Ch.6 Social Influence Test Bank Answers 1st Edition

Chapter 6

Social Influence

1. Social facilitation refers to:

a. doing what you have been ordered to do

b. changing your behaviour or opinion to become similar to that of others

c. increasing the level of an activity due to the presence of another person

d. yielding to a request by another person

e. engaging in cooperative efforts to improve your social environment

2. You begin to write your exam faster having noticed that the student to your left has asked for extra paper. This is an example of:

a. social reinforcement

b. conformity

c. compliance

d. coaction effects

e. evaluation apprehension

3. According to Allport's (1924) conclusion after studying social facilitation:

a. coaction effects result in inferior performance

b. overt responses are facilitated in the presence of a coworker

c. thinking is facilitated in the presence of coworkers

d. thinking is hampered in the presence of coworkers

e. both b and d

4. When an individual is influenced by the presence of a person who is participating in the same event, the phenomenon is termed:

a. social facilitation

b. the audience effect

c. the coaction effect

d. social inhibition

e. evaluation apprehension

5. In Triplett's study of the effect of the presence of others on winding fishing reels:

a. some participants were stimulated positively

b. some participants were adversely affected

c. girls were more likely than boys to be positively influenced

d. all of the above

e. a and c

6. According to Zajonc, the presence of another person:

a. increases arousal

b. may facilitate behaviour

c. may interfere with ongoing behaviour

d. all of the above

e. a and b

7. According to Zajonc, the effects of an audience on behaviour are a result of:

a. an increase in the level of arousal, which enhances general reactivity

b. an innate drive based on evaluation apprehension

c. a learned drive based on evaluation apprehension

d. a learned drive based on increased environmental stimulation

e. an innate drive based on increased environmental stimulation

8. According to Zajonc, the arousal induced by the presence of an audience has the following effects on learning a new behaviour:

a. increases the strength with which the correct response is emitted

b. decreases the strength with which the incorrect responses are emitted

c. increases the strength with which the incorrect responses are emitted

d. a and c

e. a and b

9. What underlying process did Cottrell suggest is responsible for the influence of an audience on behaviour?

a. evaluation apprehension

b. arousal

c. affective responses

d. an innate drive

e. habituation

10. What is the basic premise of the distraction-conflict theory of the arousal produced by audience and coaction effects?

a. conflict in paying attention to comparing one’s performance with that of a coactor

b. distraction produced by innate drives

c. distraction produced by a biological response to the presence of others

d. conflict produced by a distracting audience

e. distraction produced by conflict with an audience

11. Studies investigating the role of evaluation apprehension in social facilitation have found that on the whole:

a. evaluation apprehension is necessary for social facilitation to occur

b. evaluation apprehension is neither necessary nor sufficient for social apprehension to occur

c. evaluation apprehension only enhances performance

d. social facilitation can take place in the absence of evaluation apprehension

e. none of the above

12. According to research by Herman et al. (2003), what is the effect on eating of an audience?

a. when people eat in a group, they tend to eat more

b. when in the presence of a model who eats a lot, they eat more

c. when in the presence of someone who they believe is evaluating them, they eat less

d. when in the presence of a model who eats less, they also eat less

e. all of the above

13. The view that an individual's arousal is caused by a division of attention between the task and the audience is known as:

a. evaluation apprehension

b. selective attention theory

c. distraction-conflict theory

d. information overload

e. arousal-attention theory

14. According to research findings, which of the following may play a role in coaction effects?

a. culture

b. rivalry

c. knowledge of results

d. eye contact

e. all of the above

15. Which of the following has/have been offered as explanation(s) for social facilitation?

a. mere presence of others

b. evaluation apprehension

c. increased self-awareness

d. attentional conflict

e. all of the above

16. The distraction-conflict theory states that:

a. an individual is aroused by the presence of others because of the conflict involved in attending to the task at hand while being distracted by the audience or coactors

b. an individual is distracted by the need to outperform other coactors in the task

c. an individual's performance on a simple task is a function of environmental distractions and the individual's motivation to perform well

d. an individual's performance on a task is influenced by the presence of others because of sensory overload

e. an individual is distracted by a coactor, and this leads to interpersonal conflict which affects the individual's performance of a task

17. Which of the following is a non-arousal theory of social facilitation?

a. evaluation apprehension

b. distraction-conflict theory

c. self-presentation

d. mere presence

e. none of the above

18. Which of the following is a theory of social facilitation?

a. self-awareness

b. self-presentation

c. evaluation apprehension

d. distraction-conflict theory

e. all of the above

19. The phenomenon of decreased effort by individuals working with others in a group is known as:

a. social inhibition

b. social loafing

c. affective responses

d. evaluation apprehension

e. audience effect

20. If you see someone throw a brick through a window and immediately is arrested by the police nearby, you are less likely to throw a second brick. What theory best explains this?

a. disinhibition in social modeling

b. inhibition in social modeling

c. observational learning

d. distraction-conflict

e. cognitive dissonance

21. Research on social loafing suggests that it is more likely to occur in __________ than in __________.

a. a basketball game, a football match

b. a 400-metre dash, a rowing contest

c. a baseball game, a swim meet

d. a squash game, a volleyball game

e. a tug-of-war, a relay race

22. One of the most likely causes of social loafing, as suggested in the text is:

a. inadequate coordination

b. the ‘free rider’ effect

c. difficulty of identifying individual outputs for evaluation

d. lack of arousal

e. learned helplessness

23. Which of the following best illustrates reciprocal determinism in social learning?

a. copying the leap of a ballet dancer

b. throwing a brick through a window after observing someone doing the same thing

c. choosing to join a biker gang and being influenced by models in the gang

d. dressing like someone in your peer group

e. performing better on a team of excellent players

24. Which of the following does not accurately describe the autokinetic effect?

a. the illusion that a moving light in a dark room appears stationary

b. the fact that people's estimates of illusory movements are very consistent

c. the fact that people in a moving car consistently underestimate distances

d. the fact that people in a stationary car appear to underestimate the distances of moving lights

e. all of the above

25. __________ occurs when an individual, under no direct pressure to do so, modifies his or her beliefs or behaviours so that they are similar to those of other individuals.

a. Compliance

b. Obedience

c. Conformity

d. Acceptance

e. Interaction

26. Neuroscience research shows that we have mirror neuron system in our brains. What does this system do?

a. fires when we observe ourselves, as in a mirror

b. fires when we observe someone else perform an activity that we intend to perform

c. fires to inhibit acting where the consequences are observed to be negative

d. fires when we reciprocate an environmental influences

e. fires when we have seven years of bad luck

27. In Sherif's (1936) research on the autokinetic effect, he found that:

a. participants' estimates of light movement become increasingly similar

b. no participants conformed

c. participants' estimates of light movement diverged from each other

d. confederates' judgments under this ambiguous condition had no effect on the participants

e. none of the above

28. The difference between the Sherif autokinetic research and the Asch line-comparison studies of conformity is that in Sherif's technique:

a. the situation is more concrete

b. participants are merely aware of others' judgments and the influence is mutual

c. the norms are already well established

d. it is more difficult for participants to understand

e. there is direct pressure on the participants to modify their behaviour

29. In Asch's (1951) study of ‘perceptual’ judgment involving the length of lines, naive participants made at least one error __________ of the time.

a. 28 per cent

b. 37 per cent

c. 76 per cent

d. 95 per cent

e. 86 per cent

30. The autokinetic effect represents an example of the ________ of conformity.

a. informational influence

b. normative influence

c. compliance influence

d. mirror neuron

e. none of the above

31. Sherif proposed a model of conformity in which individuals arrive at a common form of behaviour without any direct pressure. This ‘standard’ behaviour is called:

a. implicit conformity

b. the bandwagon effect

c. a social norm

d. explicit conformity

e. none of the above

32. The phenomenon that individuals tend to agree with the perceived opinion of the majority is know as:

a. the social norm

b. the bandwagon effect

c. explicit conformity

d. the autokinetic effect

e. implicit conformity

33. Soloman Asch is famous for his experiments on:

a. compliance

b. obedience

c. coaction

d. conformity

e. social psychology

34. In their meta-analysis of Asch-type research in 17 nations, Bond and Smith (1996) found:

a. people in collectivist cultures conformed more

b. people in individualist cultures conformed more

c. people in most cultures conformed equally

d. people in society conformed more

e. people conformed only with curved lines

35. Which of the following is not listed in the text as a factor that might influence the results obtained from the Asch-type studies?

a. the historical context in which the research takes place

b. the cultural context in which the research takes place

c. the social and political climate at the time of research

d. the age of the participants

e. the nature of response patterns such as written versus oral

36. The difference between compliance and conformity is that:

a. conformity is an aspect of social influence while compliance is an aspect of obedience

b. conformity is induced only under experimental conditions whereas compliance is more of a real life phenomenon

c. with conformity, individuals are influenced through a direct request whereas with compliance, influence is not directly sought

d. in compliance a person goes along with a request whereas in conformity, a person goes along with other people even though no direct request has been made

e. there is no difference, conformity is just another term for compliance

37. What is meant by the ‘bandwagon effect’?

a. the phenomenon whereby minorities become majorities

b. the phenomenon whereby a behaviour or opinion that everyone shares loses status because of its commonality

c. the phenomenon that individuals tend to agree with the perceived opinion of the majority

d. the phenomenon that people attempt to maintain their individuality by taking a stand on issues that they perceive to be different from that of the majority of people

e. the hearing impairment that occurs if a parade passes too closely to your living room

38. Julia has just seen the movie Twelve Years a Slave with some friends. After leaving the theatre, she enthusiastically says that it's the best movie he's seen this year. Her friends counter with a lot of criticism of the acting, the sets, and the plot itself. Julia then agrees that, on second thought, it wasn't really such a good movie after all. Her behaviour demonstrates:

a. normative social influence

b. informational social influence

c. conflicting social norms

d. mirror neuron system

e. all of the above

39. Some individuals are given more leeway to deviate than others due to their past contributions to the effectiveness of the group. This phenomenon is ascribed to:

a. the flexibility of group functioning

b. the relativity of social norms

c. idiosyncrasy credits earned by these members

d. divergent actions of most groups

e. social comparison within the group

40. __________ is based on a person's desire to be correct.

a. Direct influence

b. Indirect influence

c. Nominal influence

d. Informational social influence

e. Minority influence

41. Who are most likely to conform with opinions/behaviours of the majority?

a. individuals low in self-esteem

b. individuals of low status

c. individuals in highly cohesive groups

d. individuals with no supporters in the group

e. all of the above

42. Social validation refers to:

a. a basic drive to evaluate our abilities and opinions

b. a need to have others agree with us

c. the ability to detect deception

d. both a and b

e. none of the above

43. Studies investigating the effect of group size have shown that generally:

a. conformity occurs even when one person voices a discrepant opinion

b. the greater the number of those voicing discrepant opinions the more the conformity

c. majorities larger than 15 have considerable impact

d. the pressure to conform continues to accumulate as the size of the group increases

e. the pressure to conform continues to accumulate as the size of the group increases up to three to six people, beyond which no additional impact is noticed

44. Who are the least likely to conform with opinions/behaviours of the majority?

a. individuals with low self-esteem

b. individuals in non-cohesive groups

c. individuals of low status

d. individuals with no supporters in the group

e. individuals in ambiguous situations

45. Increasing the size of the group from __________ to __________ is likely to produce the greatest increase in conformity.

a. 500 to 1000

b. 50 to 100

c. 2 to 6

d. 6 to 15

e. 20 to 40

46. People are more influenced by the expected negative consequences of non-conformity than by the expected positive consequences of conformity. Which theory best explains this hypothesis?

a. normative regulation

b. informational expectancies

c. idiosyncrasy credit

d. mirror neuron

e. deviance regulation

47. You are in charge of designing a program to get people to cover their mouths when they cough. According to deviance regulation theory, you would be most successful by stressing the irresponsibility of people who fail to cover up when:

a. the norms are not to cover up

b. the norms state that one should cover up

c. the norms stress that it is deviant to put your hand over your mouth

d. the norms stress the common good in all cases

e. none of the above

48. According to Latané’s social impact theory, there are several factors that determine when a person will be influenced by others. They include:

a. the strength or importance of the influence

b. the immediacy of the influence

c. the number of people in the group who try to influence you

d. all of the above

e. b and c, not a

49. Which of the following is not listed in the text as one of the reasons why people conform?

a. individuals use the judgment of the majority to answer social questions not amenable to empirical verification

b. groups tend to be intolerant of non-conformists

c. individuals use the group to attain selfish goals

d. many situations are ambiguous and individuals allow the group to structure and define these situations for them

e. conformity may be used as an impression management tactic

50. Stallen et al (2012) suggest, on the basis of their research that a certain brain chemical may facilitate conforming behavior. Which of the following is that chemical?

a. dopamine

b. serotonin

c. mirror neuron

d. oxytocin

e. placebo

51. According to the dual processing model of conformity, there are two motivations to conform. They are:

a. positive and negative

b. social norms and culture

c. normative and informational

d. normative and deviant

e. conformity and compliance

52. When Perrin and Spencer (1981) placed their participants in an Asch-type situation, very few of them conformed. In contrast with Asch’s participants in the USA, these people did not conform because they did not want to look ‘weak, ridiculous, stupid’. Where did these participants live?

a. Canada

b. Netherlands

c. Chile

d. United Kingdom

e. Australia

53. According to the text, what is most critical for the opinion of the minority to influence the majority?

a. the minority must be consistent in its view

b. this consistency cannot to be carried to extremes

c. minority must contain at least one third of the group members

d. the minority must consist of well-liked individuals

e. both a and b

54. Minority influences are more likely to be effective if the minority is:

a. forceful

b. similar to the majority

c. not seen to have a vested interest in the views they are propagating

d. consistent

e. emotionally appealing

55. Research on the manner in which a minority presents its views indicates that the minority is most effective if it is:

a. consistent on major points

b. flexible rather than rigid

c. consistent on major and minor points

d. rigid and dogmatic

e. a and b

56. Research has shown that minority opinion that is stated with consistency and confidence will produce:

a. convergent thinking

b. unstable decisions

c. superficial thinking

d. divergent thinking

e. excessively simplistic decisions

57. In the experiment by Buehler and Griffin (1994) where participants were required to decide whether the white police officer or a black teenager driving a stolen car were responsible for the officer shooting the teenager,:

a. participants' interpretations of the roles of the victims and the police became less extreme as they reconsidered the evidence

b. participants made the same decision they thought other group members were making

c. the researcher concluded that participants reconstructed the facts to support their decisions

d. all of the above

e. b and c

58. There is evidence that majority influence most often leads to changes in:

a. attitudes

b. affect

c. overt behaviour

d. private opinion

e. all of the above

59. With regard to compliance, a person:

a. follows the directive of an authority

b. goes along with a request

c. changes the attitudes, feelings or actions of another person

d. goes along with other people when no direct request is made

e. changes behaviour in line with others just because everyone else is doing it

60. The foot-in-the-door technique involves:

a. obeying an authority only to be punished later

b. a sting operation

c. a big request followed by a smaller one

d. a small request followed by a bigger request

e. the belief that minorities should not have privacy

61. Reciprocal concessions have been suggested to account for the success of the __________ technique.

a. low-ball

b. door-in-the-face

c. foot-in-the-door

d. prior commitment

e. guilt-induced

62. Patricia wants her brother Mike to look after her children for a weekend. First she asks him if he will take them up to his cottage when he goes there for two weeks in August. When he refuses, she asks if he will look after them for a weekend in August instead, and he agrees to do so. This is an example of:

a. the foot-in-the-door technique

b. the low-ball technique

c. the door-in-the-face technique

d. the that's-not-all technique

e. the indirect influence technique

63. In the door-in-the-face technique:

a. an individual who agrees to carry out a small request is subsequently asked to carry out a larger request

b. an individual is asked to comply with an ostensibly simple request after which an additional aspect of the request is revealed

c. the first request made to an individual is so extreme that they are likely to refuse to comply, after which the target request is made

d. an individual is made to feel indebted in some way to the person making the request thereby increasing their likelihood of complying

e. the person interested in inducing compliance goes from door-to-door in the effort to achieve this aim

64. The results of the Freedman and Fraser (1966) study support the effectiveness of:

a. the low-ball technique

b. generating guilt

c. the foot-in-the-door technique

d. obedient aggression

e. the that's-not-all technique

65. The door-in-the-face technique assumes that:

a. people are more likely to comply with a large request if they have already complied with a smaller one

b. people are more likely to comply with a target request if they have already refused to comply with a larger request

c. once having agreed to an action, people are likely to follow through with this action even when the costs of the action have increased

d. people are more likely to comply with a request if they are made to feel guilty

e. people are more likely to comply with an action if the benefits of the action are increased before the person is allowed to respond to the original offer

66. Cialdini and his colleagues (1975) conducted a number of experiments in which compliance with a target request was increased by preceding this request with an extreme request that all participants were expected to refuse. What is this technique?

a. door-in-the-face technique

b. low-ball technique

c. guilt-induced technique

d. foot-in-the-door technique

e. prior commitment technique

67. What explanation(s) have been suggested for the success of the door-in-the-face technique for inducing compliance?

a. reciprocal concessions

b. self-perception

c. self-presentation

d. a and c

e. all of the above

68. The explanation suggested for the success of the low-ball technique for inducing compliance is:

a. commitment

b. self-presentation

c. reciprocal concessions

d. self-perception

e. none of the above

69. Self-presentation norms and the norm of reciprocity have been used to explain the effectiveness of the __________ technique.

a. door-in-the-face

b. that's-not-all

c. foot-in-the-door

d. low-ball

e. reciprocal concessions

70. Inducing compliance by increasing the benefits of the action before a person is allowed to respond is referred to as:

a. the low-ball technique

b. the door-in-the-face technique

c. the that's-not-all technique

d. the foot-in-the-door technique

e. the commitment technique

71. The that's-not-all technique of inducing compliance has been explained by Burger (1986) as a result of:

a. self-presentation norms

b. norms of reciprocity

c. effects of differing anchoring points in attributional judgments

d. a and b

e. b and c

72. A male confederate asks female shoppers to take a picture of him with his camera. When they try, the camera doesn’t work. Some participants are made to feel it was their fault, others were assured that they are not to blame. Shortly after, a second confederate appears with a bag of groceries which bursts, and the contents spill out. Who are more likely to help?

a. men

b. women

c. those who feel to blame about the faulty camera

d. those assured that they are not to blame for the faulty camera

e. nobody, the second confederate is on his own

73. What is the Reid technique about?

a. interrogation to ferret out the truth

b. interrogation to induce a person to confess falsely

c. an interrogation technique of mild torture to induce a confession

d. a method of compliance to induce helping

e. none of the above

74. In the Milgram obedience experiment in which participants acted as ‘teachers’ who delivered electric shocks to ‘learners’, why did the participants administer the shocks?

a. they misunderstood their instructions

b. the ‘learner’ had insulted them

c. the experimenter had instructed them to

d. they were naturally highly aggressive

e. both a and b

75. In the classic Milgram (1963) study on obedience to an authority figure the real participant was:

a. always the learner

b. always the teacher

c. the one who received shocks

d. either the teacher or the learner

e. a confederate informed about the research and who then administered the shocks

76. In Milgram's classic experiments on obedience, forty psychiatrists were asked to predict how far the participants would go. The psychiatrists predicted that:

a. only 10 per cent of participants would administer the highest shock

b. only 4 per cent of the participants would administer the highest shock

c. most participants would not go beyond 150 volts

d. only 4 per cent would reach 300 volts

e. both c and d

77. People are less likely to follow destructive orders:

a. the closer they are to the victim

b. when they are told that they are responsible for their actions

c. if the person giving the orders is not physically present

d. both a and b

e. all of the above

78. In most research on obedience:

a. ethical issues have not been considered by the researchers

b. participants typically are not asked to do anything contrary to their ethical standards

c. an authority figure asks someone to do something harmful to another person

d. researchers are interested primarily in whether group pressure can make participants do something they usually would not do

e. researchers are interested primarily in the personality traits of those who obey commands resulting in harmful behaviour

79. In one of Milgram's experiments, in which the subject was required to hold the victim's hand on the shock plate, what percentage of participants were willing to administer the shocks?

a. 30 per cent

b. 5 per cent

c. 20 per cent

d. 15 per cent

e. 62 per cent

80. What factor(s) increased the number of participants in Milgram's obedience research who were willing to administer dangerous shocks to a victim?

a. having the experimenter physically absent from the laboratory

b. increasing the physical distance between the ‘learner’ and the ‘teacher’

c. making the authority figure responsible for the participants' actions

d. both a and b

e. both b and c

81. In the studies in which nurses were ordered by doctors to give patients an overdose of a certain medicine:

a. no nurse was willing to obey the doctor's orders

b. only 11 percent of the nurses in this experiment were willing to issue an overdose on the doctor's authority

c. 95 percent of the nurses in this experiment were willing to issue an overdose of the medicine on the doctor's authority

d. 11 percent of those who were familiar with the medicine were willing to issue an overdose of the medicine on the doctor's authority

e. both c and d

82. According to the text, Milgram's research has been repeated in a number of countries, including India, Holland, Italy, Austria, Canada and Scotland. As compared to the original studies in the United States, levels of obedience in these countries were:

a. much lower

b. approximately the same

c. somewhat higher

d. very different from one country to another

e. much higher in Italy

83. The results of the experiment by Meeus and Raaijmakers (1986) in which participants were to disturb an ‘applicant’ while he was doing a test by making negative remarks about his test achievement, suggest that:

a. the findings by Milgram can only be obtained when people are to be shocked

b. this type of psychological harm is easier to perpetrate than physical violence

c. it is easier to perpetrate physical violence than psychological harm

d. Milgram's results cannot be replicated across a number of different social groups

e. the Milgram-type research emphasizes the powerful effects of moral character on behavior

84. In Milgram's obedience experiments:

a. most of the participants calmly obeyed the orders to shock the ‘learners’

b. only female participants obeyed the orders to shock the ‘learners’

c. the participants were punished for shocking the ‘learners’

d. only the naturally aggressive participants reached the 450 volt level

e. situational factors were critical in eliciting destructive obedience

85. Research on effects of immediacy on levels of shocks administered suggests that in a war obedience would be greatest when soldiers are ordered to:

a. torture a suspected spy

b. kill a captured prisoner

c. kill inhabitants and destroy homes in a captured village

d. shoot the men, but not the women and children, in a captured village

e. drop a bomb from an aircraft onto an enemy city

86. Which of the following is true concerning research on obedience:

a. in Milgram's original research, 60 per cent of the participants were males while 40 per cent were females

b. most of the participants calmly obeyed orders to shock the ‘learners’

c. Milgram's results have not been replicated outside the United States

d. Milgram's findings have been extended to obedience situations other than ones involving the administration of shocks

e. Milgram's research emphasizes the powerful effects of moral character on behaviour

87. In a review of the research literature that has accumulated since Milgram's studies, Blass (1999) noted that:

a. there are no gender differences in obedience rates

b. the rates of obedience have not changed over time

c. na¡ve individuals do underestimate actual obedience rates, but not the extent that Milgram reported

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

88. A study by Bocchiaro and ZImbardo (2010) used a modified Milgram procedure with Italian students. Their results were interpreted as:

a. showing the cultural difference between Italy and the United States

b. Italian men, but not Italian women behaved as the American participants

c. mirroring those for Milgram in the United States for comparable conditions

d. showing that Italian researchers were more ethical than researchers in the USA

e. none of the Italian students obeyed fully

89. Social modelling is an example of:

a. conformity

b. compliance

c. direct influence

d. unintentional social influence

e. indirect influence

90. Burger (2009) used a Milgram-type procedure in which there were two ‘teachers’, one confederate and the other, the participant. Sitting side-by-side before the shock machine, the confederate teacher refused to participate when the shock level reached 90 volts. What were the results?

a. more participants refused as well

b. fewer participants refused to continue

c. the refusal had no significant effect on the participant’s behavior

d. only female participants followed the confederate

e. only male participants followed the lead of the confederate ‘teacher’

91. In situations where observing a model reduces the probability of performing an action, modelling would be said to have:

a. disinhibiting effects

b. inhibiting effects

c. response facilitation effects

d. vicarious reinforcement

e. undesirable consequences

92. According to the textbook, what is the important message of the Milgram experiments?

a. the influence of evil personality dispositions

b. the pervasiveness of blind obedience in every society

c. the effect of electric shock on obedience

d. the power of the situation

e. the peril of volunteering to participate in research

93. What factor is not necessary for social modelling to occur?

a. the observer must be directly reinforced for engaging in the behaviour

b. the observer must remember the model's behaviour

c. the observer must be capable of performing the behaviour

d. the observer must attend to the model and his/her behaviour

e. the observer must be motivated to perform the behaviour

94. What is the Mr. Big scenario about?

a. effect of size on inducing compliance

b. effect of size on inducing obedience

c. an elaborate technique to induce obedience to authority

d. an elaborate technique to induce a suspected criminal to confess

e. none of the above

95. Stanley Milgram is famous for his experiments on:

a. obedience to authority
b. compliance

c. guilt-induced compliance

d. social modeling of anti-social behavior

e. all of the above

96. Milgram considered the development of a shared social identity as an explanation of his obedience experiment results. What question did this raise?

a. what is going on here?

` b. whose team are you on?

c. who is responsible?

d. who has the true authority?

e. who is asking these questions?

97. Some social psychologists suggest that Milgram’s participants in the obedience to authority experiments were really doing what they thought was the right thing to do. This explanation would be consistent with:

a. social deviance theory

b. social identity theory

c. mirror neuron theory

d. the autokinetic effect

e. all of the above

98. Some social psychologists suggest that we may be missing the point of Milgram’s obedience studies, which is:

a. the power of personality and morality

b. the causes of obedience in the lab

c. the prevalence of disobedience in this situation

d. the power of the scientists

e. none of the above: there is no point to these experiments

99. In Milgram’s obedience studies, the experimenter’s fourth prod is ‘You have no choice; you must go on’. What is unique about this prod?

a. it is the only direct order

b. the participant did have a choice

c. it stressed the ‘team’ of experimenter and participant

d. it showed that morality had no role in the participants’ behavior

e. it showed that the participants were in a very strange setting

100. The ‘foot-in-the-door’, ‘door-in-the-face’, and ‘that’s not all’ are all variations on methods to induce:

a. conformity

b. compliance

c. obedience

d. coaction

e social loafing