Test Bank Chapter 4 Attitudes, Ideologies And Values

Chapter 4

Attitudes, Ideologies and Values

1. The main difference between attitudes and values is:

a. values are held by societies while attitudes are held by individuals

b. values are components of attitudes

c. attitudes are associated with specific objects while values are abstract principles

d. attitudes are global abstract principles while values are associated with specific objects or events

e. attitudes are complex while values are simple

2. Maria's aim is to fight until women achieve freedom of choice. According to Rokeach this reflects a(n):

a. fundamental value

b. terminal value

c. instrumental value

d. revolutionary value

e. feminist value

3. Studies have shown that smokers tend to rank such things as an exciting life and pleasure as __________ values, and independence, broadmindedness and capability as __________ values.

a. terminal, instrumental

b. instrumental, terminal

c. instrumental, theoretical

d. abstract, instrumental

e. terminal, theoretical

4. An implicit attitude is:

a. a mental and neural state of readiness

b. one located in activity in the amygdala

c. one not fully in consciousness

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

5. What is the tripartite model of attitude?

a. cognitive, implicit and explicit

b. cognitive, affective, behavioural

c. rapid and automatic, slower and deliberative, heuristic

d. cognitive, perceptual, belief

e. red, white and blue

6. An instrumental value is:

a. a preference for a particular end or goal

b. a complex set of attitudes toward one's life

c. an attitude one uses in order to achieve a certain goal

d. a person's preferred mode of conduct

e. a value that is instrumental to a person's success

7. LIkert summated ratings is an example of ________ measure:

a. implicit attitudes

b. indirect

c. self-report

d. observer report

e. values

8. A measure of attitudes involves the rapid sorting of images into categories and measuring the speed of responses. What does this measure?

a. explicit attitudes

b. indirect attitudes

c. Likert self-report

d. implicit associations

e. bogus pipeline

9. Social psychologists, in the past, may have neglected the study of values because:

a. values are too complicated

b. values appear to be vague and imprecise

c. values can be submerged within the concept of attitude

d. values are too few in number to warrant the time and effort that would be involved

e. values have been thoroughly investigated by philosophers

10. It is an integrated set of attitudes or a worldview. What is it?

a. implicit attitudes

b. bogus pipeline

c. ideology

d. tripartite model of attitudes

e. cause of the French revolution

11. Choma, Busseri and Sadava (2009) administered measures of subjective well-being and political ideologies. What did they find?

a. life satisfaction was related to strong liberal and conservative ideologies

b. strong liberalism was related to higher levels of positive affect

c. strong conservatism was related to lower levels of negative affect

d. all of the above

e. both b and c, not a

12. Honesty, order, kindness and modesty are examples of:

a. Rokeach terminal values

b. Rokeach instrumental values

c. VIA character strengths

d. changes after the September 11 2001 terrorist attacks in New York

e. good stuff

13. Which of the following is NOT one of the value dimensions on which Hofstede (2001) compared participants in 40 different countries?

a. honesty

b. power distance

c. avoidance of uncertainty

d. individualism/ collectivism

e. masculinity/ femininity

14. Which of the following is NOT one of the values-related issues faced by societies, as identified by Schwartz (1994)?

a. relationship between the individual and society

b. hierarchical versus egalitarian

c. relationship between people and their environment

d. masculinity/femininity

e. none of the above are relevant to Schwartz (1994)

15. Rokeach found the following pattern after analyzing the writings of well-known authors representing different ideologies:

a. social democrats valued freedom highly but not equally

b. conservatives valued equality highly but not freedom

c. an extreme right winger valued freedom highly

d. conservatives valued both freedom and equality highly

e. social democrats valued both freedom and equality highly

16. Research has related value priorities to the political orientations of specific authors. This research has suggested:

a. conservatives value freedom more highly than equality

b. moderate liberals value equality

c. extreme right-wing writers (Hitler) valued neither equality nor freedom highly

d. moderate liberals value freedom

e. all of the above

17. Value confrontation refers to:

a. people having several values at the same time

b. people being made aware of discrepancies in their value priorities

c. people being faced with behaviour that involves competing values

d. the conflict between values and attitudes

e. both a and b

18. The procedure devised by Rokeach (1968), in which subjects are made aware of discrepancies in the priorities of values is called:

a. value confrontation

b. attitude shift paradigm

c. priorities-shift procedure

d. forced choice procedure

e. instructional value procedure

19. According to the text, when faced with competing values, people tend to:

a. feel aggression

b. think more about the issue

c. show more complex responses

d. stereotypic reactive thinking

e. both b and c

20. Value pluralism refers to:

a. people being made aware of the discrepancies in their value rankings

b. people having several values at the same time

c. the conflict between values and attitudes

d. people being faced with an issue involving competing values

e. the conflict between values and behaviour

21. A situation in which a person is faced with an issue that involves competing values is referred to as:

a. value pluralism

b. value confrontation

c. the value justification effect

d. value tension

e. value indecisiveness

22. In the value pluralism model, if the values are not of equal strength, people choose:

a. the stronger one

b. the weaker one

c. look for an alternative

d. either, it doesn't matter which

e. what makes them happiest

23. We know the following about trade-offs as they relate to value pluralism:

a. they may be seen as a way of avoiding blame

b. they involve some risk

c. they may be seen as ‘selling-out’

d. they may lead to delays

e. all of the above

24. Which of the following is one of the dimensions identified by the Hofstede investigation of values in different cultures?

a. power distance

b. masculinity-femininity

c. avoidance of uncertainty

d. individualism-collectivism

e. all of the above

25. Which of the following is a dimension of values isolated by Hofstede?

a. democratic/dictational

b. power distance

c. avoidance of uncertainty

d. both b and c

e. all of the above

26. Trade-offs as they are related to value pluralism are more difficult where there is:

a. poverty

b. a dictatorship

c. economic underdevelopment

d. a and c

e. all of the above

27. A country whose citizens score high on the individualism end of Hofstede's individualism–collectivism dimension is:

a. Canada

b. Australia

c. Japan

d. Hong Kong

e. both a and b

28. In nations scoring high on the power-distance dimension:

a. parents do not expect obedient children

b. individuals expect and accept autocratic leaders

c. children are trained to be independent

d. managers tend to consult with subordinates

e. governments are pluralistic

29. Which of the following is not related to avoidance of uncertainty?

a. a dominant state religion

b. a high premium on achievement

c. a concern with security

d. low risk-taking

e. none of the above

30. The value that ostensibly is manifested less in occupational mobility but more in group decision making is:

a. individualism

b. collectivism

c. femininity

d. masculinity

e. avoidance of uncertainty

31. A country whose citizens score high on avoidance of uncertainty on Hofstede's value dimensions is:

a. Australia

b. Sweden

c. Germany

d. Greece

e. Singapore

32. Hofstede's (1984) power-distance dimension refers to:

a. how central a political value is to an individual

b. emphasis on differences in the power of individuals in the society

c. average socioeconomic status of individuals in the society

d. the extent to which people are expected to look after themselves

e. level of technological advancement in a society

33. A country whose citizens score high in collectivism in Hofstede's individualism–collectivism scale is:

a. Taiwan

b. Canada

c. Mozambique

d. Australia

e. United States

34. In the context of Hofstede's value dimensions, masculinity is to femininity as __________ is to __________.

a. avoidance, uncertainty

b. democratic, government

c. material success, caring

d. power, distance

e. uncertainty, avoidance

35. On the masculinityfemininity dimension of values, Canada:

a. scores highly masculine

b. scores moderately masculine

c. scores strongly feminine

d. scores highly feminine

e. was not measured

36. The masculinity-femininity dimension of national values refers to:

a. the extent to which a society values success

b. the extent to which a society values controlling behaviour

c. the extent to which a society vales individualism

d. the extent to which a society values written rules

e. the extent to which a society values security

37. What value(s) was (were) identified on the Chinese Value Survey and not identified in the United States?

a. strong individualism

b. tradition

c. harmony

d. b and c

e. none of the above

38. A set of electrodes are attached to the person, and they are told that their ‘true’ reactions will be measured. Their task is to guess as accurately as possible what the machine will reveal. Of course, the machine does no such thing. This procedure is designed to measure:

a. whether the person is lying

b. the person’s motivation to tell the truth

c. the person’s self-awareness

d. the perosn’s real attitudes

e. the person’s electrical potential

39. The procedure described in item 38 has been called:

a. galvanic skin response

b. lie detector

c. bogus pipeline to the soul

d. implicit attitude test

e. an eggplant

40. The attitude similarity of monozygotic and dizygotic twins have been compared, to test the _______ hypothesis of attitudes.

a. mental readiness

b. attitude–behaviour

c. genetic

d. nurture

e. none of the above

41. Which of the following constitutes a part of the definition of attitudes?

a. attitudes exert a directive influence upon an individual's actions

b. attitudes comprise mental readiness

c. attitudes are organized through experience

d. both b and c

e. all of the above

42. The affective component of an attitude is the __________ component.

a. cognitive

b. emotional

c. behavioural

d. environmental

e. arousal

43. Strong attitudes have a number of characteristics. Which of the following is not one of them? They are:

a. maintained with considerable certainty

b. supported by knowledge

c. perceived as important

d. less accessible than weak attitudes

e. intense

44. Attitudes can be thought of as:

a. cognitive structures that reside in short-term memory

b. behavioural tendencies that affect reaction-time

c. cognitive structures that reside in long-term memory

d. cognitive structures that are activated automatically

e. none of the above

45. What do we mean by attitudes having a ‘knowledge’ function?

a. our attitudes reveal what we know

b. our attitudes enable us to make sense of our world and avoid uncertainty

c. our attitudes are based on what we know

d. our attitudes enable us to find out about things

e. none of the above

46. Attitudes comprise:

a. cognitions

b. intentions

c. feelings

d. behavioural readiness

e. a, c and d

47. Which one of the following components is not part of Gordon Allport's (1935) definition of an attitude?

a. an attitude comprises a mental state of readiness

b. an attitude comprises a neutral state of readiness

c. attitudes are organized through experience

d. attitudes exert a dynamic influence upon behaviour

e. attitudes are always observable

48. Which of the following is not a component of the tripartite model?

a. social

b. cognitive

c. affective

d. behavioural

e. none of the above

49. The most common way of measuring attitudes is by:

a. Likert summated ratings

b. Thurstone scales

c. semantic differential scales

d. observing people in actual situations

e. measuring physiological reactions to tests

50. Which of these is a characteristic of the Likert scale?

a. equal-appearing intervals

b. summated ratings

c. items selected by judges

d. use of bipolar adjectives

e. both b and c

51. Attitude measures that use a self-report format include

a. Likert summated scales

b. semantic differential

c. bogus pipeline

d. a and c

e. a and b

52. Attitude measures like the semantic differential and the Likert Scale are subject to the following bias(es)

a. desire to create a favourable impression

b. desire to maintain a favourable self-concept

c. distortion of responses to sensitive issues

d. false responses to sensitive issues

e. all of the above

53. Which of the following is an indirect measure of attitudes?

a. Likert scales

b. semantic differential

c. nonreactive measures

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

54. Which of these is a characteristic of the semantic differential?

a. summated ratings

b. bipolar scale

c. not statistical analysis

d. both b and c

e. all of the above

55. With which attitude measuring tool would you expect to see words like: agree, uncertain, and disagree?

a. nonreactive measures

b. Likert scale

c. subject-model scene

d. semantic differential

e. both b and d

56. If we were using the books people read to infer their attitudes, we would be using:

a. indirect measures

b. a differential scale

c. Likert summated ratings

d. self-report measures

e. none of the above

57. If you believed that attitudes were made up of a single dimension, what would it be?

a. behavioural

b. affective

c. cognitive

d. physiological

e. instrumental

58. Breckler (1984) measured subjects' feelings toward snakes, their beliefs about the dangers of snakes and how they would react to them. The results of the study indicated:

a. beliefs, feelings and behaviours toward snakes were highly interrelated

b. beliefs, feelings and behaviours about snakes were moderately interrelated

c. beliefs and feelings were highly related to each other but unrelated to behaviour

d. all measures were unrelated to each other

e. people who have negative attitudes toward snakes avoid them

59. In order for an attitude to be ‘unstable’ the following condition(s) is/are necessary:

a. positive elements must be similar in strength

b. negative elements must be similar in strength

c. both sides must be important

d. both sides must be of at least moderate intensity

e. all of the above

60. An attitude is considered ‘unstable’ when:

a. there is merit in both sides of an issue

b. there is not absolute support for either side of an issue

c. others do not like what we like

d. there are only negative feelings about both sides

e. both a and b

61. If you believed that attitudes were made up of two dimensions, what would they be?

a. stimuli and cognitions

b. cognitions and behaviour

c. behaviour and affect

d. affect and cognitions

e. affect and feelings

62. The text outlines several functions of attitudes. Which of the following is not one such function?

a. attitudes are useful in enabling people to adjust to their social groups

b. attitudes guide people's interpretations and reactions to events

c. attitudes allow people to avoid threatening information about themselves

d. attitudes allow people to demonstrate their uniqueness

e. attitudes allow people to focus on generalities

63. What is not true of values?

a. they are global abstractions

b. we base our attitudes on them

c. they are generalities

d. they are basic principles

e. they are very specific

64. In saying that attitudes serve a value expressive function, we mean:

a. they help us to maximize gains and minimize cost

b. they enable us to make a sense of our world

c. they prevent us from undue influences of values from other cultures

d. they help to reinforce specific behaviours

e. they enable us to demonstrate our uniqueness

65. Which of the following functions is not served by attitudes?

a. knowledge

b. ego-defensive

c. instrumental

d. structural

e. value-expressive

66. Norah expresses the same opinions about sports as her friends in order to gain their approval. These attitudes serve a(n) __________ function.

a. instrumental

b. ego-defensive

c. value-expressive

d. knowledge

e. diplomatic

67. People who express attitudes which favour government-supported health care may refer to values which support this attitude. This is the:

a. attitude-similarity effect

b. value justification effect

c. educational process effect

d. ideology effect

e. schema

68. In Kristiansen and Zanna's study , it was found that attitudes about controversial issues were related to values when:

a. the issue was linked to the attainment of these values

b. the issue was not linked to the attainment of these values

c. the attitudes served ego-defensive functions

d. subjects were exposed to a persuasive communication

e. subjects believed in affirmative action

69. According to the text:

a. we can infer attitudes from values

b. we can infer values from attitudes

c. we cannot infer values from attitudes

d. we cannot infer attitudes from values

e. both c and d

70. A situation in which people with different attitudes toward the same issue relate their positions to entirely different values rather than differences in the importance of the same value is referred to as:

a. value confrontation

b. value polarization

c. the value justification effect

d. value expressive differences

e. value pluralism

71. La Piere (1934) observed that restaurants in the United States often claimed that they would not serve Chinese patrons, but in reality many of the same restaurants did. He argued that this demonstrated:

a. that attitudes and behaviour are never related

b. the principle of balance

c. that attitudes are learned

d. that behaviour and attitudes are often inconsistent

e. the principle of cognitive dissonance

72. A reason advanced by some researchers for the failure to find attitude–behaviour links is that:

a. most attitude studies use self-report techniques

b. some of the attitude–behaviour studies are not properly controlled

c. too much emphasis is placed on a single behavioural event

d. people often do not reveal their true attitudes

e. some observed behaviours may be misinterpreted

73. An example of an attitude-discrepant behaviour is:

a. hating politics but running in elections anyway

b. liking psychology and taking a course in cognition

c. contributing money to charity

d. taking a free sample in a liquor store

e. all of the above

74. Although 94% of 500 individuals said that they felt personally responsible for the disposal of litter, only 2% actually picked up a piece of litter planted by the experimenter (Bickman, 1972). This demonstrates

a. value justification effect

b. value expressive effect

c. attitude–behaviour discrepancy

d. attribution of responsibility effect

e. none of the above

75. According to the review by Wicker (1969), which of these is not a personal factor involved in the attitude–behaviour relation?

a. the number of other relevant attitudes held by the person

b. the motivation to satisfy other needs

c. the relevance of a particular action to an attitude

d. the real or implied presence of others

e. none of the above

76. Weigel and Newman found that attitudes predicted behaviour better in:

a. the laboratory

b. self-report statements

c. the real world

d. written statements

e. an experimental situation

77. The study by Hessing, Elffers and Weigel (1988) revealed that:

a. most attitudes are poor predictors of behaviour

b. most behaviours can be entirely accounted for by attitudes

c. attitudes are not likely to accurately predict behaviour if the behaviours are illegal

d. most factors that influence the attitude–behaviour relationship are situational

e. most factors that influence the attitude–behaviour relationship are valid

78. Which of the following is an example of a situational factor that could prevent attitude–behaviour consistency?

a. the conflict of social norms with certain attitudes

b. the presence of other relevant attitudes

c. the motivation to satisfy other needs

d. the relevance of an action to a particular attitude

e. none of the above

79. In the study by Fazio (1990), subjects were more likely to indicate that they would buy a camera at Brown's if:

a. they were told that their decision would be compared with others

b. they had little time to make a decision

c. they had no time pressure

d. both a and c

e. they were in the experimental group

80. In the MODE model, motivation refers to:

a. how strongly one is committed to an attitude

b. the severity of the consequences of the behaviour on the individual

c. the amount of time available

d. the opportunity to execute an action

e. the spontaneity of the reaction to the situation

81. Results of studies such as the one concerning the legal drinking age demonstrate that:

a. there is no way of predicting behaviour from attitudes

b. behaviour is influenced by much more than one specific attitude

c. attitudes toward legal issues can't relate to people's behaviour in any significant way

d. attitudes are consistent with behaviour only on private issues

e. attitude–behaviour consistency is determined by age

82. Motivation and opportunity are components of:

a. the Theory of Reasoned Action

b. cognitive dissonance theory

c. the MODE model

d. balance theory

e. the motivational theory of attitudes

83. Which of the following is not a situational factor that may prevent people from acting in accordance with their attitudes?

a. the presence of others may influence behaviour

b. social norms may affect attitudes

c. personality factors affect attitudes

d. unforeseen events can change behaviour

e. having no acceptable alternatives may affect behaviour

84. In the study by Shetz (1974) which investigated the intentional and actual behaviour of consumers, it was found that:

a. behaviour could be predicted better than intentions

b. the correlation obtained for intention was negative

c. the correlations obtained for intention were positive but low

d. actual behaviour could not be predicted from intentions

e. intentions were more accurately predicted than behaviour

85. According to the Theory of Reasoned Action:

a. the best way to predict whether people will perform some behaviour is to ask them whether they want to do it

b. people's subjective norms do not influence their behaviour

c. the best way to predict whether people will perform some behaviour is to determine their intentions

d. the factors affecting people's intentions are their subjective norms and their behaviour

e. subjective norms are the best predictors of behaviour

86. Based on the model of reasoned action, one aspect of our intention to vote for a certain candidate in an election is determined by:

a. our attitudes toward the candidate

b. opinion polls

c. our attitudes toward voting in that way

d. both b and c

e. all of the above

87. Experiments, such as that conducted by Shetz (1974), have indicated that multiple variables (e.g., habits, beliefs, social environment, etc.) are more highly correlated with intention to buy a particular product than with actual frequency of doing so. This finding indicates that:

a. intention and behaviour are unrelated

b. behaviour cannot be predicted from such variables as habits, beliefs, social environments, etc.

c. behaviour is more predictable than intention

d. intention is more predictable than behaviour

e. attitudes cannot predict either behaviour or intention

88. The strength of one's motivation to comply with others' expectations is part of __________ in Ajzen and Fishbein's model.

a. attitudes toward the behaviour

b. normative beliefs

c. subjective norms

d. intentions

e. social norms

89. According to Ajzen and Fishbein, attitudes toward an action are determined by:

a. evaluation of specific outcomes

b. social norms

c. intentions and past experience

d. whether that action is likely to be reinforced

e. all of the above

90. Subjective norms, in the Ajzen and Fishbein model:

a. include others' expectations of an action

b. include the strength of one's motivation to comply with others' expectations

c. confuse normative beliefs and beliefs about behavioural consequences

d. a and b

e. none of the above

91. Which of the following does not determine attitudes toward an action, based on the Theory of Reasoned Action?

a. intentions and past experience

b. whether that action is likely to be reinforced

c. social norms

d. the strength of a person's motives to comply with the expectations of others

e. none of the above

92. In one test of the Ajzen-Fishbein model, subjects were asked about their intentions to buy particular brands of certain products (e.g., toothpaste or beer) as well as their assessments of their families and friends' evaluation of that intention. The results of the experiments indicated:

a. attitudes alone do not predict behaviour

b. when an individual's attitudes and others' expectations correspond, behaviour can be predicted

c. attitudes are too complex to predict behaviour

d. a and b

e. a and c

93. Which research on attitudes has demonstrated significant results with real-life behaviours and attitudes?

a. Theory of Reasoned Action

b. the mode model

c. value justification effect

d. attitude ambivalence

e. none of the above

94. The Theory of Reasoned Action has been used to study:

a. the use of birth control

b. AIDS prevention

c. marijuana use

d. consumer behaviour

e. all of the above

95. The Theory of Planned Behaviour differs from the Theory of Reasoned Action in that it:

a. includes two complementary measures of attitudes

b. de-emphasizes subjective norms

c. takes the type of behaviour into consideration

d. focuses on behaviour as a potential course of attitudes

e. includes perceived behavioural control

96. Some criticisms of the Theory of Reasoned Action include:

a. its apparent failure to measure attitude complexity

b. the theory's insistence that attitudes influence behaviour only through intentions whereas some studies show evidence to the contrary

c. its failure to predict behaviour

d. the fact that the model deals with laboratory-generated attitudes

e. both a and b

97. According to Ajzen (1985, 1987) the predictive utility of the Theory of Reasoned Action can be improved if:

a. attitudes toward the action are more thoroughly assessed

b. there is more careful use of subjective norms

c. subjective norms are integrated into social norms

d. volitional control is taken into consideration

e. motivation is ignored

98. The Theory of Planned Behaviour states that when behaviour is considered to be under high control:

a. intentions will not be influential in predicting behaviour

b. subjective norms will be dominant in predicting behaviour

c. intentions will play the dominant role in predicting behaviour

d. attitudes will be directly related to behaviour

e. none of the above

99. What issue(s) has attitude research explored over the years?

a. Is attitude related to behaviour?

b. When is attitude related to behaviour?

c. How do attitudes influence behaviour?

d. How does behaviour influence attitudes?

e. all of the above

100. From early times, the study of which of the following has been considered core to social psychology?

a. behaviour

b. values

c. attitudes

d. functions

e. abstractions