Test Bank Chapter 2 Genetics Prenatal Development And Birth

Chapter 2

Genetics, Prenatal Development, and Birth

Total

Assessment

Guide

Chapter 2

Genetics, Prenatal Development, and Birth

Total

Assessment

Guide

Chapter 2

Genetics, Prenatal Development, and Birth

MULTIPLE CHOICE

2-1. About an hour or so after a sperm enters the ovum, these two cells suddenly fuse, becoming one cell called __________.

a) a chromosome

b) DNA

c) a zygote

d) a gene

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment.

Topic: Genetics and Chromosomes: The Code of Life

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-2. What is the name of the new cell formed by the process of fertilization?

a) fetus

b) zygote

c) ovum

d) gamete

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment.

Topic: Genetics and Chromosomes: The Code of Life

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-3. What is the basic unit of genetic information?

a) zygote

b) sperm

c) gene

d) gamete

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment.

Topic: Genetics and Chromosomes: The Code of Life

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-4. What is the substance that genes are composed of, that determines the nature of each cell in the body and how it will function?

a) chromosomes

b) gametes

c) zygotes

d) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment.

Topic: Genetics and Chromosomes: The Code of Life

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-5. How many pairs of chromosomes are found in each of the non-sex cells?

a) 23

b) 46

c) 52

d) 54

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment.

Topic: Genetics and Chromosomes: The Code of Life

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

2-6. Which process accounts for the replication of most types of cells, resulting in nearly all the cells in the body containing the same 46 chromosomes as the zygote?

a) meiosis

b) constriction

c) mitosis

d) reproduction

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment.

Topic: Genetics and Chromosomes: The Code of Life

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-7. Gametes are formed in the human body through a process called __________.

a) replication

b) meiosis

c) mitosis

d) neurogenesis

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment.

Topic: Genetics and Chromosomes: The Code of Life

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-8. Marissa and Melissa are twins and are genetically identical. Which term would a geneticist use to describe them?

a) gamete-deprived twins

b) dizygotic twins

c) monozygotic twins

d) replicated twins

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Compare monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins.

Topic: Multiple Births: Two—or More—for the Genetic Price of One

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

2-9. What term is used to describe twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time?

a) dizygotic

b) monozygotic

c) gamete-specific

d) zygote-enriched

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Compare monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins.

Topic: Multiple Births: Two—or More—for the Genetic Price of One

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-10. Which chromosome pairing is found on the 23rd pair of chromosomes in males?

a) XX

b) XY

c) yX

d) YY

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe how the sex of a child is determined.

Topic: Boy or Girl? Establishing the Sex of the Child

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-11. What is the fundamental factor that determines the sex of a child?

a) a woman’s ovum

b) a man’s sperm

c) chromosome variety

d) chromosome division

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe how the sex of a child is determined.

Topic: Boy or Girl? Establishing the Sex of the Child

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

2-12. What is the term used for the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present?

a) recessive

b) genotypic

c) dominant

d) phenotypic

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.

Topic: Boy or Girl? Establishing the Sex of the Child

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-13. Which term is used to refer to an observable trait?

a) karyotype

b) prototype

c) genotype

d) phenotype

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.

Topic: Boy or Girl? Establishing the Sex of the Child

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-14. When a child receives different forms of a certain gene from her or his parents, how would a geneticist describe that child?

a) monozygous

b) phenozygous

c) homozygous

d) heterozygous

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.

Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-15. What kind of inheritance results in a combination of multiple gene pairs contributing to the production of a particular trait?

a) X-linked

b) interstitial

c) polygenic

d) homozygous

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.

Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

2-16. What type of gene is considered recessive and located only on the X chromosome?

a) heterozygous

b) X-linked

c) homozygous

d) recessive

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.

Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-17. Which term refers to studying the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics and behavior?

a) gene sequence

b) mapping

c) behavioral genetics

d) human genome

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Describe the field of behavioral genetics.

Topic: The Human Genome and Behavioral Genetics: Cracking the Genetic Code

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-18. Kevin has a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of his malformed red blood cells. What disorder does Kevin have?

a) sickle-cell anemia

b) hemophilia

c) Klinefelter’s syndrome

d) fragile X syndrome

Learning Objective: LO 2.6 Describe the major inherited disorders.

Topic: Inherited and Genetic Disorders: When Development Deviates from the Norm

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

2-19. Tera has a disorder that is untreatable and produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death. What disorder does Tera have?

a) fragile X syndrome

b) Tay-Sachs disease

c) Klinefelter’s syndrome

d) hemophilia

Learning Objective: LO 2.6 Describe the major inherited disorders.

Topic: Inherited and Genetic Disorders: When Development Deviates from the Norm

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

2-20. Which profession focuses on helping people deal with issues related to inherited disorders?

a) psychological counseling

b) retroactive counseling

c) genetic counseling

d) family counseling

Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing.

Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-21. Huela talks to her physician about assessing the health of her unborn child. The physician recommends a test that combines a blood test and ultrasound sonography. Which procedure did the physician recommend?

a) amniocentesis

b) sonogram

c) first-trimester screen

d) embryoscopy

Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing.

Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

2-22. Which invasive test can be used if blood tests and ultrasound have identified a potential problem with the developing child, or if there is a family history of inherited disorders?

a) amniocentesis

b) chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

c) ultrasound sonography

d) first-trimester screen

Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing.

Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-23. Which process identifies genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid?

a) amniocentesis

b) karyotype

c) ultrasound sonography

d) chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing.

Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-24. What do developmentalists call patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual?

a) genetics

b) personality

c) temperament

d) phenotype

Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to determine human characteristics.

Topic: The Role of the Environment in Determining the Expression of Genes: From Genotypes to Phenotypes

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-25. Which term refers to the determination of an individual’s traits through a combination of both genetic and environmental factors?

a) multifactorial transmission

b) inheritance

c) natural selection

d) unifactorial transmission

Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to determine human characteristics.

Topic: The Role of the Environment in Determining the Expression of Genes: From Genotypes to Phenotypes

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-26. Monozygotic twins who are raised in different adoptive households would provide an opportunity to disentangle the relative effects of which two developmental factors?

a) genotypes and phenotypes

b) heredity and the environment

c) monozygotic and dizygotic influences

d) isolation and sociability

Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Summarize the methods by which researchers study the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in development.

Topic: Studying Development: How Much is Nature, How Much is Nurture?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-27. Which “Big Five” personality trait refers to the degree of emotional stability an individual characteristically displays?

a) openness to experience

b) neuroticism

c) shyness

d) extroversion

Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Examine how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality.

Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-28. Which developmental psychologist endorsed the idea that genetic endowment provided to children by their parents not only determines their genetic characteristics, but also actively influences their environment?

a) Gregor Mendel

b) Sandra Scarr

c) Edie Sedgwick

d) Fernand Lamaze

Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Describe ways in which genes influence the environment.

Topic: Can Genes Influence the Environment?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-29. During the time between puberty and menopause, females will ovulate in periods of approximately how many days?

a) 15

b) 28

c) 37

d) 60

Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Describe the process of fertilization.

Topic: Fertilization: The Moment of Conception

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-30. Which organ provides nourishment and oxygen to a developing fetus via the umbilical cord?

a) amniotic sac

b) ectoderm

c) placenta

d) endoderm

Learning Objective: LO 2.13 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development.

Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-31. What is the name of the period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization, during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems?

a) embryonic stage

b) fetal stage

c) celerity stage

d) fertilization stage

Learning Objective: LO 2.13 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development.

Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-32. During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, which term refers to the layer of cells that forms the muscles, bones, blood, and circulatory system?

a) mesoderm

b) ectoderm

c) endoderm

d) placenta

Learning Objective: LO 2.13 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development.

Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-33. During which stage of prenatal development does the child become easily recognizable?

a) embryonic

b) germinal

c) fetal

d) marginal

Learning Objective: LO 2.13 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development.

Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-34. Which stage of prenatal development formally starts when the differentiation of the major organs has occurred?

a) fetal

b) embryonic

c) germinal

d) tonsorial

Learning Objective: LO 2.13 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development.

Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-35. Which hormone in males do some scientists speculate may lead to differences in male and female brain structure, and later variations in gender-related behavior?

a) serotonin

b) dopamine

c) androgen

d) oxytocin

Learning Objective: LO 2.13 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development.

Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-36. What is the term for the procedure in which a woman’s ova are removed from her ovaries, and a man’s sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory?

a) in vitro fertilization

b) intrafallopian transfer

c) artificial insemination

d) germinal insemination

Learning Objective: LO 2.14 Describe major physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy.

Topic: Pregnancy Problems

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-37. Which term describes a pregnancy that ends before the developing child is able to survive outside of the mother’s womb?

a) artificial remission

b) spontaneous abortion

c) in vitro fertilization

d) polygenic rejection

Learning Objective: LO 2.14 Describe major physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy.

Topic: Pregnancy Problems

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-38. What is a teratogen?

a) a segment of DNA crucial to reproduction

b) the source of nutrients for a developing fetus

c) an environmental factor that produces birth defects

d) another term for “fallopian tube”

Learning Objective: LO 2.15 Analyze threats to the fetal environment, and explain what can be done about them.

Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-39. Laurel has had difficult pregnancies and has also developed a rare form of cervical cancer. Which drug might have been prescribed to Laurel’s mother when she herself was pregnant?

a) thalidomide

b) AZT

c) amphetamines

d) diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Learning Objective: LO 2.15 Analyze threats to the fetal environment, and explain what can be done about them.

Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

2-40. Bitsy is pregnant, but continues to consumes substantial quantities of alcohol. What risk is she imposing on her unborn child?

a) fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

b) Moebius syndrome

c) Down syndrome

d) Prader-Willi syndrome

Learning Objective: LO 2.15 Analyze threats to the fetal environment, and explain what can be done about them.

Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

2-41. How can a father’s habits affect the health of an unborn child during prenatal development?

a) A father’s nicotine intake produces DNA changes that are passed to the fetus on chromosome 23.

b) A father’s use of barbiturates interacts with a mother’s use of marijuana, resulting
in missing chromosomes on a child’s 8th pair.

c) A father’s use of alcohol or illegal drugs can affect his sperm, which in turn may lead to chromosomal damage that affects the fetus.

d) A father’s use of crack cocaine causes sperm mutations, such that two sperm are capable of fertilizing a single ovum.

Learning Objective: LO 2.15 Analyze threats to the fetal environment, and explain what can be done about them.

Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

2-42. During the final part of the first stage of labor, contractions increase to their greatest intensity. What is this period known as?

a) birth

b) false delivery

c) transition

d) episiotomy

Learning Objective: LO 2.16 Describe the normal process of labor.

Topic: Labor: The Process of Birth Begins

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-43. During which stage of labor does the neonate’s head emerge from the birth canal?

a) second stage

b) third stage

c) first stage

d) birth

Learning Objective: LO 2.16 Describe the normal process of labor.

Topic: Labor: The Process of Birth Begins

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-44. Which birthing approach uses breathing techniques and relaxation, involves a coach, and provides training that allows women to cope with painful contractions?

a) Lamaze technique

b) Apgar approach

c) Bradley method

d) hypnobirthing

Learning Objective: LO 2.17 Describe the process of birth and analyze current approaches to childbirth.

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-45. Which childbirth method is occasionally known as “husband-coached childbirth”?

a) Lamaze technique

b) hypnobirthing

c) Bradley method

d) water birthing

Learning Objective: LO 2.17 Describe the process of birth and analyze current approaches to childbirth.

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-46. Which childbirth attendant stays with a mother throughout labor and delivery, and has become an increasingly popular option during the past few decades?

a) gynecologist

b) midwife

c) obstetrician

d) ophthalmologist

Learning Objective: LO 2.17 Describe the process of birth and analyze current approaches to childbirth.

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-47. What is a doula?

a) a midwife who delivers the child

b) an obstetrician who delivers the child

c) a person well versed in birthing alternatives who provides support to the mother

d) a hypnotist who prepares the mother for childbirth

Learning Objective: LO 2.17 Describe the process of birth and analyze current approaches to childbirth.

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-48. Which medication used during the birth process produces numbness in the mother from the waist down?

a) morphine

b) epidural anesthesia

c) transient epidural

d) walking epidural

Learning Objective: LO 2.17 Describe the process of birth and analyze current approaches to childbirth.

Topic: Approaches to Childbirth: Where Medicine and Attitudes Meet

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-49. Abner and Deidre’s baby was considered preterm. What must be true to warrant this classification?

a) The baby was born prior to 38 weeks after conception.

b) The baby weighed 3,700 grams.

c) The baby weighed less than 2,500 grams.

d) The baby was born a week earlier than anticipated.

Learning Objective: LO 2.18 Recognize threats and complications that may accompany childbirth, and explain how they can be addressed.

Topic: Birth Complications

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

2-50. A baby is considered small-for-gestational-age based on which characteristics?

a) The baby was born 40 weeks after conception.

b) The baby weighs less than 4,500 grams.

c) The baby weighs 90 percent or less of the average weight of other infants the same gestational age.

d) The baby weighs less than 1,250 grams.

Learning Objective: LO 2.18 Recognize threats and complications that may accompany childbirth, and explain how they can be addressed.

Topic: Birth Complications

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-51. Which condition is considered the most extreme case of prematurity?

a) small-for-gestational-age infants

b) very-low-birthweight infants

c) preterm infants

d) low-birthweight infants

Learning Objective: LO 2.18 Recognize threats and complications that may accompany childbirth, and explain how they can be addressed.

Topic: Birth Complications

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-52. A newborn has been categorized as a very-low-birthweight infant. Which situation best describes the infant’s weight?

a) 90 percent (or less) of average infant weight

b) 3,400 grams (around 7½ pounds)

c) 2,500 grams (around 5½ pounds)

d) 1,250 grams (around 2¼ pounds)

Learning Objective: LO 2.18 Recognize threats and complications that may accompany childbirth, and explain how they can be addressed.

Topic: Birth Complications

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

2-53. What is the major reason why very-low-birthweight babies are in grave danger from the moment they are born?

a) exposure to toxic chemicals in the womb

b) babies are developing outside the womb

c) immaturity of their organ systems

d) rejection by the mother

Learning Objective: LO 2.18 Recognize threats and complications that may accompany childbirth, and explain how they can be addressed.

Topic: Birth Complications

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

2-54. Which definition best describes the “age of viability?”

a) the point at which an infant can survive prematurely, approximately 22 weeks

b) the point at which an infant can survive prematurely, approximately 6 months

c) the point at which an infant can survive prematurely, approximately 3½ months

d) when an infant is born earlier than 25 weeks

Learning Objective: LO 2.18 Recognize threats and complications that may accompany childbirth, and explain how they can be addressed.

Topic: Birth Complications

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-55. How do premature babies compare to full-term babies by the time both reach adulthood?

a) There are usually few differences between the two groups.

b) Premature infants usually develop into physically handicapped adults.

c) Full-term infants, on average, score 20 points higher on intelligence tests.

d) Premature babies ironically surpass full-term babies in size and weight in adulthood.

Learning Objective: LO 2.18 Recognize threats and complications that may accompany childbirth, and explain how they can be addressed.

Topic: Birth Complications

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

2-56. As the age of viability gets pushed earlier and earlier, due to advancements in medical technology, what ethical issue must be addressed?

a) Should women with a history of many successful deliveries be discouraged from becoming pregnant?

b) Should limits be placed on advancements in medical technology?

c) Is it defensible to expend vast sums of money caring for infants who may have a very low chance of survival?

d) Would caring for very-low-birthweight infants be more effective in the home than in a hospital?

Learning Objective: LO 2.18 Recognize threats and complications that may accompany childbirth, and explain how they can be addressed.

Topic: Birth Complications

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

2-57. Which factor may cause preterm births?

a) a mother working during pregnancy

b) a father’s age

c) genetic abnormalities

d) the mother’s second pregnancy

Learning Objective: LO 2.18 Recognize threats and complications that may accompany childbirth, and explain how they can be addressed.

Topic: Birth Complications

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-58. Which term is used to describe a birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus, rather than traveling through the birth canal?

a) stillborn delivery

b) fetal displacement

c) cesarean delivery

d) postmature delivery

Learning Objective: LO 2.19 Describe the process of cesarean delivery, and explain why its use is increasing.

Topic: Caesarean Delivery: Intervening in the Process of Birth

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-59. Which warning sign indicates that a cesarean delivery is appropriate?

a) The mother is under 40.

b) The labor is taking over two hours.

c) The fetus has a sudden change in heart rate.

d) The Lamaze techniques are no longer effective.

Learning Objective: LO 2.19 Describe the process of cesarean delivery, and explain why its use is increasing.

Topic: Caesarean Delivery: Intervening in the Process of Birth

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-60. Which hormone do newborns need to have in their bloodstreams to avoid compromising situations, such as breathing problems?

a) estrogen

b) progesterone

c) catecholamines

d) testosterone

Learning Objective: LO 2.19 Describe the process of cesarean delivery, and explain why its use is increasing.

Topic: Caesarean Delivery: Intervening in the Process of Birth

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology

2-61. What term is used for a delivery of a child who is not alive?

a) cesarean

b) postmature delivery

c) breech birth

d) stillbirth

Learning Objective: LO 2.20 Describe infant mortality rates, and explain factors that affect those rates.

Topic: Stillbirth and Infant Mortality: The Tragedy of Premature Death

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-62. Sara’s newborn has died. While obviously suffering from depression, she may also develop which of the following disorders?

a) dysthymia

b) cyclothymia

c) bipolar disorder

d) post-traumatic stress disorder

Learning Objective: LO 2.20 Describe infant mortality rates, and explain factors that affect those rates.

Topic: Stillbirth and Infant Mortality: The Tragedy of Premature Death

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

2-63. Which term is used to describe the death of a child within the first year of life?

a) stillbirth

b) infant mortality

c) compromised mortality

d) sudden infant death syndrome

Learning Objective: LO 2.20 Describe infant mortality rates, and explain factors that affect those rates.

Topic: Stillbirth and Infant Mortality: The Tragedy of Premature Death

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

2-64. Other countries do significantly better than the United States in preventing infant mortality by providing which of the following social programs?

a) better nutrition for pregnant mothers

b) paid maternity leave for pregnant mothers

c) up to five years of paid leave for fathers and co-parents

d) birth control

Learning Objective: LO 2.20 Describe infant mortality rates, and explain factors that affect those rates.

Topic: Stillbirth and Infant Mortality: The Tragedy of Premature Death

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

ESSAY QUESTIONS

2-65. Explain the contribution of the woman’s ovum and the man’s sperm in determining the sex of a child.

• When the ovum and sperm meet at fertilization, the ovum provides an X chromosome, whereas the sperm provides either an X or a Y chromosome.
• If the sperm contributes its X chromosome, the XX pairing will produce a girl.
• If the sperm contributes its Y chromosome, the XY pairing will produce a boy.

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe how the sex of a child is determined.

Topic: Boy or Girl? Establishing the Sex of a Child

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

2-66. Explain how adoption, twin, and family studies shed light on the contributions of genetics and the environment to a person’s development.

• Monozygotic twins share 100 percent of their genes in common, whereas dizygotic twins and nontwin siblings share 50 percent of their genes, and strangers share 0 percent of their genes. These facts set the stage for investigating the roles of genetics and the environment in shaping development.
• Monozygotic twins raised in the same environment wouldn’t allow for the disentangling of genetic and environmental influences, given that both genes and environment are relatively constant for this group. However, monozygotic twins raised in different adoptive environments would allow an estimation of the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to development; genes are identical, environment differs.
• Comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins within relatively the same environment allows for an estimation of genetic contributions; here genes differ (100 percent versus 50 percent) but environment stays the same.
• Comparing strangers within the same environment provides similar information; here there is no genetic overlap and constancy in the environment.
• One might imagine an “ideal” family composed of one set of monozygotic twins, one set of dizygotic twins, two nontwin siblings, two adopted siblings, and two non-sibling adoptees! All combinations of genetic and environmental experience could presumably be investigated.

Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Summarize the methods by which researchers study the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in development.

Topic: Studying Development: How Much is Nature, How Much is Nurture?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

2-67. Explain why the role of genetics is to produce a tendency toward a future course of development.

• At one time it was popular to believe that “biology is destiny;” that is, a person’s genetic makeup controlled everything about her or his developmental course.
• It was also popular, under other circumstances, to argue that “environment is all;” people of vastly different genetic propensities could equally flourish under the right environmental conditions.
• Researchers now know that when or whether a behavioral characteristic will actually be displayed depends on the nature of the environment in which the person is raised or lives.
• In other words, genes always express themselves within an environmental context, so to argue that “genes do” anything apart from recognizing the context of their expression is short-sighted.

Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Examine how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality.

Topic: Genetics and Environment: Working Together

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

2-68. Explain how a father’s behavior may influence prenatal development.

• Fathers should avoid smoking because secondhand smoke may affect the mother’s health, and in turn, this affects the unborn child. Fathers’ smoking has been linked to lower birthweight in babies.
• A father’s use of alcohol and drugs may impair sperm and may lead to chromosomal damage that may affect the fetus at conception.
• Use of alcohol and drugs, as well as physical and/or emotional abuse, may increase stress in the mother’s (and therefore the unborn child’s) environment.
• A father’s exposure to environmental toxins such as lead or mercury may cause toxins to bind to sperm and cause birth defects.

Learning Objective: LO 2.15 Analyze threats to the fetal environment, and explain what can be done about them.

Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

2-69. Connie is days away from giving birth, and she wants to review what to expect during the labor process. Describe the hallmarks of each of the three stages of labor and the advice you’d give to Connie at each stage.

• Stage 1 is characterized by uterine contractions. As labor progresses the contractions become more frequent and last longer.
• The final part of the first stage is called transition; contractions are strongest and the cervix is fully open. Connie should expect that Stage 1 is the longest stage of delivery.
• Stage 2 begins as the baby’s head emerges from the mother’s vagina. Connie can be relieved that this is a relatively brief stage, but she should also know that an episiotomy might be performed.
• Stage 3 occurs when the umbilical cord and placenta are expelled; this takes only a few minutes. Connie should know that, at this point, delivery is complete.

Learning Objective: LO 2.16 Describe the normal process of labor.

Topic: Labor: The Process of Birth Begins

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

REVEL QUIZZES

The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Life Span Development, Fourth Edition.

Quiz: Earliest Development and the Foundations of Genetics

EOM Q2.1.1

The human genetic code, transmitted at the moment of conception and stored in our genes, is composed of specific sequences of ________­­__.

a) chromosomes

b) DNA

c) membranes

d) cells

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q2.1.2

Why are males more likely to have red-green color blindness?

a) They have a Y chromosome.

b) They have two X chromosomes.

c) They have only one X chromosome.

d) They do not have any X chromosomes.

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q2.1.3

The field of __________ studies the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics such as personality and habits.

a) behavioral genetics

b) child development

c) genetic counseling

d) genome sequencing

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Describe the field of behavioral genetics.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q2.1.4

A pediatrician learns that a child has a limited appetite and a yellowish hue to the eyes. Blood tests show that the child's blood cells are shaped differently than is typical. Which inherited disorder is the child most likely to have?

a) Down syndrome

b) fragile X syndrome

c) sickle-cell anemia

d) Tay-Sachs disease

Learning Objective: LO 2.6 Describe the major inherited disorders.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOM Q2.1.5

The prenatal procedure by which a sample of fetal cells is drawn from the fluid surrounding the fetus is called __________.

a) sonogram

b) ultrasound

c) embryoscopy

d) amniocentesis

Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

Quiz: The Interaction of Heredity and Environment

EOM Q2.2.1

The fact that many human traits are determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors is referred to as __________.

a) natural selection

b) multifactorial transmission

c) joint evolution

d) binary influence

Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to determine human characteristics.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q2.2.2

Because the genetic makeup of __________ twins is nearly identical, researchers can conclude that variations in their behavior is probably due to environmental factors.

a) dizygotic

b) homozygous

c) monozygotic

d) heterozygous

Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Summarize the methods by which researchers study the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in development.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q2.2.3

Which of the following can be seen as an indication that intelligence has a strong genetic basis?

a) Camilla enjoys reading the same sorts of books as her mother.

b) Alec excels at academics, while his fraternal twin Zack is better at sports.

c) Though reared in a book-free environment, Jason loves reading and is an
excellent student.

d) Brianna’s IQ scores are nearly the same as those of her identical twin Suzanna.

Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Examine how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOM Q2.2.4

One major personality trait that has been linked to genetic factors is __________, defined as the degree to which a person is outgoing and seeks contact with others.

a) neuroticism

b) introversion

c) friendliness

d) extroversion

Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Examine how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q2.2.5

Theresa has been described as a “natural athlete.” Her room at home is full of soccer balls, basketball nets, softball bats, and similar sports items. This is an example of how __________ can influence __________.

a) genes; the environment

b) the phenotype; the genotype

c) the environment; genetics

d) nurture; nature

Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Describe ways in which genes influence the environment.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

Quiz: Prenatal Growth and Birth

EOM Q2.3.1

How are sperm and ova alike?

a) They both enter the fallopian tube.

b) There are about the same number of both.

c) They are created at about the same time.

d) They are about the same size.

Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Describe the process of fertilization.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill: Analyze

EOM Q2.3.2

A(n) __________ occurs when pregnancy ends before the developing child is able to survive outside the mother’s womb.

a) stillbirth

b) ectopic pregnancy

c) miscarriage

d) premature birth

Learning Objective: LO 2.14 Describe major physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q2.3.3

A baby born 39 weeks after conception and weighing 3,400 grams would be characterized as __________.

a) preterm only

b) small-for-gestational-age only

c) both preterm and small-for-gestational-age

d) neither preterm nor small-for-gestational-age

Learning Objective: LO 2.18 Recognize threats and complications that may accompany childbirth, and explain how they can be addressed.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q2.3.4

During the end of her pregnancy, Betsy's fetus was in the breech position, so the doctors decided to surgically remove the baby from the uterus. What type of birth did Betsy and her baby have?

a) umbilical

b) uterine

c) transverse

d) cesarean

Learning Objective: LO 2.19 Describe the process of cesarean delivery, and explain why its use is increasing.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOM Q2.3.5

Which statement regarding infant mortality in the United States is true?

a) Infant mortality is very low in the United States because low-birthweight
deliveries are so rare.

b) Infant mortality is higher in the United States than some countries due to having
higher rates of low-birthweight deliveries.

c) Compared to all other countries, the United States has the lowest infant mortality
rate.

d) Compared to all other countries, the United States has the highest infant mortality
rate.

Learning Objective: LO 2.20 Describe infant mortality rates, and explain factors that affect those rates.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill: Analyze

Chapter Quiz: Genetics, Prenatal Development, and Birth

EOC Q2.1

Each human parent usually contributes __________ to the developing zygote.

a) 23 genes

b) one of the two chromosomes in each pair of 23

c) 46 genes

d) 23 X chromosomes and 23 Y chromosomes

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q2.2

When a cluster of cells in the ovum splits off within the first two weeks after fertilization and forms two nearly identical zygotes, the result is __________.

a) monozygotic twins

b) quadruplets

c) dizygotic twins

d) premature birth

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Compare monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q2.3

The __________ pair of chromosomes determines the sex of the child.

a) first

b) fourth

c) twenty-third

d) forty-sixth

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe how the sex of a child is determined.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q2.4

Most traits are governed by a combination of gene pairs. This is called __________.

a) X-linked genes

b) polygenic inheritance

c) behavioral genetics

d) dominant traits

Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Understand

EOC Q2.5

Humans have approximately __________ genes.

a) 5,000

b) 25,000

c) 50,000

d) 100,000

Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Describe the field of behavioral genetics.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q2.6

The presence of an extra X chromosome in male babies produces __________, a disease characterized by genetic abnormalities.

a) Tay-Sachs disease

b) fragile X syndrome

c) sickle-cell anemia

d) Klinefelter's syndrome

Learning Objective: LO 2.6 Describe the major inherited disorders.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Understand

EOC Q2.7

The noninvasive prenatal testing procedure that is commonly used to determine the size and shape of the baby and to monitor developmental patterns is called __________.

a) ultrasound sonography

b) chronic villus sampling

c) an Apgar screen

d) amniocentesis

Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q2.8

A person’s __________, defined as enduring patterns of arousal and emotionality in an individual, has strong a genetic basis, but it can be influenced by environmental factors such as family traits and behaviors.

a) reactivity

b) temperament

c) sensitivity

d) character

Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to determine human characteristics.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOC Q2.9

The most informative way that researchers can learn about the different effects of nature and nurture on human development is through studies of __________.

a) primates and other animals similar to humans

b) siblings separated by divorce while still young

c) nonrelated children raised in the same household

d) identical twins raised separately

Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Summarize the methods by which researchers study the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in development.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOC Q2.10

Which of the following is an environmental factor that may influence the intelligence of a child?

a) genetic makeup

b) spatial skills

c) father’s intelligence

d) friendships with intelligent peers

Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Examine how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill: Analyze

EOC Q2.11

Noticing that their baby daughter seems to love singing and dancing, her nonmusical parents stream music into the house constantly and purchase a piano and child-sized guitar. This is an example of __________.

a) nurture influencing nature

b) genes influencing the environment

c) the inheritance of personality traits

d) the phenotype influencing the genotype

Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Describe ways in which genes influence the environment.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill: Analyze

EOC Q2.12

The joining of sperm and ovum to create the single-celled zygote from which life begins is referred to as __________.

a) pregnancy

b) ejaculation

c) fertilization

d) ovulation

Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Describe the process of fertilization.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q2.13

During the __________ stage of prenatal development, the fertilized egg, or blastocyst, attaches itself to the wall of the uterus.

a) germinal

b) embryonic

c) zygotic

d) fetal

Learning Objective: LO 2.13 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Understand

EOC Q2.14

In the procedure known as __________, a man’s sperm is used to fertilize a woman's ova in a laboratory.

a) artificial insemination

b) surrogate motherhood

c) in vitro fertilization

d) reproductive intervention

Learning Objective: LO 2.14 Describe major physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Understand

EOC Q2.15

An environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect is called a(n) __________.

a) teratogen

b) exposure

c) abnormality

d) pollutant

Learning Objective: LO 2.15 Analyze threats to the fetal environment, and explain what can be done about them.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q2.16

The use of __________, which is designed to increase the size of the opening of the vagina, has fallen into disfavor in recent years and is diminishing in frequency.

a) induced labor

b) an episiotomy

c) a Braxton-Hicks contraction

d) oxytocin

Learning Objective: LO 2.16 Describe the normal process of labor.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q2.17

__________ is a childbirth technique based on the principle that giving birth should be as natural as possible and should not involve the use of medications or medical interventions.

a) Water birthing

b) The Lamaze technique

c) Hypnobirthing

d) The Bradley Method

Learning Objective: LO 2.17 Describe the process of birth and analyze current approaches to childbirth.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q2.18

A baby who is still unborn 2 weeks after the mother's due date is considered a __________ infant.

a) preterm

b) high-birthweight

c) postmature

d) small-for-gestational-age

Learning Objective: LO 2.18 Recognize threats and complications that may accompany childbirth, and explain how they can be addressed.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q2.19

One factor in the increased reliance on cesarean delivery in the United States is __________.

a) wider awareness of the health benefits of the procedure for the mother

b) the greater use of fetal heart monitors

c) wider awareness of the health benefits of the procedure for the baby

d) the higher incidence of breech births

Learning Objective: LO 2.19 Describe the process of cesarean delivery, and explain why its use is increasing.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Understand

EOC Q2.20

In the United States, which of the following is a major reason for the high rate of infant mortality in African American births compared with Caucasian births?

a) higher rates of poverty

b) more home births

c) older parents

d) parents who have a disposition towards genetic diseases

Learning Objective: LO 2.20 Describe infant mortality rates, and explain factors that affect those rates.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill: Analyze