Test Bank Chapter 9 Technology And Economies

Test Bank

Chapter 9: Technology and Economies

Multiple Choice

1. Cultural materialists view ______ as the primary driver of cultural change.

a. emotion

b. artifacts

c. technology

d. contact

Learning Objective: 9.1: Discuss the anthropological explanations of technology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Anthropological Explanations of Technology

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. An anthropologist hypothesizes that the internet has been the primary factor in cultural change since its invention. This view is an example of ______.

a. symbolic anthropology

b. cultural materialism

c. unilineal evolution

d. diffusionism

Learning Objective: 9.1: Discuss the anthropological explanations of technology.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Anthropological Explanations of Technology

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Formalist anthropologists believe that people always choose the ______ strategy when making economic choices.

a. cheapest

b. most efficient

c. most rational

d. easiest

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss how anthropologists study economics in different societies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Anthropology and Economics

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. An economic anthropologist travels to a small-scale society and realizes that the people under study prioritize the interests of the group over that of the individual. This conclusion would fall under the ______ approach.

a. theoretical

b. formalist

c. demographic-transitional

d. substantivist

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss how anthropologists study economics in different societies.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Substantivist Approach

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Which of the following is an example of foraging technology in tropical rain forest environments?

a. knowledge of edible plants

b. boomerang

c. kayak

d. atlatl

Learning Objective: 9.3: Describe the technologies of foraging societies

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Technology in Foraging Societies

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Reciprocal exchange in foraging societies exists because ______.

a. people are generally altruistic

b. people are generally selfish

c. food must be consumed immediately

d. there is ample storage capacity

Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe how the economy works in foraging societies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Economics in Foraging Societies

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Giving meat to a neighbor who was not successful in their last hunt is an example of ______ in foraging societies.

a. altruism

b. generalized reciprocity

c. balanced reciprocity

d. negative reciprocity

Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe how the economy works in foraging societies.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Generalized Reciprocity

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Balanced reciprocity involves the expectation that ______.

a. there will be an immediate return

b. the value of exchange will even out over time

c. no return will occur

d. identical items will be exchanged

Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe how the economy works in foraging societies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Balanced Reciprocity

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. ______ happens less often in foraging societies than in capitalist societies.

a. Generalized reciprocity

b. Balanced reciprocity

c. Altruism

d. Negative reciprocity

Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe how the economy works in foraging societies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Negative Reciprocity

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Many pastoralist technologies relate to ______.

a. hunting

b. architecture

c. farming

d. mobility

Learning Objective: 9.5: Describe the technologies of horticulturalist and pastoralist societies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pastoralist Technology

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. A sharp digging stick is an example of ______ technology.

a. hunting

b. pastoralist

c. horticulturalist

d. intensive agricultural

Learning Objective: 9.5: Describe the technologies of horticulturalist and pastoralist societies.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Horticulturalist Technology

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. One example of limited-purpose money in the United States of America is ______.

a. paper bills

b. metal coins

c. gift cards

d. credit cards

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss money and property ownership in horticulturalist and pastoralist economies.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Money

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. The Tiv of Nigeria in the 1950s considered ______ to be part of the middle sphere of exchange.

a. prestige goods

b. rights over women

c. food

d. textiles

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss money and property ownership in horticulturalist and pastoralist economies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Money

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Property rights in tribal societies are ______.

a. communal

b. individual

c. kin-based

d. nonexistent

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss money and property ownership in horticulturalist and pastoralist economies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Property Ownership

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Why is there more inequality in pastoral societies than in horticultural societies?

a. the relative value of animals to gardens

b. inheritance of animals

c. the sedentary lifestyle associated with pastoralism

d. the accumulation of surplus food

Learning Objective: 9.6: Discuss money and property ownership in horticulturalist and pastoralist economies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Property Ownership

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. A society with specialized occupations such as craftspeople is more likely to be ______.

a. primitive

b. hunter-gatherers

c. egalitarian

d. stratified

Learning Objective: 9.7: Describe technology and housing in chiefdom societies.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Technology in Chiefdoms

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. Large houses with inhabitants of varying statuses in chiefdoms function to ______.

a. maintain social integration

b. keep the low-status people isolated from everyone else

c. concentrate the craftspeople in one area

d. locate the farmers near their fields

Learning Objective: 9.7: Describe technology and housing in chiefdom societies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Housing in Chiefdoms

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Chiefdoms had the ability to ______, which was rarely seen in bands or tribes.

a. form bureaucracies

b. subsist on only wild resources

c. give commands

d. store food

Learning Objective: 9.8: Describe the unique type of economic exchange that emerged in chiefdom societies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Food Storage

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Kula exchange was a form of ______ practiced by the Trobriand Islanders.

a. potlatch

b. redistribution

c. balanced reciprocity

d. law

Learning Objective: 9.8: Describe the unique type of economic exchange that emerged in chiefdom societies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Kula Exchange

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Taxes are a form of ______.

a. tribal economics

b. redistributional exchange

c. balanced reciprocity

d. altruism

Learning Objective: 9.8: Describe the unique type of economic exchange that emerged in chiefdom societies.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Redistributional Exchange

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. The innovation of the ______ allowed farmers to work the same land more permanently.

a. shaduf

b. well

c. plow

d. digging stick

Learning Objective: 9.9: Discuss agricultural state innovations in technology and diffusion.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Agricultural Innovations

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. One obstacle that agricultural states had to overcome to produce enough food to support large populations was ______.

a. keeping neighboring groups from harvesting crops

b. the difficulty of moving water to crops that needed it

c. training oxen to dig irrigation canals

d. gathering enough nuts, seeds, and berries to make it through the winter

Learning Objective: 9.9: Discuss agricultural state innovations in technology and diffusion.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Agricultural Innovations

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Which of the following statements about agricultural technologies is true?

a. They arose in Egypt and spread over the world via cultural contact.

b. They arose in many places independently as a response to local environmental conditions.

c. They arose as a sharp break from previous food production technologies.

d. They arose only in areas that had intellectually superior inhabitants.

Learning Objective: 9.9: Discuss agricultural state innovations in technology and diffusion.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Agricultural innovations

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Which two characteristics of agricultural societies allowed for the specialization of occupations?

a. food surplus and food storage

b. large populations and low life expectancies

c. high fertility and low mortality

d. new technologies and the absence of centralized power

Learning Objective: 9.10: Describe the type of economies that developed in agricultural civilizations.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Economics in Agricultural States

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. The ownership of ______ was the primary source of wealth in agricultural states.

a. factories

b. arable land

c. large herds

d. ritual objects

Learning Objective: 9.10: Describe the type of economies that developed in agricultural civilizations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Property Rights

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. A system in which peasants work land owned by elites arose in ______ societies.

a. foraging

b. horticultural

c. pastoral

d. agricultural

Learning Objective: 9.10: Describe the type of economies that developed in agricultural civilizations.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Property Rights

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Peasants sharing food resources and labor in agricultural states is a form of ______.

a. monetary exchange

b. income inequality

c. moral economy

d. secondary sector

Learning Objective: 9.10: Describe the type of economies that developed in agricultural civilizations.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Moral Economy

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. A Gini coefficient of.98 reflects ______.

a. an almost completely egalitarian society

b. a mostly egalitarian society

c. a moderate degree of stratification

d. enormous inequality

Learning Objective: 9.10: Describe the type of economies that developed in agricultural civilizations.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Trade and Monetary Exchange

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. According to Karl Marx, why were industrial workers estranged and alienated by their work conditions?

a. lack of meaningful work

b. shift from urban to rural living

c. decline of factories

d. demands of the tertiary sector

Learning Objective: 9.11: Describe technology and economic changes for industrial and postindustrial societies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Technology and Work

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Childcare professionals belong to the ______ of society.

a. primary sector

b. secondary sector

c. tertiary sector

d. information sector

Learning Objective: 9.11: Describe technology and economic changes for industrial and postindustrial societies.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Division of Labor

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. Education is most crucial for success in ______ societies.

a. chiefdom

b. tribal

c. agricultural

d. post-industrial

Learning Objective: 9.11: Describe technology and economic changes for industrial and postindustrial societies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Division of Labor

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Purchasing a sweater at the mall is an example of participation in ______.

a. a bartering system

b. reciprocal exchange

c. the market economy

d. redistributional exchange

Learning Objective: 9.11: Describe technology and economic changes for industrial and postindustrial societies.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Market Economies

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Adam Smith argued that market exchange would do which of the following?

a. benefit both buyers and sellers

b. create profit for the government and oppress the common people

c. privilege the buyers’ needs over the sellers’ needs

d. lead to class inequality

Learning Objective: 9.11: Describe technology and economic changes for industrial and postindustrial societies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Perspectives on Market Economies

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Making sure each person in society has enough to address their basic needs is an ideal associated with ______.

a. capitalism

b. postindustrial societies

c. socialism

d. free markets

Learning Objective: 9.11: Describe technology and economic changes for industrial and postindustrial societies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Socialism

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Marvin Harris asserted that the failure of socialism in former Soviet states was due to which of the following reasons?

a. the superiority of capitalism

b. ineffective political leadership

c. inherent flaws in socialist ideals

d. infrastructure issues

Learning Objective: 9.11: Describe technology and economic changes for industrial and postindustrial societies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Recent Global Changes in Socialist Countries

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Technologies in foraging societies consist primarily of tools.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Describe the technologies of foraging societies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Technology in Foraging Societies

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Generalized reciprocity is a form of altruism.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe how the economy works in foraging societies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Generalized Reciprocity

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Chiefs had limited political authority.

Learning Objective: 9.8: Describe the unique type of economic exchange that emerged in chiefdom societies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Political Aspects of Property Ownership

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Irrigation technologies developed independently in separate places.

Learning Objective: 9.9: Discuss agricultural state innovations in technology and diffusion.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Agricultural Innovations

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Occupational specialization occurred only in urban areas.

Learning Objective: 9.10: Describe the type of economies that developed in agricultural civilizations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Economics in Agricultural States

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Compare and contrast generalized and balanced reciprocity.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Describe how the economy works in foraging societies.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Economics in Foraging Societies

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Explain how redistributional economic exchange creates a social safety net in chiefdoms.

Learning Objective: 9.8: Describe the unique type of economic exchange that emerged in chiefdom societies.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Redistributional Exchange

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Explain how the use of general-purpose money became formalized in agricultural states.

Learning Objective: 9.10: Describe the type of economies that developed in agricultural civilizations.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Trade and Monetary Exchange

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. How did agriculture lead to an increase in inequality?

Learning Objective: 9.10: Describe the type of economies that developed in agricultural civilizations.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Property Rights

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Compare and contrast socialist and capitalist systems.

Learning Objective: 9.11: Describe technology and economic changes for industrial and postindustrial societies.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Capitalism, Socialism

Difficulty Level: Hard