. excessive predation by seals
    4. declines in prey
43. When Canadian cod stocks collapsed, fishers began “fishing down the food chain” by ________.
    1. targeting harp seals
    2. targeting shrimp and crab
    3. targeting chinook salmon
    4. None of the above
44. The Marshall decision was about ________.
    1. an Indigenous fisher who caught and sold eels out of season in Nova Scotia
    2. a land claim related to Indigenous sovereignty in maritime waters
    3. a non-Indigenous fisher who illegally collected salmon in an Indigenous-only commercial salmon fishing area in British Columbia
    4. an Indigenous fisher who clashed with a non-Native lobster fisher in New Brunswick
45. The term “anadromous” refers to ________.
    1. a situation when an individual adapts to changing environmental conditions
    2. a situation when an animal lives part of its life in freshwater and part in saltwater
    3. an animal’s ability to live in an oxygen-free environment
    4. a situation when an individual changes gender during its life
46. _________ is NOT a main source of marine toxic pollution in Canada.
47. The deposition of airborne pollutants from fossil fuel combustion
48. Commercial fishing
49. Inadequately treated sewage
50. By-products or waste materials from refining processes
51. Canada’s Oceans Strategy was one of the main requirements of ________.
    1. the Fisheries Act
    2. the Canada National Marine Conservation Areas Act
    3. the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Act
    4. the Oceans Act
52. Canada’s Oceans Strategy incorporates the ideas of ________.
    1. integrated management
    2. the precautionary approach
    3. sustainable development
    4. All of the above
53. The proportion of Canada’s marine area designated as protected is ________.
    1. 0.21 per cent
    2. 1.22 per cent
    3. 0.66 per cent
    4. 3.75 per cent
54. Canada has ________ federal programs for creating marine protected areas.
    1. 3
    2. 4
    3. 5
    4. 2
55. National Marine Conservation Areas (NMCAs) were established to ________.
    1. allow for education and recreation
    2. prohibit the use of bottom trawling
    3. allow for monitored and reduced rates of dumping waste
    4. never allow any commercial or recreation fishing
56. Marine areas border approximately ________ of the oceans or Great Lakes under the National Parks Act and have the potential to exert strong protective powers.
    1. 10 per cent
    2. 25 per cent
    3. 75 per cent
    4. 50 per cent
57. Salmon farming along the coast of British Columbia has led to ________.
    1. the transmission of disease to wild populations
    2. the escapement of Atlantic salmon into the Pacific
    3. the shooting of predators that rip open farmers’ nets
    4. All of the above
58. Recent studies suggest that the amount of contaminants and toxins found in farmed salmon is _______ that of wild salmon.
59. twice as much as
60. higher than
61. lower than
62. the same as

True or False Questions

Canada has a good record with regard to management of ocean resources.

One of the major difficulties working against sustainable human use of the oceans is a lack of understanding of oceanic ecosystems

As cold-water fish stocks move progressively northward in response to warming waters at lower latitudes, the Arctic Ocean is expected to become more and more attractive to commercial fishing fleets.

Terrestrial ecosystems have a greater diversity of taxonomic groups than marine environments.

Much of the ocean’s surface lacks nutrients and is the marine equivalent to a desert.

Corals live only in tropical waters.

Approximately 30 per cent of the world’s population lives in the coastal zone (within 100 kilometers of a coast).

The most important fishing grounds in the world are all found within 200 nautical miles of coastlines.

Policy-makers have concentrated on promoting industrial fisheries under the mistaken belief that they catch the vast majority of fish.

Over 80 per cent of global fisheries are now fully utilized or overexploited.

Because of advances in technology and subsidies, fishing capacity is now estimated to be as much as 2.5 times the size of a sustainable yield from the world’s fisheries.

Fishing down the food chain always means catching invertebrates.

Whales used to be so abundant off the east coast of Canada that they were a navigational hazard.

In bottom trawling, the ratio of shrimp to other organisms caught is 10 per cent.

One of the quickest ways to change fishing methods is to end subsidies that support commercial fisheries.

The collapse of the cod fisheries in Canada is predominantly related to overfishing.

The same regulations apply to both Indigenous and non-Indigenous fishers related to the use of marine resources.

The amount of toxic pollutants being discharged from Canada’s pulp and paper mills has decreased in recent years.

Bottom trawling, dragging, and fin-fish aquaculture are prohibited in Canada’s marine protected areas.

Aquaculture accounts for nearly half the fish produced worldwide.

Short Answer Questions

1. Explain why the concept of carbon balance in oceanic ecosystems is the subject of much scientific research.
2. Briefly explain the relationship between poverty and declining fisheries.
3. What is the BOFFF hypothesis and what does it mean for fisheries management?
4. Describe the concept of fishing down the food chain.
5. What are the main sources of marine pollution?
6. A number of studies related to marine reserves have been conducted around the world. What are the key findings of these studies?
7. What are the key challenges that need to be overcome to implement marine protected areas (MPAs), particularly in the context of conserving reefs?
8. Explain how the terms of the federal unemployment insurance program might have contributed to the overfishing of cod in eastern Canada.
9. List and describe the three guiding principles of Canada’s Oceans Strategy.
10. What are some of the concerns related to salmon aquaculture in British Columbia?