Exam Questions Ch3 Physical Growth And Aging Across The Life

Chapter 3

Physical Growth and Aging
Across the Life Span

Total

Assessment

Guide

Chapter 3

Physical Growth and Aging
Across the Life Span

Total

Assessment

Guide

Chapter 3

Physical Growth and Aging Across the Life Span

MULTIPLE CHOICE

3-1. What does an average infant’s birth weight look like by her or his first birthday?

a) weight has quadrupled since birth

b) weight has doubled since birth

c) weight has tripled since birth

d) weight has increased only slightly in comparison to age 6 months

Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Describe infants’ physical development in the first 2 years of life.

Topic: Physical Growth in Infancy

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-2. Waking, eating, sleeping, and elimination are all examples of which aspect of an infant’s experience?

a) patterns

b) cycles

c) training

d) rhythms

Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Describe infants’ physical development in the first 2 years of life.

Topic: Physical Growth in Infancy

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-3. What is the function of REM sleep in infants?

a) protection from predators

b) resetting a pattern of rhythms

c) autostimulation of the brain

d) establishment of goals

Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Describe infants’ physical development in the first 2 years of life.

Topic: Physical Growth in Infancy

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

3-4. Across the lifespan, which period is the only time when girls are, on average, taller than boys?

a) by age 8

b) by age 11

c) by age 13

d) by age 15

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Summarize the physical development that occurs during the preschool and middle childhood years and the factors that affect this development.

Topic: Physical Growth During the Preschool and Middle Childhood Years

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-5. What may be a factor in how much a child weighs and how tall she or he is?

a) sex; boys tend to gain more weight and height than girls

b) global economics; children in developing countries gain weight and height faster than children living in economically developed countries

c) poverty; U.S. children living in poorer families are likely to be taller and heavier than children from affluent families

d) quality of preschool; children who attend good-quality preschool programs receive better snacks and lunches

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Summarize the physical development that occurs during the preschool and middle childhood years and the factors that affect this development.

Topic: Physical Growth During the Preschool and Middle Childhood Years

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

3-6. Which term describes the period in which an individual’s sexual organs mature?

a) maturation

b) puberty

c) latency

d) growth spurt

Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Identify the physical changes adolescents experience as the body reaches puberty.

Topic: Physical Changes in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-7. Which term refers to the onset of menstruation?

a) spermarche

b) period

c) menopause

d) menarche

Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Identify the physical changes adolescents experience as the body reaches puberty.

Topic: Physical Changes in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-8. Which term refers to the visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve a person’s sex organs?

a) primary sex characteristics

b) secondary sex characteristics

c) menarche markers

d) secular maturation

Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Identify the physical changes adolescents experience as the body reaches puberty.

Topic: Physical Changes in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-9. By age 8, what percentage of Caucasian American girls has developed breasts or pubic hair?

a) 1 out of 2

b) 1 out of 7

c) 3 out of 4

d) 4 out of 5

Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Identify the physical changes adolescents experience as the body reaches puberty.

Topic: Physical Changes in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-10. Which occurrence represents a primary sex characteristic in boys?

a) the appearance of pubic, underarm, and facial hair

b) deepened voices

c) spermarche

d) changes in the vocal cords and larynx

Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Identify the physical changes adolescents experience as the body reaches puberty.

Topic: Physical Changes in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-11. Which term is used to describe the natural physical decline brought about by aging?

a) maturation

b) puberty

c) senescence

d) deterioration

Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Describe the physical changes that occur from early to late adulthood and how they affect adults’ capabilities.

Topic: Physical Changes in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-12. Which term is used to describe aging that involves genetically programmed universal and irreversible changes?

a) inward aging

b) secondary aging

c) outward aging

d) primary aging

Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Describe the physical changes that occur from early to late adulthood and how they affect adults’ capabilities.

Topic: Physical Changes in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-13. Which term is used to describe changes in physical and cognitive functioning that are due to illness, health habits, and other individual differences, but which are not due to increased age itself and are not inevitable?

a) primary aging

b) secondary aging

c) outward aging

d) inward aging

Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Describe the physical changes that occur from early to late adulthood and how they affect adults’ capabilities.

Topic: Physical Changes in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-14. Why does physical appearance play a significant role in how women see themselves?

a) Workplace advancement depends on physical vitality.

b) Evolutionary forces lead older women to seek the company of younger men.

c) Women serve as the primary role model for their family members.

d) Societal pressures apply a double standard to women and men.

Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Describe the physical changes that occur from early to late adulthood and how they affect adults’ capabilities.

Topic: Physical Changes in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

3-15. Which statement is correct regarding brain development and aging?

a) The brain becomes smaller but denser and more efficient over time.

b) The brain grows, taking up double the amount of space between the brain and the skull.

c) The structure, function, and number of neurons in the brain are significantly reduced.

d) Blood flow is reduced within the brain, and less glucose and oxygen are used.

Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Describe the physical changes that occur from early to late adulthood and how they affect adults’ capabilities.

Topic: Physical Changes in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

3-16. Which statement correctly summarizes internal bodily changes due to aging?

a) The heart’s capacity to pump blood through the circulatory system to the brain is increased due to the shrinking of blood vessels.

b) The reduction in gray matter makes the aging brain less efficient.

c) The respiratory system is more efficient with age.

d) The digestive system is less efficient in pushing food through the system, which often leads to constipation.

Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Describe the physical changes that occur from early to late adulthood and how they affect adults’ capabilities.

Topic: Physical Changes in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

3-17. Which term best describes the meaning of “functional age?”

a) cognitive functioning

b) physical and psychological well-being

c) emotional/behavioral functioning

d) how quickly people recuperate from illness

Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Distinguish functional age from chronological age.

Topic: The Myth and Reality of Aging

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

3-18. Which definition applies to the “young old?”

a) some health problems and difficulties with daily living activities

b) healthy and active

c) frail and in need of care

d) senior citizen

Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Distinguish functional age from chronological age.

Topic: The Myth and Reality of Aging

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-19. Which definition applies to the “oldest old?”

a) some health problems and difficulties with daily living activities

b) healthy and active

c) frail and in need of care

d) senior citizen

Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Distinguish functional age from chronological age.

Topic: The Myth and Reality of Aging

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-20. Norma is a 91-year-old woman who lives independently, has no major illnesses, and is able to take daily walks to the local grocery store. Which category best describes Norma’s functional age?

a) oldest old

b) old old

c) young old

d) geriatric

Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Distinguish functional age from chronological age.

Topic: The Myth and Reality of Aging

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

3-21. Sara is a 62-year-old woman who recently suffered a stroke, in addition to her chronic pulmonary disease and osteoporosis. She relies on relatives and caretakers to help her on a daily basis, even with some of her most basic tasks. Which category best describes Sara’s functional age?

a) oldest old

b) old old

c) young old

d) geriatric

Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Distinguish functional age from chronological age.

Topic: The Myth and Reality of Aging

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

3-22. What is the basic nerve cell of the nervous system called?

a) synapse

b) dendrite

c) neuron

d) myelin

Learning Objective: LO 3.6 Discuss the role of neurons in brain development.

Topic: The Nervous System and Brain: Making Connections

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-23. Which part of a neuron receives messages sent by other neurons?

a) nucleus

b) dendrites

c) axons

d) synapses

Learning Objective: LO 3.6 Discuss the role of neurons in brain development.

Topic: The Nervous System and Brain: Making Connections

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-24. What does synaptic pruning refer to?

a) the deterioration of myelin in the cerebral cortex

b) the generation of new neurons as a child develops over time

c) the “clipping” of axons that don’t receive strong enough signals from other axons

d) the elimination of neurons as a result of nonuse or lack of stimulation

Learning Objective: LO 3.6 Discuss the role of neurons in brain development.

Topic: The Nervous System and Brain: Making Connections

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-25. What is the fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses?

a) dendrites

b) axons

c) myelin

d) synapse

Learning Objective: LO 3.6 Discuss the role of neurons in brain development.

Topic: The Nervous System and Brain: Making Connections

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-26. Which term describes the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience?

a) synaptic pruning

b) the principle of the independence of systems

c) myelination

d) plasticity

Learning Objective: LO 3.6 Discuss the role of neurons in brain development.

Topic: The Nervous System and Brain: Making Connections

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-27. What is a specific but limited time, usually early in life, during which an organism is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to some particular facet of development?

a) latent period

b) sensitive period

c) critical period

d) plasticity period

Learning Objective: LO 3.6 Discuss the role of neurons in brain development.

Topic: The Nervous System and Brain: Making Connections

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-28. The right hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in which of the following areas?

a) comprehension of spatial relationships

b) reading

c) thinking and reasoning

d) language production

Learning Objective: LO 3.7 Explain what is meant by brain lateralization and describe how it develops in early childhood.

Topic: Brain Lateralization

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-29. Which area of the brain undergoes considerable development during the adolescent years?

a) occipital lobe

b) cerebral cortex

c) corpus callosum

d) prefrontal cortex

Learning Objective: LO 3.7 Explain what is meant by brain lateralization and describe how it develops in early childhood.

Topic: Brain Lateralization

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-30. A neonate enters the world with unlearned, organized, and involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of stimuli. What are these responses called?

a) behavioral intentions

b) instincts

c) reflexes

d) preparations

Learning Objective: LO 3.8 Identify the reflexes that infants are born with that help them adapt to their surroundings and protect themselves.

Topic: Reflexes: Protective Reactions

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-31. Why would babies be born with a variety of reflexes?

a) reflexes are primarily used to orient an infant upward, toward sunlight

b) reflexes reflect the most primitive form of learning, so this primes the infant for later learning of more complex information

c) most reflexes confer some survival value to the infant

d) there is no logical reason why reflexes should be present at birth

Learning Objective: LO 3.8 Identify the reflexes that infants are born with that help them adapt to their surroundings and protect themselves.

Topic: Reflexes: Protective Reactions

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

3-32. Which reflex allows an infant to turn its head toward things that touch its cheek?

a) Babinski reflex

b) Moro reflex

c) startle reflex

d) rooting reflex

Learning Objective: LO 3.8 Identify the reflexes that infants are born with that help them adapt to their surroundings and protect themselves.

Topic: Reflexes: Protective Reactions

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-33. What is the possible function of the Babinski reflex in infants?

a) prepares the infant for independent locomotion

b) its function is currently unknown

c) similar to primates’ protection from falling

d) protection from predators

Learning Objective: LO 3.8 Identify the reflexes that infants are born with that help them adapt to their surroundings and protect themselves.

Topic: Reflexes: Protective Reactions

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

3-34. Madelaine is preparing to breastfeed her infant daughter, and, in doing so, the baby’s cheek brushes across her mother’s shirt. The baby immediately turns its head toward Madelaine’s breasts in preparation for feeding. Which reflex is the infant demonstrating?

a) Babinski reflex

b) rooting reflex

c) Moro reflex

d) startle reflex

Learning Objective: LO 3.8 Identify the reflexes that infants are born with that help them adapt to their surroundings and protect themselves.

Topic: Reflexes: Protective Reactions

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

3-35. As Boris is laying his infant in the crib at bedtime, he gently removes his hand from the back of the baby’s head and neck, and the baby thrusts its arms outward, appearing to grasp onto something. Which reflex is the infant demonstrating?

a) Moro reflex

b) Babinski reflex

c) startle reflex

d) swimming reflex

Learning Objective: LO 3.8 Identify the reflexes that infants are born with that help them adapt to their surroundings and protect themselves.

Topic: Reflexes: Protective Reactions

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

3-36. Natasha is just over 8 months old. Which skill is she likely to begin demonstrating?

a) walking while supporting herself on furniture

b) walking by herself

c) sitting without support

d) crawling

Learning Objective: LO 3.9 Summarize the gross motor skills that emerge during infancy and the preschool years, and explain how they are related to brain development.

Topic: Gross Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

3-37. By what age are babies typically first able to walk by supporting themselves on furniture or walls?

a) 6 months

b) 9 months

c) 11 months

d) 12 months

Learning Objective: LO 3.9 Summarize the gross motor skills that emerge during infancy and the preschool years, and explain how they are related to brain development.

Topic: Gross Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-38. Pongracz is 6 months old. Which skill is he likely to begin demonstrating?

a) walking while supporting himself on furniture

b) walking by himself

c) sitting without support

d) crawling

Learning Objective: LO 3.9 Summarize the gross motor skills that emerge during infancy and the preschool years, and explain how they are related to brain development.

Topic: Gross Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

3-39. At about what age can a child first stand alone well?

a) 24 months

b) 14 months

c) 11 months

d) 8 months

Learning Objective: LO 3.9 Summarize the gross motor skills that emerge during infancy and the preschool years, and explain how they are related to brain development.

Topic: Gross Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-40. Which activity represents a fine motor skill?

a) typing on a keyboard

b) swimming

c) jumping rope

d) riding a bicycle

Learning Objective: LO 3.10 Give examples of fine motor skills, and describe their developmental pattern in infants and young children.

Topic: Fine Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

3-41. Alex and Nadine watch their 10-month-old baby as he tries to pick up an item. What type of grasp is the baby likely to use?

a) whole hand

b) pincer

c) 3-finger

d) 2-thumb

Learning Objective: LO 3.10 Give examples of fine motor skills, and describe their developmental pattern in infants and young children.

Topic: Fine Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

3-42. At approximately what age should a child first be able to manipulate objects with almost as much capability as an adult?

a) 11 to 12 years old

b) 8 to 9 years old

c) 7 to 8 years old

d) 5 to 6 years old

Learning Objective: LO 3.10 Give examples of fine motor skills, and describe their developmental pattern in infants and young children.

Topic: Fine Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-43. What is one significant reason for the advances in fine motor skills shown by children 6 to 8 years old?

a) Children have lived long enough to acquire practice with fine motor skills.

b) Children’s cognitive development is increasing.

c) Children have greater opportunities to model fine motor skill behaviors from others.

d) The amount of myelin in the brain increases to protect, insulate, and surround neurons.

Learning Objective: LO 3.10 Give examples of fine motor skills, and describe their developmental pattern in infants and young children.

Topic: Fine Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

3-44. Which statement regarding handedness is correct?

a) More girls than boys are left-handed.

b) By 5 years of age, most children display a clear tendency to use one hand over the other.

c) Handedness reflects psychological qualities, such as neuroticism or anxiety.

d) Handedness is not fully established until the adolescent years.

Learning Objective: LO 3.10 Give examples of fine motor skills, and describe their developmental pattern in infants and young children.

Topic: Fine Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-45. What do developmentalists call the average performance of a large sample of children of a given age?

a) a standard

b) a median

c) typical achievement

d) a norm

Learning Objective: LO 3.10 Give examples of fine motor skills, and describe their developmental pattern in infants and young children.

Topic: Fine Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-46. Why should norms be interpreted with caution?

a) They are usually derived from representative samples.

b) They apply broadly to all cultural and racial groups.

c) They have not been in use very long by researchers and medical professionals.

d) They can mask substantial individual differences in attainment.

Learning Objective: LO 3.10 Give examples of fine motor skills, and describe their developmental pattern in infants and young children.

Topic: Fine Motor Skills

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

3-47. Which term refers to the sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain?

a) perception

b) visualization

c) sensation

d) imagination

Learning Objective: LO 3.11 Describe the capabilities of infants regarding each of the five senses.

Topic: The Development of the Senses

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

3-48. Which developmental researchers conducted a classic experiment utilizing the “visual cliff” apparatus?

a) Robert French and Edgar Morehouse

b) Eleanor Maccoby and John Bowlby

c) Friedrich Gretsch and Peter Amble

d) Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk

Learning Objective: LO 3.11 Describe the capabilities of infants regarding each of the five senses.

Topic: The Development of the Senses

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-49. What visual preference do newborn infants demonstrate?

a) Newborn infants prefer to look at simple stimuli rather than complex stimuli.

b) When given a choice of visual stimuli, newborn infants do not show a preference.

c) Newborn infants prefer to look at complex stimuli rather than simple stimuli.

d) Newborn infants are too young to concentrate on visual stimuli; therefore, it is impossible to measure their preference.

Learning Objective: LO 3.11 Describe the capabilities of infants regarding each of the five senses.

Topic: The Development of the Senses

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-50. Which sense is not only well developed but reasonably sophisticated at birth?

a) touch

b) hearing

c) taste and smell

d) vision

Learning Objective: LO 3.11 Describe the capabilities of infants regarding each of the five senses.

Topic: The Development of the Senses

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-51. Which term summarizes an overall perspective that identifies the process by which sensory information is integrated and coordinated?

a) sensory approach to perception

b) unimodal approach to perception

c) multimodal approach to perception

d) sensitivity approach to perception

Learning Objective: LO 3.11 Describe the capabilities of infants regarding each of the five senses.

Topic: The Development of the Senses

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-52. Which term do theorists use to describe the options that a given situation or stimulus provides to a perceiver?

a) modalities

b) affordances

c) opportunities

d) sensations

Learning Objective: LO 3.11 Describe the capabilities of infants regarding each of the five senses.

Topic: The Development of the Senses

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-53. What is problematic about the legal criteria used to determine degrees of visual impairment, especially with regard to the development of children?

a) No consistent federal guidelines for classifying visual impairment have been adopted.

b) Determining impairment is based on the judgment of a family physician, and that judgment may be flawed due to lack of training or special considerations.

c) Most insurance companies don’t reimburse for corrective lenses; therefore, children and their parents are reluctant to admit to visual difficulties.

d) The criteria pertain solely to distance vision, whereas children with visual difficulties usually engage in close-up visual tasks in the classroom.

Learning Objective: LO 3.12 Recognize the sensory difficulties school-age children may experience and how they can affect children’s learning.

Topic: Sensory Difficulties in the School Years: Visual, Auditory, and Speech Problems

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

3-54. Severe and early loss of hearing is often associated with difficulties in which other area?

a) abstract thinking

b) the ability to comprehend written words

c) cognitive development

d) physical brain development

Learning Objective: LO 3.12 Recognize the sensory difficulties school-age children may experience and how they can affect children’s learning.

Topic: Sensory Difficulties in the School Years: Visual, Auditory, and Speech Problems

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-55. Which term refers to speech that deviates so much from the speech of others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, or produces maladjustment in the speaker?

a) stuttering

b) childhood-onset fluency disorder

c) auditory impairment

d) speech impairment

Learning Objective: LO 3.12 Recognize the sensory difficulties school-age children may experience and how they can affect children’s learning.

Topic: Sensory Difficulties in the School Years: Visual, Auditory, and Speech Problems

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-56. José is beginning to lose the ability to detect fine spatial detail in close and distant objects. Which term refers to his condition?

a) loss of visual acuity

b) presbyopia

c) glaucoma

d) presbycusis

Learning Objective: LO 3.13 Discuss the changes in sensory perception in middle adulthood and the factors that may affect these changes.

Topic: The Senses in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

3-57. The loss of ability to hear high-pitched, high-frequency sounds is known by what term?

a) presbycusis

b) hearing detention

c) echolalia

d) myopia

Learning Objective: LO 3.13 Discuss the changes in sensory perception in middle adulthood and the factors that may affect these changes.

Topic: The Senses in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-58. Ivanhoe has difficulty hearing but also has a problem identifying the direction and origin of a sound. What function is Ivanhoe having trouble with?

a) presbycusis

b) sensory deprivation

c) sound frontation

d) sound localization

Learning Objective: LO 3.13 Discuss the changes in sensory perception in middle adulthood and the factors that may affect these changes.

Topic: The Senses in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

3-59. Which term refers to cloudy or opaque areas on the lens of the eye that interfere with the passing of light?

a) glaucoma

b) myopia

c) age-related macular degeneration

d) cataracts

Learning Objective: LO 3.14 Give examples of the decline in various sense organs experienced in late adulthood and how these changes affect the lives of the elderly.

Topic: Sensory Changes in Late Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-60. Because the elderly begin to lose their sensitivity to taste and smell, they begin to engage in which behavior?

a) they eat less

b) they eat more, because they don’t remember what they ate

c) they experience healthy levels of weight loss

d) they lose the ability to determine when food is spoiled and suffer more often from food poisoning

Learning Objective: LO 3.14 Give examples of the decline in various sense organs experienced in late adulthood and how these changes affect the lives of the elderly.

Topic: Sensory Changes in Late Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-61. Which theory argues that overall processing speed declines in the peripheral nervous system with increasing age?

a) pulmonary hardening theory

b) peripheral slowing hypothesis

c) generalized slowing hypothesis

d) decreased myelination theory

Learning Objective: LO 3.14 Give examples of the decline in various sense organs experienced in late adulthood and how these changes affect the lives of the elderly.

Topic: Sensory Changes in Late Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3-62. Which theory proposes that processing in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, is less efficient as aging takes place?

a) dendrite/axon theory

b) peripheral slowing hypothesis

c) generalized slowing hypothesis

d) decreased myelination theory

Learning Objective: LO 3.14 Give examples of the decline in various sense organs experienced in late adulthood and how these changes affect the lives of the elderly.

Topic: Sensory Changes in Late Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

ESSAY QUESTIONS

3-63. Explain the process of “synaptic pruning” and describe why it is helpful to an infant’s development.

• Babies are born with many more neurons than they need
• The brain has the capability of “pruning down” unnecessary neurons based on an infant’s experiences in the world.
• The unnecessary neurons eventually die, which increases the efficiency of the remaining neurons in the nervous system.
• The result of synaptic pruning is to allow established neurons to build more elaborate communication networks with other neurons.

Learning Objective: LO 3.6 Discuss the role of neurons in brain development.

Topic: The Nervous System and Brain: Making Connections

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

3-64. Explain the changes in the brain that contribute to changes in adolescent thinking.

• The brain has an overabundance of gray matter during adolescence, which is later pruned at a rate of 1 percent to 2 percent per year.
• During adolescence, increased myelination of the nerve cells makes the transmission of neural messages more efficient.
• The prefrontal cortex develops considerably during adolescence and allows the person to think, evaluate, make complex judgments, and monitor impulse control.
• However, the prefrontal cortex does not fully develop until a person’s early 20s.
• Each of these structural changes brings with it changes to psychological functioning, as decision making, reasoning, and other cognitive activities mature.

Learning Objective: LO 3.7 Explain what is meant by brain lateralization and describe how it develops in early childhood.

Topic: Brain Lateralization

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

3-65. Summarize current views regarding infants’ perception of pain.

• Currently, it is widely acknowledged that infants are born with the capacity to feel pain. How that pain is phenomenologically experienced by an infant is just as much a mystery as how one adult’s report of “a wrenching backache” is experientially different from another adult’s report of “a dull ache.” Without the ability to occupy another’s consciousness, we never really know for sure.
• What we do know, however, is that infant pain produces infant distress, measureable in facial expressions, heart rate, crying, and through other indicators. We also know that pain reactions differ over time. Infants learning to walk often stumble, fall, trip, and generally whack various body parts in the process, yet seem to show few ill effects. Conversely, many a child who stubs her little toe may react with wails of turmoil.

Learning Objective: LO 3.11 Describe the capabilities of infants regarding each of the five senses.

Topic: The Development of the Senses

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

3-66. Summarize the changes in vision that can take place as people age. Which eye diseases can occur with increasing age?

• Starting around age 40, visual acuity begins to decline. This is due primarily to changes in the properties of the eye’s lens.
• Presbyopia refers to the near-universal experience of loss of near vision that occurs in midlife.
• Glaucoma is a disease characterized by increased pressure in the fluid of the eye. Glaucoma can be successfully treated if detected early; if not blindness is a possibility.
• In later adulthood, cataracts can be problematic. This clouding of the lens can often be treated successfully.
• Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) leads to deteriorating eyesight, but fortunately, it too can be successfully treated with early detection.

Learning Objective: LO 3.13 Discuss the changes in sensory perception in middle adulthood and the factors that may affect these changes.

Topic: The Senses in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

3-67. Compare the two major explanations for why people slow down with advancing age. What prediction do both approaches share in common?

• People take longer to accomplish tasks as they enter late adulthood; in essence, they slow down.
• The peripheral slowing hypothesis argues that the peripheral nervous system becomes less efficient with age. This means it takes longer for information from the environment to reach the brain, and longer for commands from the brain to reach their activation centers in the extremities.
• The generalized slowing hypothesis argues that processing in all parts of the nervous system, peripheral and central, becomes less efficient, leading to widespread decrements in processing capability.
• Both theories share the prediction that reaction time and processing speed should be affected by these changes. That is, older people should be slower to respond to a stimulus, and take longer to evaluate and act on information.

Learning Objective: LO 3.14 Give examples of the decline in various sense organs experienced in late adulthood and how these changes affect the lives of the elderly.

Topic: Sensory Changes in Late Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

REVEL QUIZZES

The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Life Span Development, Fourth Edition.

Quiz: Physical Growth and Change

EOM Q3.1.1

One of the most important ways behavior becomes integrated is through the development of various body __________, which are repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior.

a) synapses

b) states

c) rhythms

d) movements

Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Describe infants’ physical development in the first two years of life.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q3.1.2

The average annual weight gain for both boys and girls in middle childhood is __________.

a) 3 to 6 pounds

b) 5 to 7 pounds

c) 8 to 10 pounds

d) more than 10 pounds

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Summarize the physical development that occurs during the preschool and middle childhood years and the factors that affect this development.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q3.1.3

Secondary sex characteristics are the __________ that do not involve the sex organs directly.

a) changes in brain structure

b) hormone-induced mood swings

c) visible signs of sexual maturity

d) changes in height and weight

Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Identify the physical changes adolescents experience as the body reaches puberty.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Understand

EOM Q3.1.4

Although young adults are generally healthy, by their early 20s, __________, a natural physical decline brought about by increasing age, has already begun.

a) debilitation

b) senescence

c) maturation

d) senility

Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Describe the physical changes that occur from early to late adulthood and how they affect adults’ capabilities.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Understand

EOM Q3.1.5

Projections suggest that by 2050, people age 65 and over will account for nearly __________ of the population.

a) one-tenth

b) one-quarter

c) one-third

d) one-half

Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Distinguish functional age from chronological age.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

Quiz: Brain Growth and Motor Development

EOM Q3.2.1

During the preschool period, a child’s __________ grow(s) faster than any other part of the body.

a) brain

b) heart

c) muscles

d) lungs

Learning Objective: LO 3.6 Discuss the role of neurons in brain development.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOM Q3.2.2

As children grow, the two halves of the brain become increasingly differentiated and specialized in a process called __________.

a) hemispheric preference

b) lateralization

c) sequential processing

d) resiliency

Learning Objective: LO 3.7 Explain what is meant by brain lateralization and describe how it develops in early childhood.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q3.2.3

The infant’s tendency to turn its head toward things that touch its cheek is known as the __________ reflex.

a) Moro

b) rooting

c) Babinski

d) cuddling

Learning Objective: LO 3.8 Identify the reflexes that infants are born with that help them adapt to their surroundings and protect them.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q3.2.4

Advances in gross motor skills are related to __________ in areas of the brain related to balance and coordination.

a) temperamental factors and lateralization

b) brain development and plasticity

c) lateralization and subcortical levels

d) brain development and myelination of neurons

Learning Objective: LO 3.9 Summarize the gross motor skills that emerge during infancy and the preschool years and explain how they are related to brain development.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill: Understand

EOM Q3.2.5

__________ is an example of a fine motor skill that infants typically master within the first year.

a) Lifting the head

b) Wiggling the fingers

c) Walking with support

d) Picking up small objects

Learning Objective: LO 3.10 Give examples of fine motor skills, and describe their developmental pattern in infants and young children.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

Quiz: Perceptual Development

EOM Q3.3.1

The __________ approach to perception considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated.

a) affordance

b) holistic

c) multimodal

d) conditional

Learning Objective: LO 3.11 Describe the capabilities of infants regarding each of the five senses.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q3.3.2

The ability of young infants to make fine discriminations between sounds is particularly important in the development of the ability to understand __________.

a) language

b) music

c) voices

d) syntax

Learning Objective: LO 3.11 Describe the capabilities of infants regarding each of the five senses.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q3.3.3

Blindness, the most serious visual impairment, is defined as visual acuity below __________ after correction.

a) 20/70

b) 20/100

c) 20/200

d) 20/500

Learning Objective: LO 3.12 Recognize the sensory difficulties school-age children may experience and how they can affect children’s learning.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q3.3.4

The key symptom of presbycusis, which is common in middle adulthood, is __________.

a) a constant low buzzing or ringing in the ears

b) an inability to locate the source and direction of sounds

c) a feeling of heaviness or blockage in the ears

d) a decline in the ability to hear high-pitched sounds

Learning Objective: a decline in the ability to hear high-pitched sounds

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q3.3.5

Which eye disease occurs when pressure in the fluid of the eye increases?

a) glaucoma

b) conjunctivitis

c) presbycusis

d) tinnitus

Learning Objective: LO 3.14 Give examples of the decline in various sense organs experienced in late adulthood and how these changes affect the lives of the elderly.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

Chapter Quiz: Physical Growth and Aging across the Life Span

EOC Q3.1

One of the major body rhythms, the degree of awareness to both internal and external stimulation, is known as an infant’s __________.

a) autostimulation

b) state

c) active-quiet transition

d) pattern

Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Describe infants’ physical development in the first two years of life.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOC Q3.2

By the time children reach age __________, their proportions are similar to those of adults.

a) 5

b) 6

c) 8

d) 10

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Summarize the physical development that occurs during the preschool and middle childhood years and the factors that affect this development.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q3.3

Which of the following hormones play important roles in puberty?

a) growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon

b) dopamine, adrenaline, and serotonin

c) cortisol, adrenaline, and norepinephrine

d) androgen, leptin, and estrogen

Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Identify the physical changes adolescents experience as the body reaches puberty.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q3.4

Exercise during the period of middle adulthood can help to reduce __________, the thinning of the bones, that occurs in later life.

a) rheumatism

b) dystrophy

c) arthritis

d) osteoporosis

Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Describe the physical changes that occur from early to late adulthood and how they affect adults’ capabilities.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q3.5

The method of defining how old a person is taking into account a person’s physical and psychological well-being is called __________.

a) chronological age

b) physiological age

c) functional age

d) cardiological age

Learning Objective: LO 3.5 Distinguish functional age from chronological age.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOC Q3.6

__________ allow(s) established neurons to build more elaborate communication networks with other neurons.

a) Lateralization

b) Synaptic pruning

c) Dendrites

d) Brain plasticity

Learning Objective: LO 3.6 Discuss the role of neurons in brain development.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOC Q3.7

During the preschool years, __________ is completed in the hippocampus, an area of the brain associated with memory.

a) electrical activity

b) sequencing

c) language processing

d) myelination

Learning Objective: LO 3.7 Explain what is meant by brain lateralization and describe how it develops in early childhood.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q3.8

__________ are unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli.

a) Motor skills

b) Reflexes

c) Rhythms

d) Characteristics

Learning Objective: LO 3.8 Identify the reflexes that infants are born with that help them adapt to their surroundings and protect them.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q3.9

Research has found that during middle childhood, __________.

a) boys have more highly developed gross motor skills than girls do

b) boys lag behind girls in gross motor skills early, but then surpass them

c) boys and girls have similar motor skills

d) girls lag behind boys in gross motor skills early, but then surpass them

Learning Objective: LO 3.9 Summarize the gross motor skills that emerge during infancy and the preschool years and explain how they are related to brain development.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOC Q3.10

By the end of the preschool years, most children show __________, which is a clear preference for using one hand over the other.

a) partiality

b) dexterity

c) handedness

d) directionality

Learning Objective: LO 3.10 Give examples of fine motor skills, and describe their developmental pattern in infants and young children.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q3.11

Very young infants who are breast-fed are better able to distinguish their mothers through the sense of __________ than bottle-fed infants.

a) touch

b) smell

c) sight

d) hearing

Learning Objective: LO 3.11 Describe the capabilities of infants regarding each of the five senses.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOC Q3.12

__________ is a particularly useful ability, helping babies as young as six months to acknowledge heights and avoid falls.

a) Distance vision

b) Visual acuity

c) Peripheral vision

d) Depth perception

Learning Objective: LO 3.11 Describe the capabilities of infants regarding each of the five senses.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q3.13

Severe and early loss of hearing can impair __________ thinking.

a) concrete

b) normative

c) abstract

d) formal

Learning Objective: LO 3.12 Recognize the sensory difficulties school-age children may experience and how they can affect children’s learning.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q3.14

The virtually universal decline in near vision in middle adulthood is called __________.

a) myopia

b) presbyopia

c) conjunctivitis

d) glaucoma

Learning Objective: LO 3.13 Discuss the changes in sensory perception in middle adulthood and the factors that may affect these changes.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q3.15

According to the peripheral slowing hypothesis, the increased reaction time of older people is attributable to changes in the __________.

a) circulatory system, including the heart

b) entire nervous system, including the brain

c) rate of blood flow in the brain

d) nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord

Learning Objective: LO 3.14 Give examples of the decline in various sense organs experienced in late adulthood and how these changes affect the lives of the elderly.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand