The Social Self Exam Prep Ch3

Chapter 3

The Social Self

1. Mary is schematic with respect to musical ability and aschematic with respect to intelligence. Which of the following statements about herself is she most likely to make?

a. I'm good at singing, but I'm not very smart.

b. I'm smart, but I can't sing very well.

c. I'm very intelligent.

d. I'm smart, and I play the clarinet well.

e. I play the guitar well.

2. Swann and his colleagues (1992) found that subjects with negative self-opinions:

a. tended to choose partners who appraised them unfavourably

b. tended to choose partners who appraised them favourably

c. waited to be chosen as a partner

d. criticized their partners more than subjects with positive self-opinions

e. none of the above

3. The important notion inherent in the concept of psychological androgyny is:

a. flexibility enabling situation appropriate behaviours

b. lack of understanding of typical male and female behaviours

c. dissatisfaction with one's gender identity

d. a strong sense of agency

e. b and c

4. The main purpose of a self-schema is to:

a. organize and judge emotional states

b. serve as a conscience to guide behaviour

c. organize information and impressions about the self

d. evaluate feelings about oneself

e. influence how others perceive us

5. Markus and Kitayama (1991) found that compared to people in collectivistic cultures, those in individualistic cultures:

a. believe they are less similar to others

b. derive self-esteem from personal accomplishments

c. express self-focused emotions

d. all of the above

e. a and b

6. You might interpret a mark of 75% as an achievement to celebrate or a mediocre outcome. This would depend on:

a. your self-concept

b. your self-schema

c. whether you are schematic or aschematic on academic achievement

d. your self-presentation

e. your professor

7. Self-handicapping is a strategy for protecting self-esteem by:

a. creating an expectation of success

b. creating an opportunity for success

c. developing an excuse for failure

d. engaging only in tasks relative to one's level of expertise

e. refusing to cheat on a test when others do

8. According to the self-reference effect, people tend to:

a. refer all people, places and events to themselves

b. remember the sections of a social psychology course that relate to their own experience

c. evaluate themselves only on relevant criteria

d. present themselves as they are in reality

e. none of the above

9. According to results of the study by Markus, Hamill and Sentis (1987), which of the following is most likely?

a. moderately underweight males who are schematic with respect to body build would respond more quickly than overweight males to a photo of a skinny person

b. underweight males who are aschematic with respect to body build would respond more quickly than overweight males to a photo of a skinny person

c. men who are aschematic with respect to weight would respond more quickly to photos of fat people

d. men who are schematic with respect to weight would respond more slowly to photos of skinny people

e. none of the above

10. Recent research indicated that compared to Canadian university students, Japanese university students were:

a. less dissatisfied with themselves and less distressed by self-ideal discrepancies

b. more dissatisfied with themselves but less distressed by their self-critical views

c. less dissatisfied with themselves but more distressed by self-ideal discrepancies

d. more dissatisfied with themselves and more distressed by their self-criticisms

e. equally dissatisfied with themselves but more threatened by their self-critical views

11. Jennifer has just had surgery. The patient with whom she shares her hospital room has recently had the same surgery and is doing exceptionally poorly. Under these circumstances Jennifer is most likely to:

a. engage in upward comparison telling herself that her own situation could be more serious

b. engage in downward comparison telling herself that she is going to get worse too

c. refuse to think about her roommate's situation

d. engage in downward comparison, telling herself that things could be worse

e. think about other patients who are doing well after surgery

12. Markus (1977) found that individuals who were schematic as opposed to aschematic for independence–dependence:

a. made decisions more quickly about words related to that dimension than about irrelevant words

b. made decisions more quickly about irrelevant words than about words related to the independence-dependence dimension

c. did not produce as many relevant adjectives as irrelevant ones

d. were more susceptible to influence by negative stereotypes

e. none of the above

13. Research in self-discrepancy has demonstrated that:

a. self-discrepancy is caused by excessively high self-evaluations

b. self-discrepancy has little if any effect on self-esteem

c. caused by unrealistically low self-guides

d. self-discrepancies tend to be relatively stable over time

e. self-discrepancy is related to self-esteem in young children only

14. In which of the following situations is self-awareness least likely to be aroused?

a. having one's picture taken

b. giving a presentation in class

c. seeing oneself in a department store mirror while walking by

d. acting in front of a camera

e. working in a quiet, undistracted environment

15. According to the text, which of the following is/are advantage(s) in using the photobiographic approach rather than self-report measures of self-concept?

a. participants show how they see themselves

b. participants show what characteristics are important in their self-perception

c. photographs are less biased than verbal reports

d. all of the above

e. a and b

16. Levy (1996) found that older people who were cued with positive rather than negative stereotypes of aging:

a. responded more quickly to adjectives about sad events than happy events

b. performed better on tests of memory

c. responded more quickly to adjectives about happy events than sad events

d. had higher self-esteem

e. subsequently expressed more positive attitudes about aging

17. When we seek to improve ourselves we tend to engage in:

a. comparison with someone equal to ourselves

b. upward comparison

c. downward comparison

d. sideways comparison

e. avoiding comparisons

18. Traditional psychological tests have measured masculinity and femininity:

a. on two different scales

b. through the photobiographic procedure

c. as polar opposites

d. according to personality trait theories

e. b and d

19. In contrast to individuals with high self-esteem, those with low self-esteem:

a. have difficulty in receiving and understanding persuasive messages

b. have difficulty developing strategies for resisting persuasion

c. are unpredictable in their responses to persuasive messages

d. b and c

e. none of the above

20. Bilingual Chinese students were primed to think __________ by administering the procedure in English or Chinese.

a. about their self-concept

b. in individualistic or collectivistic terms

c. of upward versus downward comparisons

d. of different self-guides

e. of different food

21. Upward comparisons lead people from ________ cultures to greater motivation to succeed, while downward comparison leads ________ people to be motivated to avoid failure.

a. individualistic, collectivist

b. collectivist, individualist

c. liberal, conservative

d. conservative, liberal

e. Asian, European

22. Bem (1972) suggests that people form impressions of themselves:

a. through observations of their own behaviour

b. through introspection about what we really believe in

c. in the same way that we form impressions of other people

d. a and b

e. a and c

23. Rosenzweig and Daley (1989) concluded that in contrast to people characterized by traditional sex-typed thinking, androgynous individuals tend to:

a. view people and events in terms of a greater variety of categories

b. be more adaptable to situational demands

c. be more satisfied in their relationships

d. have higher self-esteem

e. all of the above

24. Which of the following would not be good advice to give to a friend who is planning a business trip to Japan?

a. pay attention to the social status of people

b. avoid displays of negative emotions and confrontation

c. talk about your personal accomplishments

d. assess people in terms of their affiliations and family backgrounds

e. don't mistake politeness for invitations to sudden intimacy

25. Markus and Nurius (1986) refer to extensions of the self-concept that include images of how we could be in the future as:

a. ideal selves

b. possible selves

c. imagined selves

d. self-complexity

e. self-enhancement

26. Baldwin and Sinclair (1996) found that:

a. some people have relatively secure and consistent self-esteem

b. some people have self-esteem that fluctuates depending on their mood

c. some people have self-esteem that fluctuates relative to the feedback from others

d. all of the above

e. b and c

27. Jean is a leader, and being persuasive is central to how she defines herself. She seldom mentions intelligence, but if asked would rate herself high. This shows that Jean is:

a. aschematic with respect to persuasiveness and schematic with respect to intelligence

b. schematic with respect to persuasiveness and aschematic with respect to intelligence

c. schematic with respect to intelligence and indifferent with respect to persuasiveness

d. aschematic with respect to persuasiveness and indifferent with respect to intelligence

e. schematic with respect to persuasiveness and intelligence

28. As a self-handicapping strategy, drinking too much alcohol:

a. may protect self-esteem from the consequences of failure

b. may provide an excuse for committing antisocial acts

c. is used by women more than by men

d. all of the above

e. a and b

29. Jason's parents bought him a used car for graduation. He was thrilled with his car until he heard that his girlfriend's parents bought her a new car. His decrease in happiness best illustrates:

a. introspection

b. downward comparison

c. self-reference effect

d. self-handicapping

e. relative deprivation

30. The self-reference effect (Kihlstrom et al., 1988) refers to the fact that individuals:

a. put their own welfare before that of others

b. generally have difficulty remembering self-referent information

c. respond to information about themselves more slowly than to information about others

d. remember information better when they can relate it to themselves

e. prefer to talk about themselves rather than to listen to information about others

31. In their meta-analysis, Rhodes and Wood (1992) found that self-esteem and susceptibility to persuasion:

a. are not significantly correlated

b. have a curvilinear relationship

c. are negatively correlated for individuals who are low in self-esteem but not for those who are high in self-esteem

d. have a linear relationship

e. are most negatively correlated for people with moderate self-esteem

32. In contrast to individuals in western cultures, those in collectivist cultures define themselves primarily in terms of:

a. abilities

b. personal values

c. relationships with people, groups and institutions

d. educational and career goals

e. a and d

33. According to __________ theory, we examine the feelings, opinions and behaviours of other people in order to interpret our own feelings and behaviour.

a. self-perception

b. self-enhancement

c. self-presentation

d. social comparison

e. self-verification

34. Which of the following is not characteristic of self-handicapping in men?

a. use of alcohol

b. use of drugs

c. claims of illness

d. all of the above

e. a and b

35. Which of the following best describes the concept of narcissism?

a. seeing yourself through the eyes of others

b. individualism

c. excessive self-absorption

d. chronic low self-esteem

e. unrealistic self-guides

36. The cognitive component of the self is

a. self-concept

b. self-appraisal

c. self-enhancement

d. self-esteem

e. self-perception

37. Which of the following is not associated with the ‘dark side’ of self-esteem described in the text?

a. dependence on others for validation of self-esteem

b. substitution of personal development for political involvement

c. substitution of personal development for skills training

d. a commodified self-concept

e. winning in the corporate environment through achievement

38. In our society, what advantages might androgynous individuals have compared to those who are strongly characterized by sex-typed thinking?

a. higher cognitive flexibility

b. strong identity

c. weak identity

d. lower cognitive flexibility

e. biological differences

39. The notion that we form impressions of ourselves in the same way that we form impressions of the characteristics of others is central to:

a. attribution theory

b. self-perception theory

c. self-verification theory

d. impression-management

e. self-enhancement

40. Campbell and his colleagues (1996) found individual differences in self-concepts related to:

a. clarity

b. complexity

c. consistency over time

d. all of the above

e. b and c

41. According to the text, self-perception depends on:

a. self-inferences

b. a sense of internal arousal

c. interpretation of external cues

d. observing our reactions in various circumstances

e. all of the above

42. According to the text, the ‘dark side’ of self-esteem involves:

a. the association between low self-esteem and violence

b. the vicious cycle of low self-esteem

c. failure to live in the present moment

d. the current emphasis on skills training rather than personal development

e. the degradation of individualism into narcissism

43. Jaime is aschematic with respect to gender. Ted and Jennifer are both schematic with respect to gender. Who is likely to respond more quickly to ‘nurturing’, and will the response be ‘me’ or ‘not me’?

a. Ted, me

b. Jennifer, me

c. Jaime, not me

d. Jennifer, not me

e. Jaime, me

44. Compared to people in collectivist or communitarian cultures, people in individualistic cultures are more likely to:

a. see themselves as unique

b. derive self-esteem from purely personal accomplishment

c. express self-focused emotions

d. all of the above

e. a and b

45. The self-verification position is based on the argument that:

a. individuals seek feedback consistent with their actual self-concept

b. individuals seek feedback that will increase their self-esteem

c. people generally are motivated to understand how they are perceived in social contexts

d. people with high self-esteem are less likely to avoid negative feedback than people with low self-esteem

e. accuracy in self-perception is essential for relating well with others

46. Studies of self-handicapping indicate that:

a. men often use claims of physical illness

b. men tend to self-handicap more than women

c. women often use alcohol for self-handicapping

d. women tend to self-handicap more than men

e. women use drugs for self-handicapping

47. The experiment by Olson and his colleagues (1994) in which participants role-played an interaction involving expression of resentment demonstrated that:

a. in situations of relative deprivation the expression of resentment is not motivated by self-presentation

b. high self-monitors adjust emotional displays to the situation

c. expressions of dissatisfaction may be governed by self-presentation motives

d. expressions of dissatisfaction may be governed by self-verification motives

e. none of the above

48. If you perceive yourself as friendly, intelligent and a future bank president, this is part of your:

a. role schema

b. event schema

c. self-schema

d. prototype

e. stereotype

49. Cooley (1902) argued that we construct our self-concepts through:

a. observing how others respond to our behaviour

b. observing our own behaviour

c. introspection

d. deliberate thinking about our character traits

e. contemplation of the self in isolation from others

50. Which of the following is valued more in China and Japan than in Britain and Canada?

a. competition

b. independence

c. individual achievement

d. productivity

e. interdependence

51. Social psychologists argue that self-knowledge comes primarily from:

a. examining life in relation to personal goals

b. thinking about themselves

c. external experience, particularly relationships with other people

d. introspection about our strengths and weaknesses

e. regularly taking time to recall and contemplate information about ourselves

52. The theory that compares yourself as you are and yourself as you would like to be is called:

a. self-presentation

b. self-actualization

c. social comparison

d. self-discrepancy

e. selfish

53. In general, people compare themselves to someone inferior when:

a. the goal is self-assessment

b. the goal is self-enhancement

c. the goal is self-improvement

d. someone equal is not available

e. making upward comparisons

54. According to self-discrepancy theory, we compare ourselves to:

a. other people who are better

b. other people who are worse

c. both a and be

d. self-guides

e. self-monitors

55. Perfectionism reflects discrepancy between:

a. self and others

b. self and unrealistic ideal self

c. self and unrealistic ought self

d. self and self- presentation

e. guilt and anxiety

56. Rosenzweig and Daley (1989) found that in comparison to those who were traditionally ‘feminine’ or ‘masculine’, androgynous men and women:

a. appear to be less popular

b. are more adaptable to situational demands

c. are less satisfied with their relationships

d. have lower self-esteem

e. a and d

57. In their review of research studies on self-esteem, Kling and Hyde (1996) found that:

a. a statistically significant but small difference in self-esteem exists between men and women

b. there is no significant difference between men and women in self-esteem

c. there is not a significant drop in self-esteem among adolescent women

d. a and c

e. b and c

58. The model which posits a feedback loop between self-awareness and self-regulation is called the TOTE model. What does TOTE stand for?

a. try, omit, try again, examine

b. test, omit, try, explore

c. test, operate, test, exit

d. try, omit, try again, exit

e. test, operate, test, examine

59. Rhodes and Wood (1992) found that people who are low in self-esteem:

a. are more easily persuaded than people who are high in self-esteem

b. have difficulties in receiving and understanding persuasive messages

c. respond to peripheral cues more than to central cues

d. a and c

e. none of the above

60. Which of the following is not an impression management strategy?

a. ingratiation

b. self-promotion

c. self-monitoring

d. supplication

e. intimidation

61. Which of the following are premises of social comparison theory?

a. people are motivated to evaluate their opinions, feelings and abilities

b. in the absence of objective or nonsocial bases of assessment people will evaluate themselves in comparison to others

c. people tend to compare themselves to other people whom they admire

d. all of the above

e. a and b

62. Self-discrepancy theory is based on the premise that:

a. people are very poor at evaluating self-relevant information

b. people experience arousal when confronted with information that is discrepant with their self-images

c. bad moods cause people to misinterpret self-relevant information

d. gaps between real and possible selves cause cognitive dissonance

e. gaps between actual and possible selves can lead to emotional difficulty

63. The evaluative component of the self is:

a. self-perception

b. self-concept

c. self-identity

d. self-esteem

e. self-affirmation

64. The statement, ‘I'm not very strong on cleaning up, but I'm great at cooking’, is an example of:

a. self-monitoring

b. relative deprivation

c. self-promotion

d. self-verification

e. self-handicapping

65. Compared to low self-monitors, high self-monitors tend to:

a. be less friendly

b. be less conformist

c. be less adaptive

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

66. When people compare themselves to someone equal the goal is:

a. self-assessment

b. self-enhancement

c. self-verification

d. self-improvement

e. impression management

67. According to Westin (1970), which of the following is/are aspect(s) of privacy?

a. solitude

b. anonymity

c. reticence

d. intimacy

e. all of the above

68. Carol and Tom are anxious about an upcoming exam. According to research on self-handicapping, which of the following is most likely to accurately predict their behaviours?

a. Carol is more likely than Tom to use self-handicapping strategies

b. Tom is more likely than Carol to claim illness as a reason for doing poorly on the exam

c. Both are likely to claim drugs as a reason for exam failure

d. Both are more likely to party and drink too much than to claim stress as a reason for failure

e. Carol is more likely than Tom to attribute failure to illness

69. What does Baumeister mean by ego depletion?

a. self-regulation is impaired after extended use

b. your ego is depleted after negative feedback from others

c. your ego is worn out from being inflated

d. your ego is over-influenced by your superego

e. your capacity for self-regulation is enhanced by frequent use

70. When Mary's purpose in social comparison is to feel better about herself she will most likely engage in:

a. downward comparison

b. upward comparison

c. equal comparison

d. reciprocal comparison

e. negative comparison

71. Julia has just started taking dancing lessons and is highly motivated to do well. She is most likely to engage in:

a. downward comparison

b. upward comparison

c. comparison to someone else who has just started lessons

d. a and c

e. b and c

72. Generally speaking, George is friendly and socially skilled. He adapts to most situations readily, easily judging new people and new contexts. With which of the following are these characteristics consistent?

a. high self-monitor

b. low self-monitor

c. self-verification

d. self-handicapping

e. none of the above

73. Sande (1990) found that people attribute:

a. more traits to themselves than they do to other people

b. traits which are apparently opposite to other people but not to themselves

c. traits which are apparently opposite to themselves

d. a and b

e. a and c

74. When the goal of social comparison is self-assessment people will engage in:

a. comparison to someone who is not equal

b. upward comparison

c. downward comparison

d. comparison to someone equal

e. all of the above

75. Which of the following is not true of high self-monitors compared to low self-monitors?

a. more friendly

b. more conformist

c. more adaptive

d. spend more time and effort organizing information about themselves

e. less shy

76. In their study of self-image, Maclean and Kalin (1994) found that:

a. student nurses had self-images of low dominance and high affiliation

b. law students tended to have self-images high in dominance and low in affiliation

c. rehabilitation therapy students had self-images high in affiliation and low in dominance

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

77. Which of the following is not involved in self-handicapping?

a. exerting insufficient effort

b. claiming illness

c. claiming lack of ability

d. claiming unfair task demands

e. none of the above

78. Alexander and Higgins (1993) found that actual-ideal discrepancies in expectant parents predict:

a. increased joy after the birth of the child

b. increased sadness after the birth of the child

c. the level of parenting skills

d. a and c

e. none of the above

79. Results of Deutsch and Solomon's experiment (1959) in which performance feedback and teammate evaluations were manipulated provides evidence for:

a. the need to avoid self-deception

b. the need for self-enhancement through creating a positive impression

c. the need for confirmation of one's self-concept

d. all of the above

e. b and c

80. In their study of self-images and occupations, Maclean and Kalin (1994) found that the self-images of __________ tended to be high in dominance and low in affiliation.

a. engineering students

b. nursing students

c. medical students

d. teachers

e. rehabilitation therapists

81. Gender schemata tend to be particularly salient for individuals who are:

a. weakly sex-typed for masculinity

b. strongly sex-typed for femininity

c. weakly sex-typed for femininity

d. androgynous

e. indifferently sex-typed

82. According to research on the meaning of masculinity and femininity to participants, which of the following is/are descriptive of femininity?

a. concerned with achieving goals

b. concerned with interpersonal relationships

c. instrumentality or agency

d. being active in the world

e. a and c

83. What is the ‘false hope syndrome’?

a. false hope due to ego depletion

b. trying to change yourself after repeated failure

c. trying to change yourself after negative feedback from others

d. excessive optimism despite feedback to the contrary

e. all of the above

84. When the goal of social comparison is self-improvement we are most likely to engage in:

a. upward comparison

b. downward comparison

c. self-monitoring

d. self-enhancement

e. introspection

85. Markus, Smith and Moreland (1985) found that men whose self-schemata stressed masculinity:

a. processed aschematic information more quickly than schematic information

b. perceived stereotypically masculine activities such as weightlifting in larger, more meaningful sequences than gender-neutral activities

c. perceived gender-neutral activities more accurately than stereotypically masculine or feminine activities

d. had better recall for gender-neutral words than for sex-typed words

e. none of the above

86. What is the dilemma outlined in the book regarding self-presentation?

a. accept me as I am versus accept me as I was

b. ingratiation versus self-promotion

c. accept me as I am versus accept me as I ought to be

d. accept me as I am versus a positive impression of me

e. ingratiation versus relative deprivation

87. Which of the following situations is likely to be somewhat threatening to self-esteem?

a. Tony loves to play tennis, and being able to play the game well is an important part of his self-identity. His best friend also enjoys tennis and has just won a championship.

b. Penny plays golf very well, although she seldom plays anymore unless she considers doing so to be important to her job. Her best friend also enjoys golf and has just placed first in an important tournament.

c. Mary has just won first place in a guitar competition. Her best friend has won first place in a swim meet.

d. all of the above

e. a and b

88. Compared to people who are content, those who are upset are more likely to:

a. pursue unrealistic risks

b. be stingy with their money

c. exercise extra caution while writing exams

d. avoid acting in self-defeating ways

e. none of the above

89. Compared to high self-monitors, low self-monitors tend to:

a. be more adept at impression management

b. be less vulnerable to self-deception

c. be less shy

d. be more conformist

e. have more complex self-schemata

90. Jim has been swimming all summer. To evaluate his swimming ability, social comparison theory would predict that Jim will:

a. compare his speed to other swimmers at his school

b. check the record books for swimming records of other male swimmers his age

c. ask his best friend to watch him swim

d. ask several friends to swim against him

e. ask his coach to watch him swim

91. Rogers and his colleagues (1977) found that subjects shown 40 adjectives one at a time were much more likely subsequently to remember words that:

a. were not connected with the question ‘Does it describe you?’

b. occur most frequently in written language

c. are concrete rather than abstract

d. were connected with the question ‘Does it describe you?’

e. occurred most often in current popular song lyrics

92. Impression management tactics include:

a. ingratiation

b. self-promotion

c. supplication

d. intimidation

e. all of the above

93. Which of the following is not a characteristic construct used by Westerners to define themselves?

a. motives

b. abilities

c. personal values

d. interdependent relationships

e. personality variables

94. Self-schemata:

a. organize information and impressions about the self

b. define what is important to the self-concept

c. guide processing of self-relevant information

d. all of the above

e. a and b

95. Which of the following is not an aspect of privacy as it is described by Westin (1970)?

a. separateness

b. solitude

c. reticence

d. anonymity

e. intimacy

96. Mary recently has given birth to her first child. Although she had eagerly anticipated the event, she is experiencing some frustration and sadness. Which of the following may help to explain these feelings:

a. actual-ideal discrepancies

b. ought-ideal discrepancies

c. actual-ought discrepancies

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

97. Mary is anxious about an upcoming exam, and considers good grades an important aspect of her identity. The night before the exam she may decide to party instead of study. This behaviour illustrates:

a. high self-esteem

b. self-discrepancy

c. self-handicapping

d. social loafing

e. disinhibition

98. In their experiment on self-enhancement and self-verification, Deutsch and Solomon (1959) found that participants who had received failure feedback responded:

a. negatively to a teammate's note giving a negative evaluation

b. negatively to a teammate's note giving a positive evaluation

c. somewhat favourably to a positive note from a teammate

d. as favourably to a negative note as to a positive one

e. c and d

99. What is self-monitoring about?

a. adjusting one’s self-presentation to match the ideal self

b. adjusting one’s self-presentation to reduce self-discrepancies

c. adjusting one’s self-presentation to ingratiate oneself with others

d. adjusting one’s self-presentation according to one’s mood at the time

e. adjusting one’s self-presentation in response to subtle cues from others

100. Which of the following social categories is most central to identity?

a. age

b. ethnicity

c. religion

d. gender

e. occupation