Chapter 10: Correctional Responses in the Community

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. How are correctional responses in the community different when compared to traditional incarceration?

A. They are more likely to reduce recidivism.

B. They are more expensive.

C. They are associated with higher negative stigmas.

D. They result in higher social costs to the offender’s community.

2. Which of the following factors may reduce the likelihood that an offender will be sentenced to some form of community corrections?

A. The offender has children to support.

B. Community opposition to having offenders serve sentences in the community.

C. The offender is convicted of a minor, nonviolent crime.

D. The offender has a well-paying job.

3. Royce has been convicted of a violent crime. He is a repeat offender with no children and no job aside from illegal involvement in the black market. Based on those factors, how would Royce be sanctioned?

A. boot camp

B. work release

C. incarceration

D. house arrest

4. Darnell was convicted of a minor, nonviolent offense. He is the single father of two children in grade school, and has demonstrated a strong desire to become a law-abiding citizen. Based on those factors, how would Darnell be sanctioned?

A. intensive supervised probation with GPS monitoring

B. full-time incarceration

C. capital punishment

D. probation

5. Which of the following characteristics would be more common in offenders who are sanctioned with correctional responses in the community?

A. individuals who live in communities with ample resources for probation officers and monitoring technology

B. individuals who are unemployed

C. individuals who violated jail regulations when incarcerated during their trial

D. individuals who are repeat offenders

6. The beginning of corrections in the community in the United States occurred with the advent of ______.

A. parole

B. probation

C. halfway houses

D. community service

7. What is the most common form of criminal sanction in the United States?

A. probation

B. fines

C. incarceration

D. capital punishment

8. Who is considered the father of probation?

A. August Vollmer

B. John Augustus

C. Sir Robert Peel

D. O. W. Wilson

9. According to John Augustus, what trait did he consider the most important when recruiting volunteer parole officers?

A. physical strength

B. secularism

C. a “good heart”

D. a harsh demeanor

10. What laws had been broken by most of John Augustus’ probationers?

A. fraud

B. theft

C. domestic violence

D. vice and temperance laws

11. How were John Augustus’ early probation officers different than probation officers today?

A. They were volunteer officers who were often recruited from churches.

B. They were more judgmental than officers today.

C. They were often recruited from the military.

D. They were paid more than probation officers today.

12. What happened as probation officers became more professionalized?

A. They saw a decrease in pay.

B. They were more likely to be recruited from the law enforcement community.

C. They became less likely to focus on rehabilitation.

D. They were more likely to be recruited from churches.

13. Which of the following is an example of a problem-solving court?

A. civil court

B. small-claims court

C. traffic court

D. drug court

14. ______ courts are specialized to meet the needs of a particular group of offenders.

A. Magistrate

B. Appeals

C. Problem-solving

D. General jurisdiction

15. According to your text, why are some jurisdictions turning to private community corrections services?

A. They are more punitive than traditional community corrections.

B. Private companies can attract higher skilled probation officers.

C. Budget shortages and larger caseloads have forced officials to seek alternatives.

D. The research indicates that probationers supervised by private companies are less likely to recidivate.

16. What is another term used to describe when an offender relapses into criminal offending?

A. retribution

B. reformation

C. deterrence

D. recidivism

17. Which of the following is a goal of community corrections?

A. rehabilitation

B. retribution

C. incapacitation

D. shaming

18. Which of the following is a characteristic of the nonintervention approach to corrections?

A. It does not jeopardize the safety of individuals in the community.

B. It deters others from committing the same crime.

C. It allows offenders to avoid the stigma of becoming an ex-convict.

D. It punishes the offender for the harm that they caused.

19. Which of the following is a characteristic of rehabilitation in a community corrections setting?

A. harsh punishment

B. education and job training

C. incapacitation

D. general deterrence

20. Restorative justice brings the ______ into community corrections process.

A. media

B. police officer

C. primary victim

D. offender’s family

21. What is a sentence that suspends or delays a term of full-time incarceration?

A. probation

B. parole

C. forfeiture

D. boot camp

22. Which sanction requires that offenders meet often with their probation officer and have their homes and workplaces searched frequently?

A. house arrest

B. intensive supervised probation

C. electronic monitoring

D. day fines

23. Which sanction requires an offender to pay money to the victim, the victim’s family, or a crime victim’s fund in response to a crime committed?

A. day fines

B. community service

C. restitution

D. forfeiture

24. An offender is convicted for a drug offense and the state seizes vehicles and a home that he purchased with the proceeds from drug sales. What is this an example of?

A. day fines

B. intensive supervised probation

C. restitution

D. forfeiture

25. Which sanction requires the offender to spend some time in jail or prison and before being released into corrections in the community?

A. house arrest

B. shock probation

C. residential community housing

D. intensive supervised probation

26. Which of the following would be considered a special condition of probation for an offender convicted of a cybercrime?

A. appearing at scheduled court appearances

B. maintaining employment

C. restriction from using the Internet

D. Avoiding persons with criminal records

27. ______ requirements of probation are rules that all offenders on community corrections must follow.

A. General

B. Special

C. Basic

D. Primary

28. A woman is granted probation after being convicted of drunk driving. She is forbidden from drinking or possessing alcohol, which is one of her ______.

A. technical violations

B. general guidelines

C. general conditions

D. special conditions

29. Richard is required at both the federal level and the state level to provide a DNA sample to the DNA data bank. This would regardless of the state he lived in. Based on this information, you could infer that Richard is ______.

A. a convicted sex offender

B. a convicted murderer

C. a convicted felon

D. a repeat offender for selling drugs

30. What term describes the increasing harshness of sentencing given to offenders who would have traditionally been sentenced to probation?

A. phishing

B. mission creep

C. net widening

D. discretionary abuse

31. Arnold refused to take a drug test, which was one of the rules on his probation contract. He committed what type of violation?

A. legal

B. infraction

C. parole

D. technical

32. Monica’s probation officer arrives for their planned visit, and immediately realizes that Monica is drunk. What type of rule has Monica broken?

A. technical violation

B. legal violation

C. intoxication violation

D. special condition

33. Dudley’s probation officer found recently stolen merchandise in his home during his scheduled home visit. The officer arrests Dudley and begins proceedings to revoke his probation. What type of rule did Dudley break?

A. technical violation

B. legal violation

C. general condition

D. special condition

34. What is the main cause of revocation of probation in the first 3 months of the probation sentence?

A. legal violations

B. drug distribution violations

C. technical violations

D. special violations

35. What is one explanation for why probationers have lower recidivism rates than those who are incarcerated?

A. Probationers are less likely to be inherently criminal.

B. Probationers are more closely scrutinized than those who are incarcerated.

C. Probationers are more likely to receive intense rehabilitation services.

D. Probationers are able to maintain personal, family, and work ties.

36. Manny has a graduate degree, a loving wife, and a well-paying job. When he was convicted of drunk driving, he was given probation. Based on his personal characteristics, which of the following statements would predict the outcome of his sentence based on current research?

A. Manny is unlikely to recidivate.

B. Manny is highly likely to recidivate.

C. Manny is more likely to have his probation revoked.

D. Manny is more likely to commit a technical violation.

37. Which of the following programs has been shown to increase recidivism?

A. cognitive behavioral therapy

B. DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education)

C. marital counseling

D. vocational and educational programs

38. What is one reason why net widening is problematic?

A. It captures and punishes exclusively high-risk offenders.

B. It leads to an increase in crime.

C. It increases costs of the criminal justice system.

D. It decreases recidivism.

39. Victims have the right to provide information during the ______ on how the criminal victimization affected them.

A. arraignment

B. jury deliberations

C. presentence investigation

D. supervision in the community

40. Mary was not informed that her abusive ex-boyfriend was granted parole. Based on what you know about victim rights dealing with community corrections, which of the following statements would be true?

A. Mary provided input during sentencing begging that her ex-husband not be released into the community.

B. Police no longer believe the ex-husband is a threat to Mary.

C. Mary’s ex-husband was falsely accused.

D. Mary was a victim prior to the victims’ rights reforms in the 1980s and 1990s.

41. Which of the following rights are now available to victims in nearly all states?

A. The victim has the right to provide input during the presentencing phase.

B. The victim has the right to revoke an offender’s probation if they fear they are in danger.

C. The victim has the right to meet one-on-one with the judge to help determine the offender’s probation conditions.

D. The victim has the right to 24-hr police surveillance if they were the victim of a violent crime.

42. A probation officer is referred to as the “arm of the court” because of which of the following roles?

A. serves as court security

B. serves warrants for criminal courts

C. tracks down absconders

D. acts as the court’s fact finder

43. Which of the following is not one of the three primary duties of a probation officer?

A. probation investigation

B. serving subpoenas to witnesses

C. risk assessment and classification

D. supervising offenders

44. The ______ is used to create an individualized sentence to serve the needs of the offender and the community.

A. criminal indictment

B. victim statement

C. charging document

D. presentence report

45. Which of the following is an example of a dynamic risk predictor?

A. previous incarcerations

B. age at first arrest

C. the offender’s peer associations

D. the number of times the offender has been arrested

46. What is the most widely known responsibility of a probation officer?

A. assisting police in the offender’s neighborhood

B. serving warrants

C. supervising the offender in the community

D. attending revocation hearings

47. Malik is a probation officer. He carries weapons and wears body armor, but also assists his probationers with treatment and rehabilitation services. What two roles is he fulfilling as part of his regular duties?

A. law enforcement officer and judge

B. social worker and law enforcement officer

C. social worker and judge

D. judge and detective

48. Officer Kelly is trying to determine how often the offender will be required to check in with her and how intensively she will be supervising the offender. What task is she performing?

A. supervision

B. punishment

C. risk assessment

D. investigation

49. Which of the following offenders would be considered to have dynamic risk predictors?

A. an offender who has been arrested 20 times

B. an offender who has previously been incarcerated 4 times

C. an offender who was first arrested at age 12

D. an offender with a severe addiction to opioids

50. After many months of successful meetings, Adam’s probation officer catches him using drugs after a relapse. The officer decides not to arrest Adam or begin proceedings to revoke his probation based on his track record and his desire to stay clean. This is an example of ______.

A. a probation officer exercising discretion

B. a probation officer assessing an offender’s static risk predictors

C. a probation officer breaking the law to protect an offender

D. a probation officer compiling a presentence report

51. Officer Ramirez is visiting the home of one of the offenders on probation. What duty is he fulfilling?

A. classification

B. supervision

C. investigation

D. risk assessment

52. Officer Clinton is finalizing his presentence report. What duty is he fulfilling?

A. classification

B. supervision

C. investigation

D. risk assessment

53. Officer Lane has finished identifying the static and dynamic risk predictors for one of his offenders. What duty is he fulfilling?

A. classification

B. supervision

C. investigation

D. risk assessment

54. While the incarceration rates for ______ have increased dramatically in the past few decades, research suggests that they are underrepresented in community corrections.

A. women

B. Asians

C. African Americans

D. men

55. Male probation officers are more likely to experience what kind of stress?

A. physical

B. personal

C. heart-related

D. psychological

56. Although there are many studies on diversity and incarceration, there are very few studies examining diversity and ______.

A. plea bargaining

B. criminal justice

C. community corrections

D. capital punishment

57. Although ______ are still outnumbered on the police force, studies suggest they make up more than half of probation officers.

A. LGBTQ individuals

B. Asians

C. African Americans

D. women

58. Which technological tool allows probationers to check in, pay fines, and review other information?

A. automated kiosk reporting (AKR)

B. GPS monitor

C. radiofrequency identification device (RFID)

D. remote alcohol detection (RAD)

59. Which technological tool uses satellites owned by the Department of Defense to track high-risk offenders?

A. automated kiosk reporting (AKR)

B. GPS monitors

C. radiofrequency identification device (RFID)

D. remote alcohol detection (RAD)

60. Which technological tool allows a probation officer to get an instantaneous location of the offender at any time?

A. passive GPS monitor

B. active GPS monitor

C. automated kiosk reporting (AKR)

D. remote alcohol detection (RAD)

61. An offender on probation may wear a bracelet which can detect ethanol secreted through the skin. What is this technology called?

A. a Breathalyzer

B. a GPS monitor

C. remote alcohol detection (RAD)

D. radiofrequency identification device (RFID)

62. A probation officer is completing a risk assessment for a new offender she will be supervising. He was convicted of repeatedly exposing himself to middle-school children. The officer wants to keep a very close watch on the offender to ensure that he does not approach any schools or playgrounds. What would be the best technological tool to help her monitor the offender?

A. active GPS monitor

B. passive GPS monitor

C. automated kiosk reporting (AKR)

D. remote alcohol detection (RAD)

63. A probation officer is completing a risk assessment for a new offender she will be supervising. They were convicted of prostitution, and are not considered a high-risk offender. What would be the best technological tool to help her supervise the offender?

A. GPS monitor

B. radiofrequency identification device (RFID)

C. automated kiosk reporting (AKR)

D. remote alcohol detection (RAD)

64. A probation officer is completing a risk assessment for a new offender she will be supervising. The offender suffers from alcohol addiction, and is currently in a halfway house with other alcoholics receiving treatment. Which of the following technological tools would be the best option to help her supervise the offender?

A. GPS monitor

B. radiofrequency identification device (RFID)

C. automated kiosk reporting (AKR)

D. remote alcohol detection (RAD)

65. The probation officer’s department is undergoing budget cuts, and needs to save money if at all possible. She is completing a risk assessment for a very high-risk offender sentenced to home confinement. What would be the best, and most cost-effective, technological tool to help her supervise the offender?

A. GPS monitor

B. radiofrequency identification device (RFID)

C. automated kiosk reporting (AKR)

D. remote alcohol detection (RAD)

1. A majority of adult offenders are sentenced to jail or prison.

2. The first probation officers in America were volunteers.

3. Community corrections are never used for felony offenders.

4. From 2007 to 2015, the use of community corrections increased.

5. Community corrections are not designed to punish offenders.

6. Community corrections act as both a form of general and specific deterrence.

7. Reentry and reintegration is not an issue in community corrections.

8. Intermediate sanctions are also called probation plus.

9. Forfeiture involves paying the victim or their family for their losses due to the crime.

10. Intensive supervision probation is much more effective at preventing recidivism compared to traditional probation.

11. Some research indicates that boot camps may increase recidivism.

12. In a work-release program, the offender lives in a secure facility and only leaves to go to their job.

13. Most probationers successfully complete their sentence.

14. Intermediate sanctions save money or prison beds only if they are used primarily for offenders who otherwise would serve prison terms.

15. Since probation officers are not law enforcement officers, they do not carry weapons.

16. A probation officer works with the accused from arrest through completion of a probationary sentence.

17. Dynamic risk factors include substance abuse, employment, educational attainment, and peer groups.

18. Most probation officers are White, whereas many of those that they supervise are minorities.

19. Passive GPS tracking continuously uploads information on an offender’s location.

20. A probation officer cannot be replaced by technology.

1. Explain the origins and evolution of corrections in the community.

2. Identify the advantages of specialized courts.

3. Summarize the four goals of correctional responses in the community.

4. Describe what is meant by the “nonintervention” approach to criminal sanctions.

5. Explain the difference between halfway houses and work-release programs.

6. Explain the difference between general and special conditions of probation and intermediate sanctions.

7. Assess the effectiveness of the different forms of corrections in the community.

8. Explain two ways that probation may be revoked, and provide examples of each.

9. Identify the advantages associated with community corrections, and illustrate these benefits for the offender using examples.

10. Identify the rights of victims associated with community corrections.

1. Describe the current state of community corrections in the United States.

2. Identify the characteristics of successful and unsuccessful intermediate sanctions.

3. Describe the problems associated with net widening.

4. Describe the current state of female offenders sentenced to community corrections.

5. Explain how a probation officer might use social media to assist in supervising an offender.