Test Questions & Answers + Ch7 + Planning and Management

CHAPTER SEVEN

Planning and Management: Processes and Methods

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Collaboration involves ________.
   1. modifying activities to meet needs
   2. sharing resources
   3. exchanging information
   4. All of the above
2. ________ is an example of coordination.
   1. Interdepartmental committees ensuring that goals are met
   2. A task force organizing the activities of different agencies
   3. The exchange of resources
   4. Both a and b
3. ________ is collaborative.
   1. A multi-disciplinary research team
   2. A transdisciplinary research team
   3. Independent research
   4. Both a and b
4. One disadvantage of collaboration is that ________.
   1. a large proportion of the stakeholders will be unhappy with the outcome
   2. it is a top-down approach
   3. the common denominator is not always a good long-term decision
   4. All of the above
5. Manitoba’s 1998 Sustainable Development Act explicitly recognizes ________ as an important component of sustainable development.
   1. public responsibility
   2. government participation
   3. industrial responsibility
   4. public participation
6. In 2015, one of the principles outlined for sustainable development in Quebec focuses on _______.
   1. identifying critical issues based on discussions with key stakeholders
   2. participation and commitment from both citizens and citizen groups to develop a vision to facilitate environmental, social, and economic sustainability
   3. commitment to ongoing, positive, and constructive dialogue with those in the tourism industry
   4. creating forums for consultation and meaningful participation in decision-making processes
7. Vernacular knowledge is developed through ________.
   1. formal education
   2. participatory processes
   3. appropriate signage
   4. information packages
8. Power-sharing in environmental management can NOT ________.
   1. achieve inter- and intra-generational equity
   2. decrease self-determination
   3. raise questions about accountability and responsibility
   4. undermine regulatory authority
9. In the 1980s, environmental management decisions ________.
   1. became less likely to consider the advice of only one expert in the process
   2. had become more complex
   3. were criticized for not including enough factors
   4. All of the above
10. Specifically, Abu et al. (2019) used the concept of __________ to examine bringing together Western science and Indigenous knowledge by verifying accuracy and filling in knowledge gaps in each kind of understanding, without either being subsumed by the other.
    1. participatory processes
    2. two-eyed seeing
    3. co-management
    4. coordination
11. ________ approaches management as an experiment from which we learn by trial and error so that we can cope with the uncertain, the unexpected, and the unknown.
    1. Adaptive environmental management
    2. Risk assessment
    3. Ecosystem management
    4. Both a and c
12. An example of a stakeholder is ________.
    1. interested citizens
    2. community groups
    3. Indigenous peoples
    4. All of the above
13. The approach in which local citizens are genuinely allocated responsibility and authority for certain aspects of resource and environmental management is called ________.
    1. authoritative management
    2. selective management
    3. co-management
    4. targeted initiatives
14. Asking the question “What do we not know, and why are we uncertain?” is an example of ________.
    1. learning by doing
    2. effective communication
    3. an impact assessment
    4. the participatory approach
15. In Arnstein’s ladder of citizen participation, ________ provides a high degree of citizen power, while ________ is essentially non-participatory.
    1. delegation; therapy
    2. delegation; placation
    3. information; manipulation
    4. consultation; information
16. According to Arnstein’s ladder of citizen participation, ________ indicates increasing citizen involvement.
    1. manipulation, therapy, partnership, placation
    2. manipulation, consultation, delegation, partnership
    3. manipulation, consultation, partnership, delegation
    4. information, delegation, partnership, citizen control
17. The rung on the ladder of citizen participation in which citizens are given management responsibility for all or for parts of programs is called ________.
    1. delegation
    2. consultation
    3. placation
    4. citizen control
18. According to Scott et al., (2000), the main purpose of communication is NOT ________.
    1. to confer understanding
    2. to raise awareness
    3. to direct and influence
    4. to motivate action
19. Carpenter (1995) identifies the fact that ________ as being important to consider when communicating scientific information.
    1. much of the public does not understand science
    2. the media does not deal well with changes in scientific information
    3. the public does not understand probability
    4. All of the above
20. One of the first steps in effectively communicating scientific understanding is ________.
    1. to hold a press conference and getting the message out through the media
    2. to recognize that different target audiences have different levels of understanding
    3. to call a large public meeting for all interested parties
    4. All of the above
21. In 1980, Trist stated that there is no such thing as the future, only ________.
    1. forecasting
    2. alternative realities
    3. alternative possible futures
    4. past predictions
22. One challenge in making choices and taking initiative is that ________ conditions have become increasingly prevalent.
    1. ecosystem
    2. homeostatic
    3. static
    4. turbulent
23. Effective trial-and-error management has preconditions that “________” is NOT one of them.
    1. the experiment must provide evidence
    2. the experiment should not cause irreversible, negative changes to the environment
    3. the experiment should not destroy the experimenter
    4. the experimenter must have the will and capability to try again if the first experiment “fails”
24. This statement about adaptive management is NOT true: ________.
    1. surprise, uncertainty, and the unexpected are normal
    2. expectations are not stated so that knowledge is derived from measurements
    3. errors can lead to actions and plans
    4. policies are experiments, and failed experiments generate knowledge
25. Adaptive co-management features ________.
    1. integration of different knowledge systems
    2. learning by doing
    3. collaboration and power-sharing
    4. All of the above
26. When used in adaptive co-management, the visioning process should promote ________.
    1. transformability
    2. existing policies
    3. uncertainty
    4. specific structures
27. The risk of reliance on transformational leaders in adaptive co-management is that ________.
    1. they might not consider all viewpoints
    2. the initiative becomes vulnerable if they leave
    3. they might be wrong
    4. they may take over all control of the initiative
28. Environmental impact assessments were NOT developed in response to ________.
    1. increasing size and complexity of projects
    2. growing demands by the public to become more involved in decision-making
    3. government concerns over environmental degradation
    4. greater uncertainty in predicting impacts
29. Initially, environmental impact assessments focused on ________.
    1. economic factors
    2. policy outcomes
    3. social concerns
    4. biophysical impacts
30. The process that focuses on determining the likelihood of an environmentally-negative event of special magnitude and the costs of dealing with the consequences is called ________.
    1. risk assessment
    2. the precautionary principle
    3. adaptive management
    4. environmental impact assessment
31. An example of environmental risk assessment is ________.
    1. establishing inclusion of a stakeholder group in negotiations if it is believed they will hold up a proposed development
    2. deciding on a specific tool to use for logging to encourage ease of use and maximize efficiency
    3. determining the probability that a songbird species will be extirpated due to the creation of a new dam
    4. All of the above
32. An example of the “precautionary principle” is ________.
    1. doing nothing until more scientific evidence has been accumulated
    2. acting on something if the bulk of scientific evidence suggests that action is needed, even if some knowledge is incomplete
    3. taking small steps to mitigate the effects of the problem, rather than taking large radical steps that will solve or prevent the problem
    4. taking action now to obtain full scientific evidence
33. “Err on the side of caution” is another way of stating the ________.
    1. cautionary tale
    2. strategy of risk assessment
    3. precautionary principle
    4. concept of carrying capacity
34. Environmental impact assessments are carried out for developments that ________.
    1. have the potential for significant social impacts
    2. have readily identifiable stakeholders that might be affected
    3. have the potential for significant environmental impacts
    4. All of the above
35. Impact assessments for policies and programs are called ________.
    1. strategic environmental assessments
    2. precautionary assessments
    3. strategic risk assessments
    4. environmental impact assessments
36. Impact assessments should be done ________.
    1. after a project is complete
    2. to determine best mitigation practices
    3. early in the project planning process
    4. once development has begun
37. The Quebec provincial government engaging with the Innu First Nations over 30 years to reach an agreement for development in the two administrative regions of Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean and Côte-Nord is an example of _________.
    1. traditional scientific knowledge
    2. impact assessment
    3. co-management
    4. traditional ecological knowledge
38. Public involvement benefits environmental impact analysis because ________.
    1. it can contribute to positive social change
    2. it helps broaden the range of issues and potential resolutions
    3. it helps to make the process fair
    4. All of the above
39. If we are to improve our knowledge of the resiliency and recuperative powers of ecosystems, ________ is essential.
    1. impact assessment
    2. strong policies
    3. monitoring
    4. public participation
40. The research facility in Northwestern Ontario famous for its work on eutrophication and acidification is called the ________.
    1. Experimental Lakes Facility
    2. Experimental Reservoir Area
    3. Experimental Laboratory Area
    4. Experimental Lakes Area
41. From an environmental perspective, it is true that conflict ________.
    1. can result in practical solutions to problems
    2. can lead to misunderstandings and reinforce biases
    3. can create stronger obstacles for the future
    4. All of the above
42. A sustainability assessment attempts to ________.
    1. develop a greater number of resources on sustainability on the internet
    2. more closely monitor courts, government agencies, and individuals
    3. adopt sustainability objectives as core guides for evaluations and decisions
    4. make engagement more accessible
43. Sustainability assessment criteria does NOT include ________.
    1. socio-ecological system integrity
    2. financial responsibility
    3. immediate and long-term integration
    4. intragenerational equity
44. The Taseko New Prosperity Mine project was rejected in 2010 as a result of _________.
    1. international policy
    2. environmental assessment
    3. financial disputes
    4. co-management
45. After much conflict, the Alberta cabinet retaining authority of the oil sands ignored the opportunity of _________.
    1. financial responsibility
    2. resource management
    3. public engagement
    4. dispute resolution
46. The traditional way of dealing with disputes in our society is ________.
    1. judicial
    2. administrative
    3. public opinion
    4. Both a and b
47. ________ is NOT an attribute of alternative dispute resolution.
    1. The attainment of a long-lasting settlement
    2. Assigning of blame that results in small to moderate legal punishment
    3. Emphasizing issues and interests of involved parties
    4. Constructive communication and improved understanding
48. If resource managers can link recommendations to land-use plans, then ________.
    1. there is no need to have a resource management plan
    2. impacts statements are not necessary
    3. it will reduce the number of agencies involved in implementing recommendations
    4. there is a greater likelihood they will be implemented
49. Negotiation, mediation, and arbitration are all ________.
    1. similar to public consultation
    2. types of alternative dispute resolution
    3. standard for handling dispute resolution in Canada
    4. last-minute approaches used only when necessary
50. The challenges associated with moving from plans to implementation are referred to as the ________.
    1. application divide
    2. implementation divergence
    3. action barrier
    4. implementation gap

True or False Questions

Collaboration can contribute to solutions to which stakeholders feel committed.

Coordination must occur before collaboration can begin.

Collaboration and coordination are means to an end, not ends in themselves.

Done well, collaboration involves sharing information and insight to achieve multiple goals.

On the ladder of participation, consultation occurs when citizens are heard but not necessarily heeded.

If scientists ignore or obscure uncertainties and are shown to be wrong, their credibility is at risk.

Rapidly increased melting of sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic over the past decade came as a surprise to many people.

“Turbulent” conditions are becoming increasingly prevalent.

Environmental impacts are common to all development initiatives.

The precautionary principle suggests that decision-makers should use their discretion regarding whether or not to err on the side of caution.

There is usually a specific “right” answer when it comes to using impact assessments.

Many small developments in aggregate can have large cumulative environmental impacts.

Monitoring is part of measuring the success of mitigation measures suggested by an impact assessment.

Researchers at the Experimental Lakes Area discovered methane and CO₂ emissions from reservoirs while testing for the impacts of hydroelectric generation.

Both the provincial and federal environmental assessments conducted for the proposed mine near Fish Lake and Williams Lake, British Columbia, resulted in a rejection of the proposal.

Short Answer Questions

1. Explain collaboration and coordination. Why are they both necessary for effective resource management?
2. What are stakeholders? How has the role of stakeholders evolved in recent decades?
3. Outline the different rungs on Arnstein's Ladder of Citizen Participation.
4. What are some of the difficulties involved with communicating scientific information to the public?
5. What can be done to overcome the challenges of communicating science to a variety of different target audiences?
6. What are the key features of adaptive co-management?
7. What is the precautionary principle? Give an example of how the precautionary principle has NOT been implemented.
8. Outline the Taseko Mines conflict in Fish Lake, B.C.. Why did this conflict occur?
9. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the judicial method of dispute resolution? What dispute resolution methods could be used instead?
10. Outline the alternative dispute resolution techniques.