Test Bank Chapter 10 Gays And Other Targets Of Stigma

CHAPTER TEN: GAYS AND OTHER TARGETS OF STIGMA

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Something a person has or does that others see as bad in some way is the definition of
2. a phobia.
3. an obsession.
4. a falsehood.
5. a stigma.

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 248

2. Which of the following persons has an unjustifiable stigma?

a) an obese person

b) a murderer

c) a rapist

d) a child abuser

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 248

3. All of the following are myths about homosexuality, EXCEPT that homosexuals

a) are typically effeminate.

b) have about as much sex as heterosexuals.

c) cannot have satisfactory sex lives.

d) are very promiscuous.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 248-249

4. Which of the following statements about the differences between sexual orientations is TRUE?

a) People are either completely gay or completely straight.

b) If a person commits one or two homosexual acts, he or she is considered gay or lesbian.

c) The difference between sexual orientation is actually a matter of degree.

d) Sexual orientation is strongly related to being male or female.

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 250-251

5. According to a recent representative sample of the U.S. adult population, the percentage of American men that have ever engaged in same-sex behavior is about __________ percent.

a) 5

b) 9

c) 20

d) 30

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 250-251

6. The greater promiscuity among gay men has to do with their

a) rejection of females.

b) homosexuality.

c) male gender role.

d) hormone levels.

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 251-252

7. Which of the following events has produced a significant shift from sexual promiscuity to monogamy among homosexuals?

a) the AIDS crisis of the early 1980s

b) the outlawing of homosexual behavior in many states

c) the closing of homosexual bathhouses, men’s rooms, and gay bars

d) the realization by many gays that their lifestyle is sinful

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 252

8. Which of the following is a way that male couples differ from heterosexual couples?

a) They have a greater sensitivity to power imbalances.

b) They are far more sexually exclusive.

c) They take roles of husband and wife from traditional society.

d) They tend to shun marital roles.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 252-253

9. Compared with male homosexuals, lesbians are generally

a) less promiscuous.

b) equally promiscuous.

c) more promiscuous.

d) less faithful to their partners.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 252-253

10. All of the following are ways gay women are like heterosexual women, EXCEPT that homosexual women

a) can carry on a comfortable relationship with straight people.

b) were often tomboys in childhood.

c) are more interested in relationship and love.

d) have a desire to be mothers.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 253

11. The four stages whereby male homosexuals come to acquire their gay identity are sensitization, dissociation, coming out, and

a) homosexual affirmation.

b) public affirmation.

c) desensitization.

d) commitment.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 254-255

12. Greg was about 17 when he realized that he wasn’t very interested in women. Instead, he was attracted to and wanted to have sex with men but hoped he would grow away from these feelings in time. He was in the __________ stage of acquiring a gay identity.

a) sensitization

b) dissociation

c) coming out

d) commitment

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 253-254

13. Research has documented that children raised by gay parents

a) are much more likely to become gay themselves.

b) are no more likely than children with heterosexual parents to become homosexual.

c) rarely have any problems accepting their parents or being accepted by friends.

d) usually have psychological and school problems.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 255

14. Today, if two gays truly fall in love, increasingly they will

a) get married.

b) continue to date others.

c) finally initiate sexual relations.

d) become domestic partners.

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 256

15. Which of the following statements about homosexuality and religion is TRUE?

a) Many religions consider homosexuality a sin.

b) Gays rarely attend religious services because they are almost always discriminated against.

c) Gays agree that their homosexuality is a sin, but they feel they can’t do much about it.

d) Few, if any, pastors are willing to perform same-sex marriages.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 256-257

16. Studies that seem to support the biological theory of homosexuality

a) have clearly demonstrated that biological factors are a determinant of homosexuality.

b) strongly demonstrate that only biological factors can cause homosexuality.

c) conclude that social factors are actually more important than biological factors.

d) can only suggest that biological factors create a predisposition toward homosexuality.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 257-258

17. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the genetic theory of homosexuality?

a) A genetic factor cannot be linked in any way to homosexuality.

b) Genetic studies are vague on what the “gay gene” is and where it might reside.

c) Subjects from twin and chromosome studies were not randomly selected.

d) The social environment might better account for why identical twins both become homosexual.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 257

18. Since 1973, the American Psychiatric Association has referred to the problems that some homosexuals have with their sexual orientation as

a) variant sexual orientation.

b) special sexual preference.

c) sexual orientation disturbance.

d) abnormal sexual preference.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 258

19. Research has shown that if a mother has much more physical contact with her son and has less contact with her daughter,

a) her son is more likely to become gay while her daughter will more likely be heterosexual.

b) her daughter is more likely to become lesbian while her son will more likely be heterosexual.

c) her son is more likely to become gay and her daughter is more likely to become lesbian.

d) nothing much will happen because children are born with homosexual tendencies.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 258-259

20. According to social constructionists, which of the following overall statements about the causes of homosexuality is true?

a) Genetic and other biological factors cause homosexuality.

b) The social environment causes homosexuality.

c) Homosexuality is simply a label that some persons place on others.

d) Competent scientists know what causes homosexuality.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 259

21. In attempting to define what a homosexual is, Kinsey rejected the idea that

a) a person is either exclusively heterosexual or homosexual.

b) the human mind invents categories about sexuality and tries to force all persons into those categories.

c) a person can have a wide variety of forms of sexual experience.

d) human experience, including sexual experience, is a continuum and varies in many ways.

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 259

22. Trades, or men who often go to public restrooms for impersonal sex,

a) define themselves as homosexuals.

b) see themselves as straight and masculine.

c) have otherwise normal levels of sex with their wives.

d) are from the upper-middle class.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 260

Answer : b) see themselves as straight and masculine.

23. Which of the following is an example of the situational type of homosexual behavior?

a) a male prostitute hustling on the street

b) a call boy working for a gay escort service

c) a married woman who has sex with a girlfriend once a week

d) a stripteaser who rarely has time to date after work

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 260-261

24. Which of the following norms is used to define homosexuality as deviant?

a) the norm of sexual exclusiveness

b) the norm that sex should involve people of different genders

c) the norm that married couples should produce children

d) the norm that love should precede sex

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 261-262

25. One reason why the reproductive norm is an illogical basis for opposing homosexuality is that

a) almost all couples have sex for pleasure, not reproduction.

b) this norm is a holdover from the past.

c) few people are currently having sexual relations.

d) sexuality and reproduction are two entirely different matters.

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 262-263

26. Which of the following statements about the nature and extent of homophobia is not true?

a) Most Americans do not believe we should deny the sexual minority the same rights enjoyed by the sexual majority.

b) U.S. society is deeply ambivalent about its sexual minority.

c) A majority of Americans practice discrimination against the sexual minority.

d) A majority of Americans condemn same-sex orientation as morally wrong.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 263-264

27. Herman is a 50-year-old high school graduate and a Republican who hangs out with his friends after work. He is more likely to

a) to have homosexuals as friends.

b) have few opinions about homosexuality.

c) be homophobic.

d) support gay rights legislation.

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 264

28. All of the following are social and psychological problems experienced by most gays and lesbians, EXCEPT that same-sex couples

a) are denied health insurance and other benefits enjoyed by heterosexuals.

b) are forced to remain hidden, keeping their sexual orientation to themselves.

c) develop constant tension, self-hatred, and depression.

d) experience conflict over their self-identities.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 265

29. Which of the following statements about homophobia from a global perspective is true?

a) The U.S. has less homophobia than any other country in the world.

b) The U.S. has more homophobia than any other country in the world.

c) Countries like Russia and Zimbabwe have strong and sometimes violent traditions of homophobia.

d) Homosexuals are treated equally in most countries of the world.

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 268-269

30. The majority of new AIDS cases today come from

a) older homosexuals.

b) younger homosexuals.

c) lesbians.

d) IV drug users.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 266

31. According to the text, AIDS among homosexuals has substantially declined because of

a) a decline in drug use.

b) safer sex practices.

c) abstaining from sex.

d) having more sex with heterosexuals.

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 266

32. Which of the following is NOT a reason why public sentiment has recently become more sympathetic to those with AIDS?

a) Many thousands of gays and lesbians have joined the fight against the disease, and thus have gained respect from the general public.

b) Many widely admired and loved celebrities, like Rock Hudson, have died of AIDS.

c) Many heterosexual persons have become afflicted with AIDS.

d) The public has come largely to accept the legitimacy of the homosexual lifestyle.

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 266-267

33. A key event in the development of the gay rights movement was

a) the formation of many gay organizations.

b) the formation of many anti-gay organizations.

c) the police raid on the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York, leading to a strong reaction by gays.

d) a granting of legal rights by the Supreme Court.

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 267

34. Which of the following events has led the gay rights movement to shift into a high gear in the 1990s?

a) the Kinsey report that documented that a large number of people are gay

b) the outbreak of the AIDS epidemic

c) the outbreak of a new wave of anti-gay prejudice and discrimination

d) actions by then-President Clinton and others in support of the gay rights movement

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 267

35. Which of the following is NOT an example of a transgendered person?

a) a homosexual

b) an intersexual

c) a transsexual

d) a transvestite

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 269

36. Which of the following actions would be most typical of a transvestite?

a) a man becoming a woman

b) surgery to solve an ambiguous sex

c) a sex change operation

d) cross-dressing

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 269

37. Which of the following statements reveals a biased view of the disabled by “normal” people?

a) The person’s disability is the totality of his or her self.

b) People with disabilities are always less desirable than normal people.

c) Criteria of competence should be biased in favor of normal people.

d) All of the above statements are biased views of the disabled.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 270-271

38. Which of the following is one of the consequences of the stigma put on fatness?

a) a huge industry of selling diet books and exercise programs

b) a belief that obesity is genetic and not deserving of stigma

c) a massive movement toward losing weight, making obesity a problem for only a few persons

d) a change in the norms of beauty from slimness to fatness

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 272

39. Many people who get tattoos select designs that conform to conventional aesthetics and commit themselves to a conventional lifestyle. The reason for these behaviors is to

a) show to others that they are somehow disreputable.

b) express their desire for freedom from a middle-class way of life.

c) de-stigmatize the tattoos and maintain a middle-class status.

d) have tattoos that others will see as “cooler” than others.

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 273-274

40. When it comes to their political orientations, most gays and lesbians tend to lean toward

a) the Republican Party.

b) the Democratic Party

c) the Reform Party.

d) None of the above

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 256

41. A(n)_____________ is a characteristic or feature that is considered discrediting by others.

a) phobia

b) obsession

c) stigma

d) intolerance

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 248

True/False Questions

1. Homosexuals, the obese, and the tattooed are examples of populations that experience unjustifiable stigmas.

True

False

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 248

2. Homosexuality is still listed as a psychopathology by the American Psychological Association.

True

False

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 249

3. Homosexuals are generally effeminate.

True

False

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 248

4. Nearly all homosexuals are sexually hyperactive and have sex all of the time.

True

False

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 248-249

5. Lesbians generally display masculine characteristics.

True

False

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 252-253

6. The famous sex researcher, Alfred Kinsey, asserted that heterosexuals and homosexuals made up two very distinct populations.

True

False

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 250-251

7. About 2.8 percent of men and 1.4 percent of women have a gay or lesbian self-identity.

True

False

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 250-251

8. Most gay men are involved in long-term relationships characterized by power equality between partners.

True

False

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 251-252

9. Lesbians are more interested in finding lovers than making friends.

True

False

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 252-253

10. The first stage of acquiring a gay identity is “coming out,” which is when a young homosexual becomes involved in the homosexual subculture.

True

False

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 254-255

11. Many parents of a gay child are victims of society’s anti-gay culture and hide the fact that their child is gay.

True

False

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 255-256

12. Most sociologists assume that being born with the homosexual tendency can have a decisive influence on becoming a homosexual.

True

False

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 257-258

13. Most sociologists assume that gays and lesbians may be born with a biological predisposition that makes them more likely than other children to be attracted to members of the same sex.

True

False

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 257-258

14. Both trades and street-hustlers have strong commitments to homosexual activities.

True

False

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 260

15. Most persons who are homophobic are less educated and more racially prejudiced.

True

False

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 264

1

6. Most gays and lesbians adjust to homophobia without personal or social problems.

True

False

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 264-265

17. Most Americans support the proposition that the sexual minority should have fewer rights than the sexual majority.

True

False

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 263-264

18. The growth of the AIDS epidemic led to the revitalization of the gay rights movement.

True

False

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 266-267

19. Gays and lesbians generally lean toward the Republican Party.

True

False

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 256-257

20. Every state in the union has now legalized consensual sex between same-sex adults.

True

False

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 267

21. A transsexual is someone who identifies him- or herself as a member of the opposite sex, while transvestites cross-dress.

True

False

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 269

22. For most disabled people, the totality of themselves is in their disability.

True

False

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 270-271

23. Many obese people internalize their stigma, agreeing with others that they are to blame for their obesity.

True

False

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 272

24. Lesbians are more interested in making friends than finding lovers.

True

False

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 252-253

25. Many parents conceal the sexual orientation of their gay child due to society’s stigma on gays.

True

False

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 254-255

26. Consensual sex between same-sex adults is still illegal in some states.

True

False

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 267

27. A transsexual is someone who is trapped in a body of the opposite sex.

True

False

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 269-270

28. Most disabled people do not pay attention to their disability.

True

False

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 270-271

29. Children raised by homosexuals have a greater propensity to become gay, compared to those raised by heterosexual couples.

True

False

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 255

Fill-In Questions

1. ______ is something a person has or does that others see as bad in some way.

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 248

2. ______ are persons whose social profile includes less education, more conservatism, and more negative attitudes toward racial and ethnic groups.

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 264

3. The __________ theory traces the development of homosexuality to cross-gender socialization in childhood.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 258-259

4. Many college students and young professionals have been getting __________ in order gain freedom from their conservative, middle-class life styles.

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 273

5. The term __________ is used to refer to homosexuals who publicly identify themselves as gay.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 254-255

6. ______ are people who have an innate fear and hatred toward gays.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 262-264

7. _______ is seen as something bad and discrediting by others.

Difficulty: 1

Page Reference: 248

Essay Questions

1. Describe and analyze some of the myths that surround homosexuality. What are the myths, and why do they exist?

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 248-250

2. Homosexuality is a biological disposition. Agree or disagree with this statement.

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 257-259

3. Discuss some of the steps and changes through which a person progresses as he or she develops a gay identity. What seem to be the stages, and what is the result?

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 254-255

4. Compare and contrast the biological and sociological theories of homosexuality. What does each theory say, and how do the explanations differ?

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 257-259

5. Discuss the progress and direction of the gay rights movement. What are some key events of that movement, what has it accomplished, and what challenges does it still face?

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 266-268

6. Discuss the special problems of stigma faced by people with physical disabilities. What biases and stereotypes do they face, and how does the stigma imputed to disabilities affect the lives of the disabled?

Difficulty: 2

Page Reference: 270-272