Forests Complete Test Bank Chapter 10

CHAPTER TEN
Forests

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In the boreal region, more than ________ of the timber productive area has already been logged at least once.
   1. 35 per cent
   2. 25 per cent
   3. 60 per cent
   4. 95 per cent
2. Canada’s boreal forest produces ________ worth of ecosystem services annually.
   1. $700 billion
   2. $500 million
   3. $10 trillion
   4. $200 billion
3. Canada has one-quarter of the world’s _________.
   1. temperate rainforest
   2. boreal forest
   3. Both a and b
   4. None of the above
4. FAO defines a forest as an area where _______.
   1. trees cover an area spanning more than 0.5 hectares
   2. the tree canopy cover more than 10 per cent of the total land area
   3. trees grow to a height of more than 5 metres
   4. All of the above
5. Canada’s boreal forest produces over ________ of ecosystem services to the world.
   1. $700 billion
   2. $400 billion
   3. $200 billion
   4. $600 billion
6. Canada has ________ of the world’s forests.
   1. 10 per cent
   2. 9 per cent
   3. 7 per cent
   4. 13 per cent
7. The Boreal Forest Conservation Framework has achieved ________.
   1. a decrease in the total area protected in Canada’s boreal forest
   2. no change in the total area protected in Canada’s boreal forest
   3. the goal of protecting 50 per cent of Canada’s boreal forest area
   4. an increase of the total area of the boreal forest now protected
8. Canada’s forests cover ________.
   1. more of southern Canada than northern Canada
   2. a larger area of the more populated provinces and territories
   3. approximately 35 per cent of Canada’s land area
   4. All of the above
9. An intact forest landscape (IFL) ________.
   1. encompasses only small amounts of tree removal using sustainable harvesting methods
   2. includes a series of forest ecosystems connected by wildlife underpasses
   3. is an area where deforestation rates are declining and conservation agreements have been made with logging companies
   4. contains no signs of fragmentation by logging and infrastructure
10. Berries, maple syrup, mushrooms, and seeds are all ________.
    1. invasive species
    2. imported into Canada
    3. non-timber forest products
    4. All of the above
11. ________ is an example of a complementary relationship in forest management.
    1. A symbiotic relationship of button mushrooms with nearby trees
    2. Operating two different industries on separate tracts of forest land
    3. Logging old growth forests, which negatively impacts the pine mushroom industry,
    4. Developing logging roads that provide increased access to raw materials for craftspeople
12. In 2017, the timber industry directly employed ________ people.
    1. 25,000
    2. 1,950,000
    3. 209,940
    4. 2,600
13. The concern about the State of the Forests or State of the Parks reports is that these reports ________.
    1. have become increasingly politicized and used mainly as a tool to report success
    2. have not been published on a regular basis, leading to lack of data
    3. contain a high number of indicators, making it difficult to obtain clear information
    4. highlight inconsistent data on volume of wood produced across Canada
14. Canada is the ________ largest exporter of forest products in the world.
    1. second
    2. fourth
    3. seventh
    4. fifth
15. ________ of Canadian Indigenous people live in forested areas.
    1. 60 per cent
    2. 40 per cent
    3. 20 per cent
    4. 70 per cent
16. The duty to consult is ________.
    1. the authority and ability for decision-making in forest planning
    2. the legal obligation of Indigenous groups and communities to consider and address provincial decision-makers concerns before making a decision
    3. practices, customs and traditions that are integral to the distinctive culture of the Indigenous group claiming the right to do such.
    4. the legal obligation of provincial decision-makers to consider and address the concerns of Indigenous peoples and groups before making a decision that may affect claimed or proven Indigenous rights
17. Most of Canada’s forests are managed by ________.
    1. the federal and territorial government
    2. timber companies
    3. individual farmers
    4. provincial governments
18. At least ________ of Indigenous people around the world are involved in the forestry industry.
    1. 60 per cent
    2. 40 per cent
    3. 20 per cent
    4. 70 per cent
19. Annual allowable cut (AAC) is influenced by ________.
    1. the growth rates of trees
    2. the quality of species being harvested
    3. the amount of protected land
    4. All of the above
20. The falldown effect is ________.
    1. the recent declines experienced in the timber industry
    2. the impact of falling trees on local wildlife
    3. the reduction in age at maturity of harvested species
    4. the drop in timber volume between old-growth and second-growth forests
21. Today, most of Canada’s forests are harvested by ________.
    1. selective cutting
    2. silvicultural methods
    3. commercial thinning
    4. clear-cutting
22. Biocides are used in Canada’s forests to ________.
    1. protect conifer seedlings from insect damage
    2. ensure success of desired tree species for future harvesting
    3. increase competition with seedlings on replanted sites
    4. maximize the growth of early successional species
23. Glyphosate is ________.
    1. a fertilizer
    2. known to suppress the growth of coniferous trees
    3. a commonly used herbicide
    4. a banned substance
24. In ecosystems where fire is a frequent occurrence, fire suppression has led to ________.
    1. reduction in the amount of ground fuel on the forest floor
    2. reduced risk of major forest fire events
    3. dense regeneration of single-species forest systems
    4. increased initiation of secondary succession
25. The spruce budworm is currently controlled by the application of ________.
    1. Bacillus thuringiensis
    2. Mimic
    3. fenitrothion
    4. Both a and b
26. The longest living tree species in Canada is the ________.
    1. cedar
    2. fir
    3. pine
    4. spruce
27. Approximately ________ of Canada’s forests can be classified as old growth.
    1. 10 per cent
    2. 18 per cent
    3. 30 per cent
    4. 5 per cent
28. Alder, birch, cherry, elderberry, and blackberry are ________.
    1. late successional species
    2. coastal species
    3. native plants
    4. early successional species
29. Spider populations in forest ecosystems tend to ________.
    1. require at least 30 years to recover from clear-cutting
    2. be more successful and reproduce more rapidly in managed forests compared to natural forests
    3. have limited natural predators
    4. be limited in numbers
30. ________ has led to the spread of mountain pine beetles in BC.
    1. An accidental introduction of the species
    2. A change in the cycles of beetle populations
    3. The presence of large stands of uniformly mature pine trees
    4. Excessively cold winter temperatures
31. The decline of the northern spotted owl has been mainly attributed to ________.
    1. ingestion of pesticides used in forestry
    2. rapid spread of its main predators
    3. loss of suitable habitat due to logging
    4. unregulated commercial harvest of owls
32. The amount of nutrients removed from harvesting depends upon ________.
    1. extent of harvesting
    2. tree species
    3. harvesting method
    4. All of the above
33. Forest nutrient capital in nutrient-deficient sites can be maximized by ________.
    1. short rotation of harvest sites and stem harvesting
    2. short rotation of harvest sites and whole-tree harvesting
    3. long rotation of harvest sites and whole-tree harvesting
    4. long rotation of harvest sites and stem harvesting
34. Forest harvesting alters hydrologic cycles via ________.
    1. decreasing the rate of stream flow
    2. increasing the amount of water released through evapotranspiration
    3. decreasing the rate of nutrient uptake
    4. increasing the amount of water released into stream flow
35. Large-scale forest fires promotes climate change via ________.
    1. releasing stored carbon
    2. increasing soil erosion
    3. reducing water storage capacity
    4. All of the above
36. Canada’s managed forests ________.
    1. in some years act as a net carbon sink and in other years act as a net carbon source
    2. have acted as a net carbon sink in all years between 1990 and 2016
    3. are not a significant source of stored carbon
    4. are almost always a net emitter of carbon due to wildfires
37. Forests supply about ________ of global renewable energy.
    1. 20 per cent
    2. 60 per cent
    3. 10 per cent
    4. 40 per cent
38. Globally, ________ tonnes of food from forests are consumed.
    1. 76 million
    2. 86 million
    3. 56 million
    4. 36 million
39. Nearly ________ of forest area globally is under government control.
    1. 60 per cent
    2. 90 per cent
    3. 80 per cent
    4. 50 per cent
40. Culmination age is ________.
    1. the age of lowest land yield
    2. the age of economic maturity of the tree crop
    3. the age of economic decline of the tree crop
    4. the age of highest land yield
41. ________ of forests in Canada are owned and managed by Indigenous peoples.
    1. 4 per cent
    2. 8 per cent
    3. 5 per cent
    4. 2 per cent
42. Canada, Russia, and Brazil ________.
    1. contain less than 10 per cent of the world’s forests
    2. contain less than 45 per cent of the world’s forests
    3. contain over 50 per cent of the world’s forests
    4. contain over 90 per cent of the world’s forests
43. In Canada, more than ________ species depend on forests habitats.
    1. 80,000
    2. 30,000
    3. 60,000
    4. 90,000
44. Deforestation accounts for ________ of human-generated global greenhouse gas emissions.
    1. 25 per cent
    2. 15 per cent
    3. 10 per cent
    4. 5 per cent
45. About ________ hectares of the Canada’s forest are lost annually to deforestation.
    1. 37,000
    2. 25,000
    3. 60,000
    4. 10,000
46. The United Nations Forum on Forests agreed on six Global Forest Goals, including ________.
    1. improving livelihoods of forest-dependent people
    2. increasing loss of forest cover worldwide
    3. reducing forest-based benefits
    4. All of the above
47. French President Macron actions with regards to the Amazon fires raises the question about ________.
    1. intact forest landscapes
    2. ecosystem-based management
    3. chain-of-custody
    4. eco-colonialism
48. Historically, ________ made forest fires uncommon in Brazil.
    1. satellite monitoring
    2. An international ban on importation of “high-deforestation” beef and soy products
    3. dense canopy
    4. deforestation
49. ________ is NOT involved in certifying Canadian forest products.
    1. The Organization for Ethical Forestry
    2. The Forest Stewardship Council
    3. The Sustainable Forestry Initiative
    4. The Canadian Standards Association
50. The main difference between the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the two other certification systems in Canada, Canadian Standards Association (CSA) and Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI), is that ________.
    1. CSA and SFI are older certification programs and have been replaced with FSC
    2. FSC allows the use of genetically modified trees, whereas CSA and SFI do not
    3. FSC is a voluntary organization, whereas CSA and SFI are mandatory in Canada
    4. FSC is an international system with strict standards, whereas CSA and SFI are mainly controlled by the forestry industry

True or False Questions

“Borealis” is derived from the name of the Greek god of the north wind, Boreas, and literally means “of the North.”

Boreal forests are confined to Canada.

The global Boreal is the largest terrestrial carbon “bank account” on the planet.

The Far North Act is one of the largest wilderness protection efforts in the history of Ontario.

Timber products contribute less money to the Canadian economy than non-timber products.

Indigenous forestry occurs when Indigenous interests and management approaches are dominant.

In some forests, clear-cutting mimics natural forest gaps.

Spruce budworm is an invasive species in Canada.

White-tailed deer occur in greater abundance in regenerating clear-cut areas than when the landscape was covered in mature forest.

British Columbia has seen accelerated rates of cutting of forests impacted by the mountain pine beetle infestation.

Environmental groups have called for natural control methods for managing mountain pine beetle outbreaks.

Older trees contain smaller amounts of nutrients than younger trees.

Soil erosion following logging can destroy fish habitat.

Deforestation may account for more than half of the rise of CO₂ in the atmosphere.

New forestry practices suggest that it is unlikely clear-cuts will be able to continue, instead the approach focuses on other types of harvesting systems.

Local Control, local benefits and local values are three core principles that should be followed with the implementation of Indigenous forestry management.

Between the 1990s and the first decade of the twenty-first century, rates of deforestation increased.

Over half of the Earth’s populations depends on forested catchments for freshwater.

The vast majority of certified forest areas are found in the Northern hemisphere.

Home Depot and IKEA sell only forest products that have been certified as sustainable.

Short Answer Questions

1. What are non-timber forest products and why are they important commodities? Give three examples of Canadian non-timber forest products.
2. Define silviculture.
3. Why are biocides used in the reforestation process in Canada? What are the benefits and drawbacks to using biocides?
4. Describe three advantages and three disadvantages to clear-cutting.
5. How do the ecological attributes of old-growth forests differ from those of younger stands?
6. Describe three differences in the effects of fire and clear-cutting on forest ecosystems.
7. Why did the northern spotted owl lead to conflicts between conservationists and logging interests? What are some of the options available to help protect this species?
8. Why are forests an important component of the global carbon cycle? How do forests impact climate? What impact might forests have in the context of a changing climate?
9. List the five ways that Wyatt (2008) identifies in which Indigenous peoples in Canada may or may not be involved in forest management.
10. List the six Global Forest Goals that relate to global framework from the UN Strategic Plans for Forests.