Test Bank Chapter 13 Nervous System Brain and Cranial Nerves

Anatomy & Physiology, 3e (McKinley)

Chapter 13 Nervous System: Brain and Cranial Nerves

1) Lobes of the brain are named for the bones that protect them, and these lobes are part of the

A) cerebrum.

B) cerebellum.

C) diencephalon.

D) metencephalon.

2) The shallow depressions between folds on the surface of the brain are called

A) gyri.

B) sulci.

C) ventricles.

D) syncitia.

3) In human brain anatomy, the term ________ is synonymous with anterior.

A) caudal

B) dorsal

C) rostral

4) Arrange the primary brain vesicles in the correct anterior to posterior order.

a: Rhombencephalon

b: Mesencephalon

c: Prosencephalon

A) a, c, b

B) b, a, c

C) a, b, c

D) c, b, a

E) c, a, b

5) Neural tissue develops in the embryo from a portion of the

A) ectoderm.

B) endoderm.

C) mesoderm.

6) The process by which the notochord induces the formation of the neural tube is known as ________.

7) The scientific name for the embryonic midbrain is the ________.

8) The primary vesicle from which the metencephalon arises is the

A) diencephalon.

B) rhombencephalon.

C) mesencephalon.

D) myelencephalon.

E) prosencephalon.

9) The opening of the neural tube that is closest to the future head is the

A) anterior neural fold.

B) cranial neuropore.

C) rostral neural groove.

D) caudal neural canal.

E) neural crest aperture.

10) Arrange the five secondary vesicles in the correct anterior to posterior order.

a: Diencephalon

b: Myelencephalon

c: Telencephalon

d: Metencephalon

e: Mesencephalon

A) b, a, c, d, e

B) a, b, c, d, e

C) b, c, a, e, d

D) c, d, e, a, b

E) c, a, e, d, b

11) Which secondary brain vesicle forms the portion of the adult brain that includes the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus?

A) Telencephalon

B) Diencephalon

C) Myelencephalon

D) Metencephalon

E) Mesencephalon

12) The portion of the adult brain that includes the cerebrum is derived from which secondary brain vesicle?

A) Telencephalon

B) Diencephalon

C) Myelencephalon

D) Metencephalon

E) Mesencephalon

13) The portion of the adult brain that includes the medulla oblongata is derived from which secondary brain vesicle?

A) Telencephalon

B) Diencephalon

C) Myelencephalon

D) Metencephalon

E) Mesencephalon

14) The portion of the adult brain that includes the cerebral peduncles, superior colliculi, and inferior colliculi is derived from which secondary brain vesicle?

A) Telencephalon

B) Diencephalon

C) Myelencephalon

D) Metencephalon

E) Mesencephalon

15) Clusters of gray matter that contain neuron cell bodies and lie within masses of white matter are the

A) cortex.

B) cerebral ganglia.

C) cerebral nuclei.

D) cerebral peduncles.

E) ventricles.

16) The cerebral cortex consists of ________ matter.

A) gray

B) white

17) What is the correct order for the cranial meninges, from superficial to deep?

a: Dura mater

b: Pia mater

c: Arachnoid mater

A) a, b, c

B) a, c, b

C) b, a, c

D) b, c, a

E) c, b, a

18) Which of the cranial meninges consists of dense irregular connective tissue in two layers (the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer)?

A) Pia mater

B) Arachnoid

C) Dura mater

D) Subdural layer

E) Subarachnoid layer

19) Dural venous sinuses are areas where

A) the meningeal and periosteal layers separate to form large blood-filled spaces.

B) cerebrospinal fluid is produced.

C) cerebrospinal fluid is stored.

D) large numbers of nuclei congregate.

E) glial cells are formed.

20) The meninx composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers is the

A) pia mater.

B) arachnoid mater.

C) dura mater.

D) periosteal layer.

E) subarachnoid layer.

21) The meninx composed of a thin layer of delicate areolar connective tissue that follows every contour of the brain surface is the

A) pia mater.

B) arachnoid mater.

C) dura mater.

D) periosteal layer.

E) subdural layer.

22) The area underneath the middle meninx where cerebrospinal fluid is located is the ________ space.

23) The horizontally-oriented fold of dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum is the

A) diaphragma sellae.

B) falx cerebelli.

C) tentorium cerebelli.

D) superior sagittal sinus.

E) falx cerebri.

24) The largest of the four dural septa, this large, sickle-shaped vertical fold of dura mater separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

A) Diaphragma sellae

B) Falx cerebelli

C) Tentorium cerebelli

D) Superior sagittal sinus

E) Falx cerebri

25) A sickle-shaped vertical partition that divides the left and right cerebellar hemispheres is the

A) diaphragma sellae.

B) falx cerebelli.

C) tentorium cerebelli.

D) superior sagittal sinus.

E) falx cerebri.

26) A brain ventricle located in the cerebrum is the ________ ventricle.

A) third

B) lateral

C) fourth

D) median

E) falx

27) The brain ventricle located in the diencephalon is the ________ ventricle.

A) third

B) lateral

C) fourth

D) median

E) falx

28) The brain ventricle located between the pons and the cerebellum is the ________ ventricle.

A) third

B) lateral

C) fourth

D) median

E) falx

29) The partition between the lateral ventricles is the

A) central canal.

B) interventricular foramen.

C) mesencephalic aqueduct.

D) ventricular canal.

E) septum pellucidum.

30) Which is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A) CSF helps to remove waste products from the brain.

B) CSF helps to reduce the effective weight of the brain.

C) CSF transports nutrients and chemicals to the brain.

D) CSF helps to promote mitosis within neuronal tissue.

E) CSF provides a liquid cushion to protect the brain from sudden movements.

31) The brain floats within the cerebrospinal fluid.

32) Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the

A) choroid plexus.

B) arachnoid villi.

C) arachnoid granulation.

D) septum pellucidum.

E) mesencephalic aqueduct.

33) The amount of CSF within the brain at any given moment is approximately

A) 600 ml.

B) 1,200 ml.

C) 130 ml.

D) 12 ml.

E) 4,800 ml.

34) Excess CSF is removed from the subarachnoid space by

A) the median aperture.

B) microglia.

C) astrocytes.

D) arachnoid villi.

E) the choroid plexus.

35) The type of glial cell that plays a critical role in the formation of CSF is the ________ cell.

36) List these events in the correct order for CSF flow in the CNS.

a: CSF flows into the arachnoid villi

b: CSF enters the blood

c: CSF flows through the cerebral aqueduct to the 4th ventricle

d: CSF flows into the subarachnoid space

e: CSF is produced by the choroid plexus

A) a, b, c, e, d

B) e, a, b, c, d

C) c, d, a, e, b

D) e, c, d, a, b

E) e, d, a, b, c

37) The blood-brain barrier is made up of

A) microglial extensions and capillary endothelial cells.

B) ependymal cells and venous blood vessels.

C) astrocyte perivascular feet and capillary endothelial cells.

D) astrocyte extensions and dural sinuses.

E) astrocyte perivascular feet and the falx cerebri.

38) Endothelial cells within capillaries of the brain are linked to their neighbors by ________ junctions that prevent diffusion of some substances across the capillary wall.

39) The blood-brain barrier is reduced or missing from three locations in the brain. Which is not one of these locations?

A) Hypothalamus

B) Pineal gland

C) Cerebrum

D) Choroid plexus

40) Lipid-soluble compounds are incapable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier.

41) The location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions is the

A) cerebellum.

B) pons.

C) hypothalamus.

D) corpus callosum.

E) cerebrum.

42) The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemispheres is the

A) cerebral gyri.

B) cerebral sulci.

C) longitudinal fissure.

D) hypothalamus.

E) corpus callosum.

43) Most commonly, which cerebral hemisphere is responsible for controlling speech?

A) Left

B) Right

44) Generally, the left cerebral hemisphere issues motor commands for the right side of the body.

45) Which of the five cerebral lobes is the one not visible on the surface of the brain?

A) Insula

B) Temporal

C) Frontal

D) Occipital

E) Parietal

46) One function of the brain's frontal lobe is

A) smell.

B) verbal communication.

C) hearing.

D) speech interpretation.

E) vision.

47) The portion of the brain involved primarily with vision is the

A) occipital lobe.

B) temporal lobe.

C) insula.

D) parietal lobe.

E) frontal lobe.

48) Cerebral lateralization refers to the

A) difficulty in assigning a precise function to a specific region of the cortex.

B) generalization that both cerebral hemispheres receive their sensory information from and project motor commands to the opposite side of the body.

C) separation of the various lobes of the brain from each other.

D) crisscrossing of information between the two hemispheres.

E) functional differences between the right and left hemispheres.

49) The lobe that is immediately posterior to the central sulcus and that is involved in general sensory functions is the

A) occipital lobe.

B) temporal lobe.

C) insula.

D) parietal lobe.

E) frontal lobe.

50) The lateral sulcus is superior to the

A) occipital lobe.

B) temporal lobe.

C) insula.

D) parietal lobe.

E) frontal lobe.

51) The frontal eye field is immediately anterior to the premotor cortex.

52) The Wernicke area is the motor speech area of the frontal lobe.

53) The primary gustatory cortex processes information about ________ and is located in the ________.

A) sound; cerebellum

B) taste; insula

C) taste; frontal lobe

D) smell; parietal lobe

E) smell; temporal lobe

54) The feet of the sensory homunculus are located

A) medially on the postcentral gyrus.

B) medially on the precentral gyrus.

C) laterally on the postcentral gyrus.

D) laterally on the precentral gyrus.

55) Primary sensory areas of the brain have connections to association areas. What are the names, locations, and functions of the association areas for sight, hearing, and touch?

56) Association areas

A) correlate information from opposite sides of the brain.

B) correlate similar functions from different lobes on the same side of the brain.

C) correlate similar functions from the same lobes on the opposite side of the brain.

D) integrate new sensory inputs with memories of past experiences.

E) integrate outgoing motor information.

57) A person with damage to the premotor cortex area that coordinates eye movements

A) can read but cannot understand the words.

B) cannot read or understand the words.

C) can understand the words but cannot follow the lines on the page.

D) can process linguistic information visually but not through auditory inputs.

58) Association tracts

A) connect different regions of the cerebral cortex with the opposite hemisphere.

B) extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

C) link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord.

D) connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere.

E) None of the choices is correct.

59) Commissural tracts

A) extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

B) connect a region of one lobe with another lobe in the same hemisphere.

C) connect different regions within a lobe.

D) connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere.

E) link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord.

60) Projection tracts

A) extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

B) link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord.

C) connect different regions within a lobe.

D) connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere.

E) connect a region of one lobe with another lobe in the same hemisphere.

61) The bundle of projection tracts that passes between the cerebral nuclei and the thalamus is the ________ capsule.

62) Anatomical asymmetries between the two cerebral hemispheres are known as ________.

63) The ________ hemisphere is known for its involvement in categorization, symbolization, and analytical reasoning.

A) left

B) right

64) Which skills are associated with the right hemisphere for most individuals?

A) Language and task sequencing

B) Categorization and symbolization

C) Visuospatial skills and music

D) Mathematics and the partitioning of information into small fragments

65) The left hemisphere is dominant for speech in almost all right-handed people and in many left-handed ones.

66) Which structures form the lentiform nucleus?

A) Putamen and globus pallidus

B) Globus pallidus and caudate nucleus

C) Caudate nucleus and claustrum

D) Putamen and claustrum

E) Amygdaloid body and globus pallidus

67) Paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres, inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricle, are the

A) cerebral nuclei.

B) corpus callosi.

C) inferior colliculi.

D) interthalamic adhesions.

E) ventricular connections.

68) Which nucleus stimulates the muscles to produce the pattern of arm and leg movements associated with walking?

A) Amygdaloid body

B) Caudate nucleus

C) Putamen

D) Globus pallidus

E) Claustrum

69) Which nucleus is part of the lentiform nucleus that controls muscular movement at the subconscious level?

A) Amygdaloid body

B) Caudate nucleus

C) Putamen

D) Dentate nucleus

E) Claustrum

70) This nucleus both excites and inhibits the activities of the thalamus to control and adjust muscle tone.

A) Amygdaloid body

B) Caudate nucleus

C) Putamen

D) Globus pallidus

E) Claustrum

71) Following a head injury, a young woman frequently loses her temper and is often depressed and otherwise "moody." What part of the brain do you think has been damaged?

A) Amygdaloid body

B) Caudate nucleus

C) Putamen

D) Globus pallidus

E) Claustrum

72) Which part of the brain contains the epithalamus, hypothalamus, and the thalamus?

A) Pons

B) Medulla oblongata

C) Diencephalon

D) Cerebrum

E) Cerebellum

73) This portion of the brain forms part of the roof of the diencephalon and covers the third ventricle. Its posterior portion houses the pineal gland and the habenular nuclei.

A) Epithalamus

B) Thalamus

C) Hypothalamus

D) Cerebellum

E) Infundibulum

74) This portion of the brain secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps to regulate the body's circadian rhythm.

A) Habenular nucleus

B) Anterior nucleus

C) Pineal gland

D) Mammillary body

E) Paraventricular nucleus

75) Which structure plays a crucial role in filtering out the irrelevant noise at a crowded party so that you can listen to someone speaking to you?

A) Thalamus

B) Hypothalamus

C) Epithalamus

76) Which structure serves as the main relay point for sensory information that is headed to a primary sensory region of the cerebral cortex?

A) Hypothalamus

B) Epithalamus

C) Thalamus

D) Pineal body

E) Pons

77) A football player can hear his coach's voice above the noise of the crowd and can sense an opponent about to run him down. These abilities are due to the action of what part of the brain?

A) Hypothalamus

B) Epithalamus

C) Thalamus

D) Pineal body

E) Pons

78) The brain region that exerts significant control over the endocrine system is the

A) pons.

B) thalamus.

C) hypothalamus.

D) epithalamus.

79) The hypothalamus exerts master control over the motor system.

80) Functions of the hypothalamus include regulation of body temperature and water intake.

81) The sleep-wake cycle and the sex drive are both regulated by the

A) pons.

B) thalamus.

C) hypothalamus.

D) olive.

82) The tectal plate (corpora quadrigemina) is part of what portion of the brain?

A) Diencephalon

B) Brainstem

C) Thalamus

D) Telencephalon

E) Epithalamus

83) As motor tracts descend to the brainstem, they become the anterolateral surfaces of the midbrain known as the

A) inferior colliculi.

B) accessory nerves.

C) inferior olivary complexes.

D) cerebral peduncles.

E) substantia nigra.

84) The superior olivary complex is involved in detecting the

A) location of a sound.

B) brightness of a light.

C) flavor of a taste.

D) intensity of a smell.

E) texture of a touch stimulus.

85) Which are the midbrain nuclei that produce dopamine, and thereby affect motor control?

A) Red nuclei

B) Cerebral nuclei

C) Substantia nigra

D) Arcuate nuclei

86) The superior colliculi help you respond to

A) visual stimuli — for example, when you turn toward a bright flash of light.

B) auditory stimuli — for example, when you turn toward a loud bang.

C) somatic stimuli — for example, when you swat at a bug that has landed on your arm.

D) internal stimuli from your viscera — for example, when you feel abdominal pain.

87) The inferior colliculi are auditory reflex centers of the midbrain.

88) Which portion of the brain is posterior to the fourth ventricle?

A) Pons

B) Thalamus

C) Medulla oblongata

D) Hypothalamus

E) Cerebellum

89) Axons of the corticospinal tract cross the brainstem at the

A) middle cerebellar peduncle of the pons.

B) decussation of the pyramids in the medulla oblongata.

C) primary fissure of the cerebellum.

D) cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain.

E) hypoglossal canal.

90) The medulla oblongata contains a cardiac center and a medullary respiratory center.

91) The vasomotor center is an important regulator of ________ and is located in the ________.

A) voluntary movement; frontal lobe

B) blood pressure; pons

C) visual reflexes; pons

D) blood pressure; medulla oblongata.

E) visual reflexes; midbrain

92) Which part of the brain contains the arbor vitae?

A) Pons

B) Medulla oblongata

C) Cerebrum

D) Cerebellum

E) Epithalamus

93) The middle cerebral peduncles connect the cerebellum to the

A) spinal cord.

B) pons.

C) medulla.

D) midbrain.

E) diencephalon.

94) The inferior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the midbrain.

95) This portion of the brain ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements.

A) Pons

B) Medulla oblongata

C) Cerebrum

D) Cerebellum

E) Epithalamus

96) Which portion of the brain adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain equilibrium and posture?

A) Pons

B) Medulla oblongata

C) Cerebrum

D) Cerebellum

E) Epithalamus

97) The ________ is composed of multiple structures that collaboratively process and contribute to the experience of emotions.

A) medulla oblongata

B) cerebellum

C) hypothalamus

D) limbic system

E) cerebellar peduncle

98) The limbic system allows

A) processing and experiencing of emotion.

B) bending over backwards.

C) perception of language.

D) expression of language.

E) retrieving memories from a long time ago.

99) The part of the limbic system involved in storing memories and forming long-term memory is the

A) cingulate gyrus.

B) amygdaloid body.

C) fornix.

D) mammillary body.

E) hippocampus.

100) During a mugging, a person experiences an extreme level of fear. What portion of the limbic system is responsible for this and other emotional states?

A) Cingulate gyrus

B) Amygdaloid body

C) Fornix

D) Mammillary bodies

E) Hippocampus

101) An arch of white matter that connects the hippocampus to structures in the diencephalon is the ________.

102) What is the name of the brainstem sensory area that contains axons that project to the cerebral cortex to arouse us from sleep?

A) Habenular nucleus

B) Reticular activating system

C) Mammillary body

D) Hippocampus

E) Parahippocampal gyrus

103) One function of the reticular formation is to assist in the regulation of respiration and blood pressure.

104) The reticular formation is an area of the brain that

A) is sensory in function.

B) is motor in function.

C) has sensory and motor components.

D) serves higher-order cognitive functions.

105) Damage to which lobe of the brain (that normally plans appropriate behavior) has been most frequently associated with personality abnormalities?

A) Frontal

B) Parietal

C) Occipital

D) Temporal

E) Insula

106) Cognition is generally thought to be governed by

A) association areas of the cerebrum.

B) gray matter of the cerebellum.

C) the reticular formation of the brainstem.

D) primary sensory cortices and projection tracts.

E) the corpus callosum.

107) An inability to recognize stimuli (e.g., faces) or understand the meanings of common words is generally called ________.

108) The advances in higher-order brain functioning that happen from birth to age five correlate with

A) an increase in the number of brain neurons.

B) completion of PNS myelination.

C) an increase in total brain size and complexity.

D) completion of myelination of the frontal cortex.

109) Prefrontal cortex axons generally complete myelination by the time puberty is reached.

110) A memory that has lasted over a weekend is described as a

A) short-term memory.

B) long-term memory.

111) Formation of new memories involves the ________, and storage of long-term memories primarily involves the ________.

A) hippocampus; association areas of the cerebrum

B) habenular nuclei; amygdaloid body

C) amygdala; reticular formation

D) cerebellum; corpus callosum

E) lateral ventricles; hippocampus

112) Your memories of the sights and sounds of your elementary school are probably stored in

A) the arbor vitae of your cerebellum.

B) association cortex areas of your cerebrum.

C) your hippocampus and amygdala.

D) your thalamus and hypothalamus.

E) your limbic system and cranial nerves.

113) Interpretation of emotion is governed by the ________, and expression of emotion is governed by the ________.

A) hippocampus; hypothalamus

B) hypothalamus; hippocampus

C) limbic system; prefrontal cortex

D) prefrontal cortex; amygdala

E) endocrine system; association cortex

114) Damages to the amygdaloid body result in atypical expressions of emotion.

115) Which would be the correct order of brain area activation if one were to understand a sentence and repeat it aloud?

A) Wernicke area, Broca area, primary motor cortex

B) Primary motor cortex, Broca area, Wernicke area

C) Broca area, Wernicke area, primary motor cortex

D) Wernicke area, primary motor cortex, Broca area

E) Broca area, primary motor cortex, Wernicke area

116) Dull, emotionless speech is called ________.

117) Locate and explain the areas of the brain that are essential to the comprehension and expression of language. In which lobes of the brain are they located? On which side of the brain are they found in most individuals? What does each specific area do? Which area of the brain comprehends the emotional nuances of a speaker's message?

118) Which is the most anterior cranial nerve?

A) Trochlear

B) Optic

C) Olfactory

D) Oculomotor

E) Accessory

119) A patient visits her doctor and explains that since being hit on the cheek with a hockey puck she has been suffering from dry eyes and a dry mouth. It's apparent to the doctor that, because both lacrimal secretion and salivary secretion are affected, there may be damage to the ________ nerve.

A) trigeminal

B) hypoglossal

C) glossopharyngeal

D) abducens

E) facial

120) Which cranial nerve is composed of only motor fibers?

A) VI

B) VIII

C) IX

D) V

E) I

121) The cranial nerve responsible for movement of the medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles is the ________ nerve.

A) oculomotor

B) trochlear

C) abducens

D) trigeminal

E) hypoglossal

122) The cranial nerve that innervates smooth muscle and glands of the heart, lungs, larynx, trachea, and most abdominal organs is the ________ nerve.

A) facial

B) trigeminal

C) vagus

D) accessory

E) hypoglossal

123) The cranial nerve that passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone is the ________ nerve.

A) optic

B) olfactory

C) trigeminal

D) oculomotor

E) abducens

124) Bell palsy is a condition characterized by paralysis of facial muscles, eyelid droop, and sagging at the corners of the mouth. What nerve is affected in this condition?

A) Olfactory

B) Trigeminal

C) Facial

D) Accessory

E) Hypoglossal

125) This figure shows a left lateral view of the brain. What structure does number 1 indicate?

A) Central gyrus

B) Lateral sulcus

C) Lateral fissure

D) Central sulcus

E) Longitudinal fissure

126) This figure shows a left lateral view of the brain. What lobe does number 2 indicate?

A) Temporal

B) Frontal

C) Parietal

D) Occipital

E) Insula

127) This figure shows a frontal section of the cerebrum. What structure does number 2 indicate?

A) Fourth ventricle

B) Third ventricle

C) Lateral ventricle

D) Corpus callosum

E) Cerebral nuclei

128) This figure shows a frontal section of the cerebrum. What structure does number 1 indicate?

A) Central canal

B) Lateral ventricle

C) Brainstem

D) Corpus callosum

E) Fourth ventricle

129) This figure shows the lobes of the cerebrum. What structure does number 1 indicate?

A) Primary auditory cortex

B) Primary olfactory cortex

C) Primary gustatory cortex

D) Primary visual cortex

E) Primary motor cortex

130) This figure shows the lobes of the cerebrum. What structure does number 2 indicate?

A) Primary auditory cortex

B) Primary olfactory cortex

C) Primary gustatory cortex

D) Primary visual cortex

E) Primary motor cortex

131) Most of the gyri and sulci of the human brain develop very early in the fetal period.

132) The gray matter of the brain houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmyelinated axons.

133) The white matter of the brain derives its color from myelin.

134) In both the cerebrum and the cerebellum, white matter lies deep to superficial gray matter.

135) The brain ventricles are continuous with one another and with the central canal of the spinal cord.

136) The mesencephalic (cerebral) aqueduct carries CSF from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle.

137) Cerebrospinal fluid is identical to blood plasma.

138) The vestibulocochlear nerve is the only cranial nerve that doesn't exit the skull via an opening or foramen.

139) The prefrontal cortex

A) has axons that continue to myelinate well into our 20s.

B) matures soon after birth.

C) is primarily responsible for understanding spoken or written language.

D) processes raw visual information, putting it into context.

140) The prefrontal cortex changes very little after age 10. Therefore, in its structure and maturity this brain region in a teenager is similar to that of an adult. 

141) An electroencephalogram measures

A) electrical activity in the brain.

B) blood flow in the brain.

C) the use of glucose in the brain.

D) the production of CSF in the brain.

142) Alpha and beta waves are typically seen in an awake, alert adult, and indicate a brain functioning normally.

143) Brain activity is decreased during sleep. In fact, the brainstem typically shows no activity at all.

144) Non-REM sleep

A) comprises most of our sleep time.

B) is characterized by movements of the eyes.

C) is where we have our most memorable dreams.

D) is a time when the brain is very active.

145) Which of the following is false regarding sleep?

A) The longest bouts of REM sleep occur early in the night, with shorter REM periods toward the morning.

B) During REM sleep, the brain uses as much oxygen as when the individual is awake.

C) Different stages of non-REM sleep are characterized by different brain waves.

D) REM sleep is important for memory processing and consolidation.

146) The corpus callosum allows cortical regions within the same cerebral hemisphere to communicate.

147) The epithalamus is composed of the pituitary gland and habenular nucleus.

148) The pituitary gland secretes melatonin, which is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle.

149) Which of the following contains descending axon bundles carrying voluntary motor commands from the primary motor cortex?

A) Cerebral peduncle

B) Cerebellar peduncle

C) Cerebral aqueduct

D) Substantia nigra

150) The ________ respiratory center regulates the skeletal muscles involved in breathing.

151) Select all the brain areas containing autonomic nuclei involved in controlling respiration (breathing).

A) Pons

B) Medulla oblongata

C) Midbrain

D) Cerebellum

152) While out on a walk, which nucleus will your brain use to help determine the origin of a sound such as a dog barking?

A) Superior olivary nucleus

B) Superior colliculus

C) Nucleus gracilis

D) Nucleus cuneatus

153) Select all that are components of the limbic system.

A) Cingulate gyrus

B) Prefrontal cortex

C) Reticular formation

D) Hippocampus

154) Select all that apply. The limbic system includes the

A) amygdaloid body.

B) parahippocampal gyrus.

C) Broca area.

D) olfactory cortex.

155) The ________ component of the reticular formation is called the reticular activating system (RAS).

A) sensory

B) motor

156) ________ is the natural, temporary absence of consciousness from which a person can be aroused by normal stimulation.

157) A lesion in the ________ is likely to affect thinking, planning, and overall personality, as this brain region plays a significant role in cognition.

A) prefrontal cortex

B) olfactory bulb

C) reticular activating system

D) premotor cortex

158) A lesion in the ________ may result in difficulty forming long-term memories because this limbic system structure is critical to memory consolidation.

A) hippocampus

B) pineal gland

C) cingulate gyrus

D) superior olivary nucleus

159) Gray matter derives its color from the myelinated axons that compose it.

160) The medulla oblongata contains the

A) pyramids.

B) tectal plate.

C) cerebral peduncles.

D) superior olivary nuclei.

161) In cross section, the outermost portion of the cerebellum is composed of

A) the cerebellar cortex.

B) the arbor vitae.

C) cerebral peduncles.

D) cerebellar nuclei.