Test Bank Chapter 15 Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System

Anatomy & Physiology, 3e (McKinley)

Chapter 15 Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System

1) Consider a basketball player whose heart is racing during the final moments of a game. With seconds on the clock, she makes a jump shot. Her excitement is a function of her ________ nervous system, and her movements are a function of her ________ nervous system.

A) parasympathetic; sympathetic

B) sympathetic; parasympathetic

C) somatic; sympathetic

D) sympathetic; somatic

E) somatic; parasympathetic

2) Which of the following is correct about the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A) The ANS is part of both the CNS and the PNS.

B) ANS functions are involuntary.

C) ANS motor neurons innervate cardiac muscle fibers, smooth muscle fibers, and glands.

D) ANS motor pathways always include two neurons.

E) All of the choices are correct.

3) We lack awareness of many of our bodies' systems for maintaining homeostasis. The sensations, movements, and secretions of organs such as the heart and intestines are governed by the

A) autonomic nervous system.

B) somatic nervous system.

4) Which is false regarding the somatic nervous system (SNS)?

A) The SNS is under voluntary control.

B) The SNS uses motor and sensory neurons.

C) The SNS innervates skeletal muscle fibers.

D) The SNS is part of both the CNS and the PNS.

E) The SNS is activated by visceral sensory neurons.

5) The knee jerk reflex (when the quadriceps muscles contract after the patellar tendon is tapped) is directed by the

A) autonomic nervous system.

B) somatic nervous system.

6) In an autonomic motor pathway, the first cell in the two-neuron chain is the ________ neuron.

A) preganglionic

B) postganglionic

C) posterior

D) terminal

E) primary

7) Postganglionic axons are

A) myelinated.

B) unmyelinated.

C) sometimes myelinated and sometimes unmyelinated.

8) Motor neurons of the ________ nervous system contain more rapidly conducting axons.

A) autonomic

B) somatic

9) Motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system

A) always excite effector organs.

B) always inhibit effector organs.

C) can either excite or inhibit effector organs.

D) do not excite effector organs but monitor their status of activity.

10) Preganglionic axons of the ANS release

A) acetylcholine.

B) norepinephrine.

C) either acetylcholine or norepinephrine.

11) Which statement accurately compares the motor systems of the somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A) Both the SNS and the ANS house their motor neurons in ganglia.

B) The SNS does not have ganglia for its motor neurons but the ANS does. 

C) The ANS does not have ganglia for its motor neurons but the SNS does. 

D) Neither the SNS nor the ANS houses its motor neurons in ganglia.

12) The circuitry of the autonomic system allows for control in activation. The characteristic that allows a small number of preganglionic cells to stimulate a large number of postganglionic cells is

A) convergence.

B) reverberation.

C) divergence.

D) reciprocal innervation.

13) Many different neurons can stimulate an autonomic ganglion cell simultaneously due to

A) convergence.

B) reciprocity.

C) divergence.

D) reverberation.

14) Which is not an effector innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

A) Cardiac muscle

B) Smooth muscle

C) Glands

D) Skeletal muscle

E) None of the choices is correct.

15) The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A) use preganglionic and postganglionic neurons to innervate skeletal muscle.

B) contain autonomic ganglia to house ganglionic neurons.

C) are voluntary.

D) are composed of PNS structures only.

E) function only during sleep.

16) Which division functions to conserve energy and replenish the supply of nutrients?

A) Parasympathetic

B) Somatic

C) Sympathetic

17) Which division functions to increase alertness and direct bodily responses in stressful situations?

A) Parasympathetic

B) Sympathetic

18) The "fight-or-flight" system is the ________ nervous system.

A) parasympathetic

B) somatic

C) sympathetic

19) Which system has more divergence of preganglionic axons?

A) Parasympathetic division

B) Sympathetic division

20) Which system has long preganglionic axons and therefore ganglia that are relatively far from the central nervous system?

A) Parasympathetic nervous system

B) Somatic nervous system

C) Sympathetic nervous system

21) Which system contains short preganglionic axons that branch extensively?

A) Parasympathetic nervous system

B) Somatic nervous system

C) Sympathetic nervous system

22) Which statements are correct concerning the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

a: Contains preganglionic cell bodies in brainstem nuclei

b: Contains preganglionic cell bodies in the lateral horns of the T1–L2 regions

c: Participates in the "fight-or-flight" response

d: Helps maintain homeostasis

e: Contains preganglionic cell bodies in the sacral region of the spinal cord

A) a, d, e

B) a, c, e

C) b, c, d

D) b, c

E) c, d, e

23) The sympathetic division of the ANS has

A) long postganglionic axons.

B) norepinephrine as a transmitter substance.

C) preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1–L2 regions of the spinal cord.

D) Two of the choices are correct.

E) All of the choices are correct.

24) Which is not characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A) Long postganglionic axons

B) Long preganglionic axons

C) No rami communicantes

D) Terminal ganglia close to the target organ

E) Craniosacral preganglionic neuron cell bodies

25) Which system engages in mass activation?

A) Parasympathetic nervous system

B) Sympathetic nervous system

26) Limited branching of preganglionic axons allows for

A) mass activation.

B) local and discrete activation.

C) rapid changes in numerous structures at once.

27) In the stress response, the process by which many structures are activated simultaneously is known as ________ activation.

28) Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

a: III

b: IV

c: V

d: VII

e: IX

f: X

g: XII

A) a, d, e, f

B) b, c, d, e

C) a, c, d, g

D) c, d, f, g

E) b, e, f, g

29) The preganglionic axons of CN III extend to the ________ ganglion.

A) pterygopalatine

B) submandibular

C) otic

D) pelvic

E) ciliary

30) The preganglionic axons of CN VII extend to the

A) pterygopalatine ganglion.

B) submandibular ganglion.

C) otic ganglion.

D) pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia.

E) pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia.

31) The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the

A) parotid salivary gland.

B) large intestine.

C) lacrimal gland.

D) sublingual salivary gland.

E) ciliary muscle.

32) From which part of the CNS do parasympathetic preganglionic axons of CN VII emerge?

A) Mesencephalon

B) Cerebral cortex

C) Pons

D) Lateral horns of the S1 spinal cord segment

E) Lateral horns of the T1 spinal cord segment

33) Tear secretions are governed by parasympathetic fibers within which cranial nerve?

A) III

B) V

C) VII

D) IX

E) X

34) The cranial nerve that supplies parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic organs is

A) CN II.

B) CN III.

C) CN VI.

D) CN IX.

E) CN X.

35) The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that are controlled by pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate the

a: Large intestine

b: Reproductive organs

c: Salivary glands

d: Pupillary constrictor muscles

e: Urinary bladder

f: Ureters

A) a, d, e

B) b, c, e

C) a, b, e, f

D) c, d, f

E) a, c

36) Activation of parasympathetic fibers in pelvic splanchnic nerves leads to

A) increased smooth muscle motility in the digestive tract.

B) decreased smooth muscle motility in the digestive tract.

C) no effect on the digestive tract.

37) Activation of parasympathetic fibers in pelvic splanchnic nerves leads to

A) inhibition of urinary bladder contractions.

B) erection of the male penis and female clitoris.

C) decreased secretions in the digestive tract.

D) an increase in the heart rate.

E) decreased secretion of adrenaline from the adrenal glands.

38) The cranial nerve having multiple terminal and intramural ganglia is

A) CN III.

B) CN VII.

C) CN IX.

D) CN X.

E) CN XII.

39) Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate in the

A) dorsal horns of the craniosacral brain and spinal cord.

B) ventral horns of the cervical and sacral spinal cord.

C) dorsal horns of the thoracolumbar spinal segments.

D) lateral horns of the thoracolumbar spinal segments.

E) ventral horns of the cervical and thoracic spinal segments.

40) The sympathetic trunks are located

A) superior to the brachial plexus.

B) inferior to the sacral plexus.

C) immediately lateral to the vertebral column.

D) lateral to prevertebral ganglia.

E) in the craniosacral regions.

41) The sympathetic trunk ganglia are primarily composed of

A) axons of preganglionic neurons.

B) axons of ganglionic neurons.

C) somas of preganglionic neurons.

D) somas of ganglionic neurons.

42) A structure that is said to resemble a pearl necklace is a

A) sympathetic trunk.

B) parasympathetic trunk.

C) parasympathetic ganglion.

D) splanchnic ganglion.

43) Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve by the

A) white rami communicantes.

B) superior cervical ganglion.

C) gray rami communicantes.

D) splanchnic nerves.

E) pterygopalatine ganglion.

44) White rami communicantes carry preganglionic sympathetic axons from the T1–L2 spinal nerves to the sympathetic trunk.

45) Gray rami from the sympathetic trunk connect to

A) alternating spinal nerves.

B) the cranial nerves.

C) all spinal nerves.

D) the sympathetic trunk.

46) The sympathetic postganglionic axons from the superior cervical ganglion innervate

a: Sweat glands in the head

b: Sweat glands in the palms

c: Smooth muscle of blood vessels in the head

d: Smooth muscles of blood vessels in the antebrachial region

e: Superior tarsal muscle of the eye

f: Submandibular salivary gland

A) a, c, e

B) b, d, f

C) a, c, f

D) d, e, f

E) b, d

47) Specific prevertebral ganglia are named after the

A) effector organ stimulated by the postganglionic axon.

B) major abdominal arteries around which they are found.

C) vertebra from under which the preganglionic axon travels.

D) distance from the corresponding parasympathetic ganglion.

E) early anatomist who discovered and described them.

48) Prevertebral ganglia are located

A) posterior to the vertebral column.

B) lateral to the vertebral column.

C) anterior to the vertebral column.

D) at the termination site of the postganglionic axon.

E) medial to the dorsal spinal columns.

49) Postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion innervate the

A) stomach.

B) spleen.

C) liver.

D) gallbladder.

E) All of the choices are correct.

50) There are ________ prevertebral ganglia.

A) 2

B) 3

C) 4

D) 5

E) 12

51) The postganglionic axons from the superior mesenteric ganglion innervate

A) the distal half of the duodenum.

B) part of the pancreas.

C) part of the small intestine.

D) the proximal part of the large intestine.

E) All of the choices are correct.

52) The prevertebral ganglion that receives axons that originate in the L1–L2 segments of the spinal cord is the ________ ganglion.

A) celiac

B) superior mesenteric

C) inferior mesenteric

D) splenic

E) hepatic

53) The superior mesenteric ganglion receives preganglionic sympathetic neurons from the ________ segments of the spinal cord.

A) T1–T4

B) T2–T6

C) T5–T9

D) T7–T9

E) T10–T12

54) Sympathetic splanchnic nerves are composed of

A) preganglionic sympathetic axons that synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.

B) preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.

C) postganglionic sympathetic axons that synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.

D) postganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.

E) None of the choices is correct.

55) Once inside the sympathetic trunk, the sympathetic preganglionic axons

A) remain at the level of entry.

B) travel superiorly.

C) travel inferiorly.

D) follow any of the routes listed.

56) Which sympathetic pathway involves only a preganglionic axon going to the effector organ?

A) Splanchnic nerve pathway

B) Adrenal medulla pathway

C) Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

D) Spinal nerve pathway

E) None of the choices is correct.

57) Which sympathetic pathway involves a preganglionic neuron that synapses with a ganglionic neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion, but the postganglionic axon does not leave the trunk via a gray ramus?

A) Splanchnic nerve pathway

B) Adrenal medulla pathway

C) Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

D) Spinal nerve pathway

E) None of the choices is correct.

58) The arrector pili muscles receive their sympathetic innervation via the

A) splanchnic nerve pathway.

B) adrenal medulla pathway.

C) postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway.

D) spinal nerve pathway.

E) None of the choices is correct.

59) Which sympathetic pathway is responsible for activating the esophagus, heart, lungs, and thoracic blood vessels?

A) Splanchnic nerve pathway

B) Adrenal medulla pathway

C) Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

D) Spinal nerve pathway

E) None of the choices is correct.

60) The sympathetic division pathway that results in innervation of the pelvic organs has its spinal cord segment origin in

A) T1–T2.

B) T1–L2.

C) T1–T4.

D) T5–T12.

E) T10–L2.

61) Which autonomic plexus consists of postganglionic sympathetic axons that come off the cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia, as well as preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve?

A) Esophageal plexus

B) Pulmonary plexus

C) Abdominal aortic plexus

D) Hypogastric plexus

E) Cardiac plexus

62) Which autonomic plexus innervates viscera within the pelvic region?

A) Esophageal plexus

B) Pulmonary plexus

C) Abdominal aortic plexus

D) Hypogastric plexus

E) Cardiac plexus

63) The cardiac sphincter is innervated by parasympathetic axons coming from the ________ plexus.

A) esophageal

B) abdominal aortic

C) pulmonary

D) hypogastric

E) cardiac

64) When norepinephrine is released from postganglionic neurons, its targets are

A) adrenergic receptors on effectors such as smooth muscle.

B) adrenergic receptors on preganglionic sympathetic neurons.

C) cholinergic receptors on effectors such as cardiac muscle.

D) cholinergic receptors on preganglionic sympathetic neurons.

65) Nicotinic receptors bind

A) acetylcholine and allow chloride ions to exit the cell.

B) acetylcholine and allow sodium ions to enter the cell.

C) muscarine and increase the contractility of intestinal muscle.

D) norepinephrine and can either stimulate or inhibit the cell.

E) norepinephrine and allow potassium entry, thereby exciting the cell.

66) When ACh binds to nicotinic receptors, it

A) always produces an excitatory response.

B) always produces an inhibitory response.

C) sometimes excites and sometimes inhibits the target cell depending on the subtype of receptor.

D) sometimes excites and sometimes inhibits the target cell depending on the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell.

67) Muscarinic receptors are proteins that bind the neurotransmitter

A) acetylcholine.

B) epinephrine.

C) norepinephrine.

68) When neurotransmitter binds to muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract,

A) motility increases.

B) motility decreases.

69) Norepinephrine is a catecholamine.

70) Catecholamines include

A) acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

B) dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

C) acetylcholine, epinephrine, and dopamine.

D) epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and all monoamines.

71) The type of adrenergic receptor found on the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels in the skin is

A) α1

B) α2

C) β1

D) β2

72) Typically, alpha adrenergic receptors have

A) stimulatory effects.

B) inhibitory effects.

73) Stimulation of β2 receptors in the lung causes

A) bronchoconstriction.

B) bronchodilation.

74) In the heart, activation of these receptors increases heart rate.

A) α1

B) α2

C) β1

D) β2

75) Autonomic tone refers to

A) whether a response is stimulatory or inhibitory.

B) whether the body's reaction is to fight or to flee.

C) the continual activity maintained by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

D) the degree of tension in skeletal muscles at rest.

76) Autonomic tone allows for a single division of the autonomic nervous system to control an organ by changing that division's activity levels up or down from baseline.

77) When an effector receives input from both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, it is said to have ________ innervation.

78) Dual innervation means that an individual effector

A) may be excited or inhibited by a single division of the autonomic nervous system.

B) receives input from both the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems.

C) receives input from both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems.

D) receives two autonomic axons on each smooth muscle cell.

79) The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have ________ effects on heart rate.

A) antagonistic

B) cooperative

C) synergistic

D) negligible

80) Explain how both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems both influence male reproductive physiology, and indicate whether the two systems work antagonistically or cooperatively.

81) Which type of innervation causes pupil dilation?

A) Parasympathetic

B) Sympathetic

82) Which type of innervation causes reduced blood flow to the digestive tract?

A) Parasympathetic

B) Sympathetic

83) Which type of innervation causes the heart rate to increase?

A) Parasympathetic

B) Sympathetic

84) Which may be involved in an autonomic reflex?

A) Cardiac muscle contraction

B) Smooth muscle contraction

C) Secretion by glands

D) All of the choices are correct.

E) None of the choices are correct.

85) In the brain, the ________ is the integration and command center for autonomic functions.

A) medulla

B) cerebral cortex

C) spinal cord

D) brainstem

E) hypothalamus

86) The centers for cardiac, digestive, and vasomotor functions are housed within the

A) brainstem.

B) hypothalamus.

C) spinal cord.

D) cerebral cortex.

E) cerebellum.

87) The parasympathetic autonomic responses associated with defecation and urination are processed and controlled at the level of the

A) brainstem.

B) hypothalamus.

C) spinal cord.

D) cerebellum.

E) limbic center.

88) Sweat glands and arrector pili muscles are controlled

A) only by the parasympathetic nervous system.

B) only by the sympathetic nervous system.

C) by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

D) by both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.

89) The diameter of many blood vessels is controlled exclusively by the ________ nervous system, and decreases in the activity of this system result in ________.

A) parasympathetic; vasoconstriction

B) parasympathetic; vasodilation

C) somatic; vasoconstriction.

D) sympathetic; vasoconstriction.

E) sympathetic; vasodilation.

90) The micturition reflex results in

A) vigorous contraction of the smooth muscle of the large intestine and relaxation of anal sphincters.

B) contraction of smooth muscle in the bladder and relaxation of urinary sphincters.

C) a decrease in blood pressure due to a slowing of heart rate.

D) retention of urine and feces by relaxing some muscles and contracting others.

91) A rise in blood pressure causes a reflexive

A) activation of the parasympathetic system and inhibition of the sympathetic system.

B) activation of the sympathetic system and inhibition of the parasympathetic system.

C) activation of both the parasympathetic system and the sympathetic system.

D) inhibition of both the parasympathetic system and the sympathetic system.

92) Which type of pathway does this diagram illustrate? 

A) Spinal nerve pathway

B) Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

C) Adrenal medulla pathway

D) Splanchnic nerve pathway

E) Raynaud nerve pathway

93) Which of the diagrams illustrates a parasympathetic ANS pathway?

A) 1

B) 2

94) Which number indicates a postganglionic axon?

A) 3

B) 4

C) 5

D) 6

E) 7

95) The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system are part of both the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system.

96) The autonomic nervous system may receive input from visceral sensory neurons.

97) The ANS uses pathways that include two-neuron chains to innervate its effector organs.

98) Neuronal divergence occurs when axons from one preganglionic cell synapse on numerous ganglionic cells.

99) The somatic nervous system can both excite and inhibit effectors.

100) Both types of axons of the sympathetic branch of the ANS use norepinephrine as the neurotransmitter.

101) The parasympathetic division of the ANS is also called the craniosacral division.

102) The sympathetic division of the ANS is also called the thoracosacral division.

103) Terminal and intramural ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic branch of the ANS.

104) The postganglionic axons of the sympathetic branch of the ANS are considered short.

105) With respect to divergence of axons in the sympathetic division of the ANS, one axon innervates fewer than four ganglionic cell bodies.

106) Paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia are part of the parasympathetic branch of the ANS.

107) Parasympathetic stimulation of the ciliary muscles allows one to see close-up objects.

108) Postganglionic axons of the parasympathetic branch of the ANS cause increased secretion by the lacrimal glands.

109) Parasympathetic postganglionic axons from the otic ganglion cause an increase in secretion from the parotid salivary glands.

110) Parasympathetic activity is responsible for increased smooth muscle motility and secretory activity in digestive tract organs.

111) The parasympathetic innervation from the pelvic splanchnic nerves is responsible for erection of the female clitoris and the male penis.

112) The lack of extensive divergence of parasympathetic preganglionic axons prevents the mass activation seen in the sympathetic division.

113) The superior mesenteric ganglion of the sympathetic branch of the ANS is adjacent to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery.

114) Sweating is a result of sympathetic stimulation.

115) Micturition is partly the result of autonomic stimulation of the urinary bladder.

116) The ANS functions independently of any influence from the CNS.

117) The second neuron in an autonomic pathway is called a ________ neuron.

118) Neuronal ________ occurs when axons from numerous preganglionic cells synapse on a single ganglionic cell.

119) White rami appear white in color due to the fact that they are ________.

120) The ________ division of the ANS is most commonly associated with the preparation of the body for emergencies.

121) Parasympathetic ________ axons are longer than their counterparts in the sympathetic division.

122) In the parasympathetic division, ________ ganglia are located in the wall of the target organ.

123) In the parasympathetic division, ________ ganglia are located close to the target organ.

124) "Rest and digest," as well as the maintenance of homeostasis, is associated with the action of the ________ division of the ANS.

125) The parasympathetic postganglionic axons that travel to the pupillary constrictor muscle result in pupil ________ when the eye is exposed to bright light.

126) The sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed in the ________ horn of the appropriate thoracolumbar regions of the spinal cord.

127) Except for the ________ region of the spinal cord, one sympathetic trunk ganglion is approximately associated with each spinal nerve.

128) ________ rami communicantes carry postganglionic sympathetic axons from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerves.

129) ________ nerves are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic ganglion.

130) The ________ mesenteric ganglion receives preganglionic sympathetic neurons from the T10–T12 segments of the spinal cord.

131) The ________ ganglia differ from the sympathetic trunk ganglia segments in that they are single structures, rather than paired.

132) An axon takes the ________ nerve pathway if a preganglionic neuron synapses with a ganglionic neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.

133) Autonomic ________ are collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons and parasympathetic preganglionic axons, as well as some visceral sensory axons.

134) The abdominal ________ plexus consists of the celiac plexus, superior mesenteric plexus, and inferior mesenteric plexus.

135) Both the cardiac plexus and the ________ plexus consist of postganglionic sympathetic axons from the thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia and preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve.

136) All ANS preganglionic axons release ________ as their neurotransmitter.

137) The axons that release norepinephrine are called ________.

138) The enteric nervous system is a network of neurons found throughout the walls of thoracic organs, such as the lungs.

139) Select all that are locations where neurons in the enteric nervous system can be found.

A) Submucosal plexus

B) Myenteric plexus

C) Cardiac plexus

D) Hypogastric plexus

140) Select all that are examples of how autonomic reflexes help maintain homeostasis.

A) Decreasing blood pressure

B) Emptying of the bladder

C) Initiating defecation

D) Preventing overstretching of skeletal muscles