Chapter 11: Institutional Corrections

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Physical punishment such as whipping and caning is known as ______ punishment.

A. capital

B. institutional

C. corporal

D. extrajudicial

2. Corporal punishment continued until ______ when the Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional.

A. 1942

B. 1972

C. 1992

D. 2002

3. The study of the principles of punishment is called ______.

A. penology

B. jurisprudence

C. criminology

D. victimology

4. Since the 1980s, views of corrections have shifted focus on the use of correctional technology and reliance on statistical models to assess recidivism known as ______.

A. criminology

B. new penology

C. corporal punishment

D. recidivism risk assessment

5. In the early years, ______ was the preferred method of capital punishment in the United States.

A. hanging

B. pillory

C. stock

D. branding

6. An early punishment where an offender was restrained in a seated position and publicly humiliated was ______.

A. the pillory

B. the stocks

C. the gossip’s bridle

D. the scold’s helm

7. In the American colonies, corrections was based upon the philosophy of ______.

A. lex talionis

B. ad litem

C. ex post facto

D. in limine

8. Historically, branding of the body was not applied to ______.

A. children

B. women

C. widows

D. men

9. Which form of punishment served as a record to alert others of individual’s past offenses?

A. flogging

B. branding

C. hanging

D. stocks and pillory

10. Which form of punishment was used in early America for the worst offenses?

A. flogging

B. branding

C. hanging

D. stocks and pillory

11. A ______ is a heavy iron device that covered an offender’s head to punish and deter those who nagged, slandered, or gossiped.

A. flogging

B. gossip’s bridal

C. mutilation

D. stock

12. In American colonies, first-time offenders were generally branded on the hand, while repeat offenders were frequently branded on the ______.

A. leg

B. arm

C. forehead

D. foot

13. In early America, what was the penalty for thievery and murder?

A. death

B. fines

C. public humiliation

D. incarceration

14. By being incarcerated in small, solitary cells, prisoners could reflect on their wrongdoings and be penitent, thus this philosophy led to the term ______.

A. penitentiary

B. institutionalization

C. recidivism

D. criminalization

15. The ______ system was based upon the principle that isolation and silence are needed for rehabilitation and reformation.

A. Ohio

B. Auburn

C. New York

D. Pennsylvania

16. Which of the following systems was built in hub-and-spoke style?

A. Ohio

B. Auburn

C. New York

D. Pennsylvania

17. Another name for the Pennsylvania system is ______ system which reflects the lack of interpersonal interaction experienced by inmates.

A. congregate

B. separate

C. contract

D. leasing

18. The ______ system was also known as the congregate system.

A. Ohio

B. Auburn

C. New York

D. Pennsylvania

19. Under the ______ system, cells were 3.5 × 7.5 feet wide, stacked 5 tiers high, with the backs of cells adjoined.

A. contract system

B. congregate system

C. institutional system

D. penitentiary system

20. Under the ______ system, private businesses paid an annual fee for control of the inmates.

A. contract

B. convict leasing

C. Auburn

D. Pennsylvania

21. Which practice criminalized trivial behavior of newly freed slaves after the Civil War?

A. Black Codes

B. Jim Crow laws

C. the Thirteenth Amendment

D. segregation laws

22. Which of the following statements was included on the Declaration of Principles covered by Osborne in 1924?

A. Prisoners are human beings.

B. Prisoners cannot be reformed.

C. Prisoners will respond to sentimentality.

D. Prisoners are mentally defective.

23. People charged with managing inmates who are incarcerated in jail, reformatory, prison, or penitentiary are known as ______.

A. sheriffs

B. correctional officers

C. matrons

D. ghost employees

24. ______ was the first correctional institution to operate under the 1870 Declaration of Principles.

A. Eastern State Penitentiary

B. Elmira Reformatory

C. Indiana Women’s Reformatory

D. Auburn Prison

25. The first all-female maximum security prison was located near ______.

A. Philadelphia

B. New York City

C. Pittsburgh

D. Indianapolis

26. Female correctional officers were previously known as ______.

A. bailiffs

B. matrons

C. wardresses

D. housemasters

27. Tasks such as doing laundry, sewing, dealing with livestock, painting, and working on renovation projects were reserved for ______ in an attempt to reduce recidivism.

A. female inmates

B. ghost inmates

C. LGBTQ inmates

D. male inmates

28. Institutional corrections in the United States are based upon the sentencing principle of ______.

A. restorative justice

B. just deserts

C. rehabilitation

D. nonintervention

29. In federal prisons, solitary confinement is known as the ______.

A. ADX

B. CPT

C. SHU

D. ADMAX

30. About how many people were held in solitary confinement in 2014?

A. 10,000

B. 30,000

C. 50,000

D. 80,000

31. An individual convicted of a misdemeanor and serving a sentence of less than 1 year will likely serve their time where?

A. prison

B. halfway house

C. lockup

D. jail

32. A ______ is a local facility managed by cities and counties that perform an overlapping but distinct purpose from prisons and penitentiaries.

A. prison

B. halfway house

C. lockup

D. jail

33. A ______ is a facility used to detain individuals for 24–48 hr.

A. prison

B. halfway house

C. lockup

D. jail

34. The inability to pay bail disproportionately affects the ______.

A. women

B. poor

C. men

D. rich

35. Spending time in jail based on the inability to pay bail has major consequences in terms of childcare issues, finances, loss of jobs, and so on given what some describe as the ______.

A. criminalization of poverty

B. cycle of poverty

C. victimization of poverty

D. incarceration of poverty

36. The federal prison system uses a ______-level security system.

A. three

B. four

C. five

D. six

37. When an offender is sentenced, a ______ is conducted to determine the most appropriate security level and type of facility.

A. judicial review

B. classification review

C. placement evaluation

D. administrative evaluation

38. Which of the following prison security types has the characteristics of constant surveillance, confinement for 23–24 hr per day, and no access to recreational, educational, religious, or treatment activities?

A. super-maximum

B. maximum security

C. medium security

D. minimum security

39. What percentage of people are confined to county or city jails awaiting court action on criminal charges?

A. 45%

B. 65%

C. 75%

D. 95%

40. The Boston Marathon Bomber and the Unabomber are housed in a ______ prison.

A. minimum security

B. medium security

C. maximum security

D. super-maximum

41. ______ is the only federally operated supermax prison.

A. USP Leavenworth

B. Aliceville FCI

C. ADX Florence

D. Alderson FPC

42. Which of the following prison security types has the characteristics of confinement for 23 hr a day, remote-controlled sliding doors restricting movement, and numerous checkpoints and gates?

A. super-maximum

B. maximum security

C. medium security

D. minimum security

43. An offender is charged with rape and sentenced to 25 years in prison. Which of the following facilities will he most likely be incarcerated in?

A. minimum security

B. medium security

C. maximum security

D. ADMAX

44. James Earl Ray, Michael Vick, and Phillip Garrido were all housed in Leavenworth--a ______ facility.

A. super-maximum

B. maximum security

C. medium security

D. minimum security

45. Which of the following prison security types has the characteristics of cage-like cells and allowed greater interpersonal interactions among inmates?

A. super-maximum

B. maximum security

C. medium security

D. minimum security

46. Prisons that house inmates who have committed less serious felonies such as theft and assault are classified as ______.

A. minimum security

B. medium security

C. maximum security

D. ADMAX

47. Which of the following prison security types has the characteristics of similar to dormitories and communal bathrooms?

A. super-maximum

B. maximum security

C. medium security

D. minimum security

48. White-collar nonviolent offenders are housed in ______ prisons.

A. minimum security

B. medium security

C. maximum security

D. ADMAX

49. To date, Albert Gonzalez has the distinction of being sentenced to the longest sentence of which specific type of white-collar crime?

A. cybercrime

B. assault

C. fraud

D. tax evasion

50. Since its peak in ______, the prison population has been declining.

A. 2000

B. 2003

C. 2007

D. 2009

51. Which state has seen the largest decrease in prisoner population?

A. Oklahoma

B. Alabama

C. Washington

D. California

52. A nonexistent inmate charged to the government (and taxpayer) by private prisons is known as ______.

A. zombie

B. ghost

C. phantom

D. spirit

53. Which state is the exception to the rule of private prisons by meeting the same standards as public prison facilities?

A. Ohio

B. Illinois

C. New Mexico

D. California

54. Nonexistent employees for whom private prisons have illegally charged the government are known as ______ employees.

A. zombie

B. ghost

C. phantom

D. spirit

55. Which specific type of prison has been noted to have failed to provide equivalent levels of safety for inmates and prison staff members?

A. ghost

B. private

C. federal

D. offshore

56. ______ represent the largest percentage of the jail population.

A. non-Hispanic White males

B. Hispanic males

C. Black males

D. Asian males

57. ______ represent the largest percentage of the prison population.

a. non-Hispanic White males

b. Hispanic males

c. Black males

d. Asian males

58. Most female inmates are incarcerated for ______.

A. a drug-related crime

B. a white-collar crime

C. a violent crime

D. murder

59. For which classification of inmates does research see a strong predictor of mental health issues, substance abuse, sexual victimization, drug use, and poverty?

A. women

B. men

C. LGBTQ

D. minorities

60. The Supreme Court ruled that a prison official’s deliberate indifference to a substantial risk of serious harm to an inmate is a violation of the ______ Amendment.

A. First

B. Fourth

C. Sixth

D. Eighth

61. ______ experience the highest rates of sexual violence in jails or prisons.

A. Female inmates

B. Male inmates

C. Juvenile inmates

D. LGBTQ inmates

62. Which of the following technologies are being used in correctional facilities to scan for contraband?

A. body-imaging scanners

B. thermal imaging

C. telemedicine

D. videoconferencing

63. Which of the following technologies allows inmate to move in a controlled fashion through a facility without the need for staff and without jeopardizing the safety of correctional officers?

A. body-imaging scanners

B. centralized automated system

C. telemedicine

D. videoconferencing

64. ______ allows inmates to visit others remotely instead of in face-to-face visits.

A. Videoconferencing

B. Telemedicine

C. Body-imaging scanners

D. Biometric devices

65. An inmate can be examined by medical staff via electronic conference through ______.

A. videoconferencing

B. telemedicine

C. body-imaging scanners

D. biometric devices

1. In early America, being detained in jail was not a punishment in and of itself.

2. Early American jails did not separate prisoners by sex, age, or the nature of the crime.

3. Flogging entails the amputation of a body part.

4. The sentencing goal of early penitentiaries was retribution.

5. The Pennsylvania System was a separate system.

6. In the contract and convict leasing system, convicts worked for their own enrichment.

7. Solitary confinement frequently leads to negative consequences for the inmate’s physical and mental health.

8. Prisons are just larger jails.

9. Most people in jail have not been convicted of a crime.

10. A disproportionate number of Blacks are held in city and county jails compared with their presence in the general population.

11. Research shows that private prisons are more efficient and cheaper than public prisons.

12. LGBTQ inmates are frequently involuntarily housed in solitary confinement.

13. Initially women were detained in the same facilities as men.

14. The most restrictive prisons are maximum security.

15. Inmates at ADX are locked in their cells 23 hr a day.

16. Most inmates incarcerated in maximum security facilities have committed nonviolent drug crimes.

17. Minimum security prisons house inmates in dormitory-like settings.

18. The prison population has been increasing since 2000.

19. Telemedicine can be used to examine and treat an inmate without leaving the facility.

20. Body-imaging scanners are used to scan visitors and staff.

1. Trace the history of capital punishment in the United States.

2. Explain how branding was used as a form of punishment in early America.

3. What is meant by the “new penology?”

4. Compare the contract and convict leasing system.

5. Explain how the lives of ex-slaves were criminalized following the Thirteenth Amendment.

6. Summarize the principles of the prison reformation movement.

7. Explain the just deserts principle.

8. Describe the conditions in solitary confinement.

9. Explain how a jail differs from a prison.

10. Describe how the female offender differs from males.

11. Describe the additional challenges that LGBTQ inmates face when incarcerated.

12. Explain how officials determine where to house an offender after sentencing.

13. Explain how supermax prisons differ from the other security classifications.

14. Identify the disadvantages associated with private prisons.

15. Describe how technology has been used to benefit institutional corrections.