Test Bank Ch4 The Self, Identity, Emotion, And Personality

Adolescence, 17e (Santrock)

Chapter 4 The Self, Identity, Emotion, and Personality

1) The individual's cognitive representation of the self—the substance and content of self-conceptions—is called

A) self-evaluation.

B) self-understanding.

C) self-esteem.

D) None of these choices are correct.

2) Ben knows that he is a baseball player, a member of his church, an older brother, and a fan of jazz music. This describes Ben's

A) personality.

B) self-concept.

C) self-understanding.

D) self-assessment.

3) Which of the following statements regarding adolescent self-understanding is TRUE?

A) Over time, an adolescent's self-understanding becomes more differentiated.

B) Adolescents understand that they possess different selves depending on the specific role or context.

C) The self fluctuates across situations and time.

D) All of these choices are correct.

4) Sari goes through many different emotions in one day. One minute she is laughing with her friends, and later she is edgy and snapping at her sister. Sari's fluctuating self has been called the

A) barometric self.

B) bipolar self.

C) pendulum self.

D) unstable self.

5) Carl Rogers argued that a strong discrepancy between the real self and the ideal self is a sign of

A) maturity.

B) cognitive dissonance.

C) maladjustment.

D) emerging adulthood.

6) Crystal wants to be an honor student, a member of the softball team, and a student intern. In reality, she is a B-/C+ student, did not make the softball team, and was placed in a career exploration course rather than an internship. Rogers would say that this discrepancy between Crystal's actual and ideal selves can produce

A) a sense of failure.

B) depression.

C) self-criticism.

D) All of these choices are correct.

7) Which of the following statements regarding possible selves is NOT true?

A) Possible selves include what individuals would like to become.

B) Possible selves include what individuals are afraid of becoming.

C) Possible selves that have a negative aspect are unhealthy and should be avoided.

D) Aspects of the future negative self can identify behaviors to be avoided.

8) Troy, age 16, is LEAST likely to show his false self to

A) his best friend.

B) his classmate.

C) his girlfriend.

D) his coach.

9) Most adolescents view social comparisons as

A) socially acceptable.

B) socially undesirable.

C) necessary to be popular.

D) normative.

10) The "social mirror" for adolescents is

A) friends.

B) parents.

C) siblings.

D) classmates.

11) In an effort to protect the self, adolescents tend to

A) deny their negative characteristics.

B) see positive self-descriptions as central aspects of the self.

C) see negative self-descriptions as peripheral or less important aspects of the self.

D) All of these choices are correct.

12) What differences exist between the self-understanding of adolescents and that of emerging adults?

A) In adolescence, self-understanding becomes more realistic.

B) In emerging adulthood, self-understanding becomes more integrated.

C) In emerging adulthood, self-understanding becomes more fragmented and diverse.

D) In emerging adulthood, self-understanding becomes less self-reflective.

13) Researcher Labouvie-Vief asserts that the development of a coherent, integrated worldview does not happen until which ages?

A) 18-25

B) 20-29

C) 30-39

D) 40-49

14) What happens if youth from different ethnic backgrounds are unable to effectively navigate among their different worlds?

A) They develop bicultural selves.

B) They develop multicultural selves.

C) They become culture brokers for others.

D) They can experience alienation from family, peers, and school.

15) Melody moved to the United States from the Philippines with her family. Although she has encountered some barriers related to language and racism, she also has made some close friends and, in general, moves easily between the two cultures. Which of the following is Melody LEAST likely to develop?

A) alienation from family

B) abilities as a culture broker for others

C) a bicultural self

D) None of these choices are correct.

16) The global evaluative dimension of self is known as

A) self-efficacy.

B) self-esteem.

C) locus of control.

D) self-concept.

17) Domain-specific evaluation of the self is referred to as

A) self-efficacy.

B) self-worth.

C) self-image.

D) self-concept.

18) What differences exist between Susan Harter's self-perception measures for children and adolescents?

A) Children are assessed on close friendships, but adolescents are not.

B) Adolescents are assessed on athletic competence, but children are not.

C) Adolescents are assessed on close friendships, but children are not.

D) Children are assessed for physical appearance, but adolescents are not.

19) To construct the MOST accurate picture of adolescents' self-esteem, one should look at

A) self-reports.

B) behavioral observations.

C) reports or ratings from peers and parents.

D) All of these choices are correct.

20) Which of the following statements regarding self-esteem is TRUE?

A) People with high self-esteem are accurate in their self-perceptions.

B) Self-esteem reflects perceptions that do not always match reality.

C) Low self-esteem may be seen as grandiose behavior.

D) None of these choices are correct.

21) Which of the following statements describes narcissists?

A) They show a great deal of empathy for others.

B) They are keenly aware of how others perceive them.

C) They are excessively modest and shy.

D) They are excessively self-centered.

22) Which of the following terms describes a person who has an exaggerated sense of self-importance and who requires almost constant admiration?

A) borderline

B) avoidant

C) narcissistic

D) antisocial

23) Research has shown that narcissism combined with high self-esteem is related to

A) major depression.

B) high aggression.

C) eating disorders.

D) truancy.

24) Research on trends in narcissism from 1976 to 2006 showed

A) no increase in narcissism among high-school and college students.

B) a significant increase in narcissism among high-school and college students.

C) a slight decrease in narcissism among high-school and college students.

D) None of these choices are correct.

25) Which of the following factors is related to self-esteem?

A) age

B) gender

C) socioeconomic status

D) All of these choices are correct.

26) Don is a 24-year-old married teacher. His sister, Diane, age 20, is a single college student. Their cousin, Jude, age 23, is a single man who just lost his job as a bartender. Which of these young adults is likely to have the HIGHEST self-esteem?

A) Don

B) Jude

C) Diane

D) All of them will have about equal self-esteem.

27) Research indicates that self-esteem issues among females in emerging adulthood may be due to

A) movies and television.

B) negative body image.

C) conflict with parents.

D) conflict with peers.

28) Nick's parents told him that he did a "good job" for everything, even when his performance was mediocre or poor. Nick's college sociology teacher gave him a C+ on a paper and included constructive criticism on his writing and critical thinking skills. According to research, Nick will

A) be unhappy with his grade but appreciative of the feedback on his work.

B) understand that he did not do his best work on this paper.

C) have difficulty handling criticism.

D) be angry with his parents for not preparing him for the real world.

29) What is the most likely impact of inflated self-esteem as a result of empty praise during childhood?

A) giving up when faced with a difficult situation

B) difficulty with authority figures

C) mental health problems as an adult

D) lower life satisfaction

30) Which of the following statements regarding high self-esteem and school performance is TRUE?

A) High self-esteem produces better school performance.

B) High self-esteem adolescents have less initiative than low self-esteem adolescents.

C) High self-esteem adolescents are rarely prone to antisocial actions.

D) School performance and self-esteem are only moderately correlated.

31) The most powerful contributor to global self-esteem in adolescence is

A) physical appearance.

B) academic achievement.

C) popularity with peers.

D) athletic achievement.

32) How effective are family cohesiveness and family communication at increasing adolescent self-esteem?

A) quite effective; families that are close and have good communication tend to have adolescents with high self-esteem

B) not very effective; adolescent don't like to spend too much time with their families

C) effective in girls but not very effective in boys

D) effective in boys but not very effective in girls

33) Tyler is in the sixth grade and attends an elementary school. His brother, Jake, is in the seventh grade and is in his first year of junior high school. Research on self-esteem in adolescents would indicate who has higher self-esteem?

A) Jake

B) Tyler

C) Self-esteem is probably about the same, as the brothers are close in age.

D) We cannot make any inferences about self-esteem based on grade in school.

34) Low self-esteem in adolescents and emerging adults has been shown to be a factor in

A) depression.

B) anorexia nervosa.

C) delinquency.

D) All of these choices are correct.

35) Which of the following is NOT one of the outcomes associated with self-regulation?

A) conscientiousness

B) longevity

C) higher academic achievement

D) high self-esteem

36) Research has shown that effortful control is related to

A) number of years in formal education.

B) high self-esteem.

C) openness to experiences.

D) decreased levels of anxiety.

37) Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that the text lists as means to improve the self-esteem of adolescents and emerging adults?

A) Let adolescents and emerging adults cope with the causes of their low self-esteem on their own.

B) Identify the causes of low self-esteem.

C) Foster achievement.

D) The text recommends none of these.

38) It is extremely important to Sean, age 19, to make the Dean's List in college. His twin brother, Seamus, is more focused on being chosen for the rugby team. According to Susan Harter, Sean and Seamus have each identified their

A) vulnerable area for self-esteem.

B) domain important to the self.

C) domain important to their parents.

D) domain important for social approval.

39) Programs such as Big Brothers and Big Sisters provide ________ for adolescents.

A) academic tutoring

B) supervision and monitoring of behavior

C) social and emotional support

D) None of these choices are correct.

40) Cassie's soccer coach helps her to cope with her conflicting emotions about her parents' impending divorce. The coach listens to Cassie and has allowed her to come up with her own plan to face this problem. As a result of this support for her coping skills, Cassie is likely to experience

A) anger towards her parents.

B) increased self-esteem.

C) increased interest in soccer.

D) None of these choices are correct.

41) Erikson believed that ________ was the central issue for adolescents.

A) intimacy

B) autonomy

C) generativity

D) identity

42) Erikson called the gap between the security of childhood and adult autonomy

A) a psychosocial moratorium.

B) an identity crisis.

C) an identity-diffused period.

D) a psychological time-out.

43) Trisha's parents are concerned that at age 15, she seems to be unsure of what she wants to pursue for a career. Last month she was interested in nursing and now she is looking into social work. Trisha's parents should know that her behavior is

A) immature and not typical for girls her age.

B) typical for adolescents of her age.

C) a cause for some concern; she should have had her college major decided by now.

D) a sign of instability.

44) Two core ingredients in Erikson's theory of identity development are ________ and role experimentation.

A) rebellion

B) academic success

C) personality experimentation

D) None of these choices are correct.

45) Jodie, age 16, refuses to take a summer job working at her father's grocery store and instead decides to volunteer at a camp for disabled children. She says she would feel "useless" bagging groceries. Erikson would say that Jodie's choice reflects

A) her desire to be true to her own identity.

B) her desire to be independent from her father.

C) her basic laziness.

D) her desire to be praised by the community for her selflessness.

46) According to Erikson, which of the following factors is a component of identity?

A) spiritual beliefs

B) career path

C) how intensely a person identifies with his or her cultural heritage

D) All of these choices are correct.

47) Jean tells you that she loves to go to garage sales and flea markets on weekends. She has described her

A) intellectual identity.

B) ethnic identity.

C) interest identity.

D) personality.

48) Contemporary views on identity development suggest that

A) it is a shorter process than Erikson implied.

B) it is a much simpler process than Erikson implied.

C) it begins in emerging adulthood rather than adolescence.

D) it evolves over the course of the life cycle.

49) Ruth, age 35, has decided to enter a convent after years of being a successful paralegal. She tells her family and friends that she has given this decision a great deal of thought and that she is open to this new experience. Contemporary theorists of identity development would say that Ruth

A) is experiencing a mid-life crisis.

B) has reorganized her identity.

C) should not make any major life changes until she is 40.

D) should become a lawyer to strengthen her career identity.

50) William Damon, author of The Path to Purpose, is concerned that too many of today's youth are

A) not moving towards any identity resolution.

B) without a sense of direction.

C) developing maladaptive habits.

D) All of these choices are correct.

51) Adam, age 28, is still "chipping away" at courses in graduate school. He works part-time as a van driver and freely admits that he doesn't know what kind of work he wants to do once he finishes his degree. William Damon, author of The Path to Purpose, would say that Adam

A) needs to figure out his life choices on his own.

B) is missing a sense of purpose that gives meaning and direction to his life.

C) probably was a spoiled and pampered child who now clearly lacks social interest.

D) None of these choices are correct.

52) James Marcia uses the terms ________ and ________ to classify individuals according to four identity statuses.

A) crisis; determination

B) crisis; commitment

C) challenge; crisis

D) exploration; selection

53) James Marcia refers to a period of identity development during which an adolescent is choosing among meaningful alternatives a

A) crisis.

B) commitment.

C) choice.

D) challenge.

54) James Marcia uses the term ________ to mean a personal investment in what an individual is going to do.

A) choice

B) commitment

C) buy-in

D) selection

55) Tony has very little interest in choosing a career path. James Marcia would say that Tony's identity status is

A) identity moratorium.

B) identity foreclosure.

C) identity achievement.

D) identity diffusion.

56) Myra's parents have always told her that she will be an engineer like her grandfather. Myra never even considered any other career and she is now enrolled in a pre-engineering program at a community college. James Marcia would classify Myra in which identity status?

A) identity achievement

B) identity moratorium

C) identity diffusion

D) identity foreclosure

57) The term for the status in which adolescents have made a commitment but have not experienced an identity crisis is

A) identity foreclosure.

B) identity diffusion.

C) identity moratorium.

D) identity achievement.

58) Bob has explored a number of career paths in his senior year of high school and he has decided that he wants to pursue a career as a forensic psychologist. James Marcia would classify Bob in which identity status?

A) identity foreclosure

B) identity diffusion

C) identity moratorium

D) identity achievement

59) Stacy has explored a number of careers that involve helping other people, but she has not yet made a commitment to an identity. According to James Marcia, Stacy is in which identity status?

A) identity moratorium

B) identity diffusion

C) identity foreclosure

D) identity achievement

60) A revisionist view of Marcia's concepts has proposed that effective identity development involves

A) gathering information and talking to others about current commitments.

B) evaluating identity commitments on a continuing basis.

C) identification with commitment.

D) All of these choices are correct.

61) Tracy is fairly sure that she wants to pursue a career in nursing. She attends a nursing career fair, interviews two family members who are nurses, and researches the different jobs that nurses can do. Tracy is in the ________ stage of identity development.

A) fact-gathering

B) exploration in depth

C) identification with commitment

D) survey

62) What has been found to be a turning point in developing identity in late adolescence and emerging adulthood?

A) relationships

B) autonomy

C) mortality events

D) All of these choices are correct.

63) Marcia identified at least three aspects of young adolescent development that are important to identity formation. They are an established sense of industry, a self-reflective stance towards the future, and

A) confidence in parental support.

B) academic success.

C) positive peer relationships.

D) good health.

64) Which of the following statements regarding identity in adolescents and young adults is NOT true?

A) Developmental changes in adolescence are especially true of vocational choice.

B) Fewer college students reach identity achieved status with respect to religious and political beliefs than vocational choices.

C) Most young adolescents are identity foreclosed.

D) The timing of identity development may depend on the specific dimensions involved.

65) What is the best explanation as to why college attendance is associated with positive changes in identity development?

A) exposure to diverse experiences

B) rebelliousness from parents

C) separation from parents' beliefs and values

D) increased feelings of responsibility

66) College produces key changes in identity, due to a wide range of new experiences and

A) increased social skills.

B) increased complexity in reasoning skills.

C) increased autonomy.

D) All of these choices are correct.

67) James Cote argues that a positive identity in emerging adulthood requires

A) self-discipline.

B) financial security.

C) autonomy.

D)  job stability.

68) The process of refining and enhancing the identity choices made in emerging adulthood is known as

A) identity clarification.

B) identity solidification.

C) identity consolidation.

D) identity certainty.

69) A common pattern of individuals who develop positive identities is called the

A) MAMA cycle.

B) PAPA cycle.

C) MAPA cycle.

D) PAMA cycle.

70) Which of the following parenting styles has been associated with fostering identity achievement?

A) autocratic

B) democratic

C) permissive

D) None of these choices are correct.

71) Ross has parents who provide him with little guidance and who allow him to make his own decisions. Ross is likely to be

A) identity achieved.

B) identity foreclosed.

C) identity diffused.

D) identity confused.

72) What is the main finding of Cooper's research on the role of families in adolescents' identity formation?

A) Identity formation is enhanced by individuality and connectedness.

B) Identity formation is blocked by enmeshment and poor communication.

C) Identity formation is enhanced by diffuse family boundaries and good social skills.

D) Identity formation is halted by individuality and controlling parents.

73) Which of the following statements regarding ethnic identity is NOT true?

A) Adolescents and emerging adults from ethnic minority groups have to choose between two or more sources of identity.

B) Most adolescents resolve their ethnic identity dilemma by rejecting their own ethnic group.

C) Many adolescents resolve their ethnic dilemma by developing a bicultural identity.

D) Most adolescents resolve their ethnic identity dilemma by identifying in some way with the majority culture.

74) Carroll and Gloria are first-generation immigrants from Poland. The degree to which they begin to feel "American" may be related to

A) securing jobs in the United States.

B) learning to adapt to American food.

C) buying a home.

D) whether or not they develop social networks beyond their ethnic group.

75) Lito and Jose are second-generation immigrants from Argentina. Their ethnic identity is likely to be linked to

A) retention of their native language.

B) whether or not they are close to their parents.

C) the presence of extended family in the home.

D) None of these choices are correct.

76) Researchers have found that

A) ethnic identity decreases with age.

B) ethnic identity increases with age.

C) higher levels of ethnic identity are linked to negative attitudes towards members of other ethnic groups.

D) All of these choices are correct.

77) Which of the following statements regarding ethnic identity is NOT true?

A) Positive ethnic identity is linked to lower school engagement.

B) Positive ethnic identity is linked to lower levels of aggression.

C) Positive ethnic identity for Navajo adolescents is linked to higher social functioning.

D) All of these choices are correct.

78) Low socioeconomic status (SES) urban settings may expose adolescents to

A) drugs.

B) gangs.

C) criminal activities.

D) All of these choices are correct.

79) Research by Heath and McLaughlin shows that an important aspect of the social context that increases the likelihood that they will develop a positive ethnic identity is

A) religious schools.

B) youth organizations.

C) inner-city basketball teams.

D) health education programs.

80) Carlos, age 23, is expected to live at home with his family until marriage. His parents emphasize family loyalty and interdependence. Carlos feels a conflict because he sees that the mainstream non-Latino White culture, with which he also identifies, values

A) loyalty to the dominant culture only.

B) rejection of ethnic norms and traditions.

C) social isolation.

D) independence and self-assertion.

81) Which of the following statements about gender and identity in the twenty-first century is TRUE?

A) Vocational concerns are more central to male identity.

B) Affiliation concerns are more central to female identity.

C) Males are more oriented to ideological commitments.

D) Gender differences have begun to disappear.

82) Erikson argued that ________ must be established before adolescents can develop intimacy.

A) autonomy

B) generativity

C) identity

D) ego integrity

83) A feeling that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to well-being is called

A) emotion.

B) affect.

C) cognition.

D) None of these choices are correct.

84) During which stage do emotional highs and lows occur most frequently?

A) early adolescence

B) middle adolescence

C) late adolescence

D) emerging adulthood

85) Christopher's mother tells her friend that she does not understand why he is so moody and changeable. Christopher is most likely in

A) late adolescence.

B) middle adolescence.

C) emerging adulthood.

D) early adolescence.

86) Which of the following statements regarding hormones and emotions is TRUE?

A) Hormonal influences are largely responsible for negative emotions that occur in puberty.

B) Hormonal changes and environment are about equal in accounting for negative emotions that occur in puberty.

C) Hormonal factors are strongly associated with positive emotions.

D) Environmental experiences may contribute more to emotions of adolescents than hormonal changes.

87) Janeece is aware of her emotions and can cover up negative emotions in social situations. Research has shown that Janeece may be LESS competent at

A) managing her emotions.

B) coping with her emotions.

C) communicating her emotions.

D) None of these choices are correct.

88) Poor emotional regulation can lead to problems with

A) eating disorders.

B) drug use.

C) delinquency.

D) All of these choices are correct.

89) Emotional competence includes all of the following skills EXCEPT

A) awareness of emotional expression's role in relationships.

B) adequately coping with positive emotions by using strategies to moderate their intensity.

C) being aware of one's emotional state.

D) not being overwhelmed by one's emotional state.

90) Jim is really angry with his friend for not returning a sports jacket that he borrowed. However, Jim puts on his favorite CD and distracts himself from his negative emotion. Jim clearly has some

A) emotional competence.

B) self-control.

C) irresponsible friends.

D) All of these choices are correct.

91) Gayle seems sad and withdrawn. When her friend asks her if she is sad, Gayle replies, "No; I am more hurt than sad that my so-called friends didn't invite me to their barbeque." Gayle has the emotional competence skill of

A) using strategies to reduce the intensity of her emotions.

B) being aware of her emotional state.

C) recognizing that she should not display negative emotions because her friends can see them.

D) All of these choices are correct.

92) The Second Step program improves socioemotional development by focusing on

A) self-regulation and executive function skills.

B) making friends and solving social and emotional problems.

C) communication skills, coping with stress, and decision making.

D) All of these choices are correct.

93) The ________ is the central aspect of the personality.

A) temperament

B) cardinal trait

C) self

D) ego

94) Breanna has been described as having liberal values, being appreciative of art and beauty, having a vivid imagination, and interested in variety. According to the Big Five theory of personality, she most likely would be rated high on the trait of

A) agreeableness.

B) openness.

C) conscientiousness.

D) extraversion.

95) Joanna is a social person. She enjoys hanging out with friends and always being on the go. She is fun-loving and affectionate. According to the Big Five theory of personality, she most likely would be rated high on the trait of

A) agreeableness.

B) openness.

C) conscientiousness.

D) extraversion.

96) Which of the following statements regarding the Big Five personality traits and aspects of one's life is TRUE?

A) People rated high in agreeableness were more likely to be drug dependent.

B) People rated high in extraversion were more likely to have a positive sense of well-being in the future.

C) People rated high in conscientiousness were more likely to be altruistic.

D) People rated high in neuroticism were more likely to have successful peer relationships.

97) Which one of the following is NOT associated with developmental changes in the Big Five personality traits during adolescence?

A) decreases in conscientiousness during early adolescence

B) increases in conscientiousness during late adolescence

C) decreases in extraversion during early adolescence

D) increases in extraversion during late adolescence

98) Which of the following factors is NOT one of the Big Five factors of personality?

A) extraversion

B) emotional stability

C) agreeableness

D) introversion

99) The BEST predictor of adjustment and competence in adolescents is

A) extraversion.

B) the emergence of conscientiousness.

C) agreeableness.

D) openness to experience.

100) Walter Mischel argued that personality

A) changes very little after early adulthood.

B) is mainly a product of innate biological traits.

C) changes most in middle age.

D) varies according to the situation.

101) Psychologists who believe that both traits and situations need to be considered in understanding personality are known as

A) behaviorists.

B) interventionists.

C) interactionists.

D) existentialists.

102) An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is known as the person's

A) personality.

B) trait patterns.

C) temperament.

D) emotional stability.

103) Which of the following statements about temperament is NOT true?

A) Temperament forms the foundation of personality.

B) Temperament evolves through interaction with the environment.

C) The link between temperament and personality is supported by research.

D) Negative emotionality is related to conscientiousness.

104) Chess and Thomas concluded that there are ________ basic types or clusters of temperament.

A) three

B) four

C) five

D) six

105) Which of the following is NOT one of the basic temperament types identified by Chess and Thomas?

A) easy

B) angry

C) difficult

D) slow-to-warm-up

106) Parker reacts negatively to many situations and is slow to accept new experiences. Parker could be classified as a(n) ________ child.

A) difficult

B) easy

C) unattached

D) slow-to-warm-up

107) The new classification of temperament includes all of the following EXCEPT 

A) negative affectivity.

B) positive affect and approach.

C) effortful control.

D) discontinuity.

108) Children who fret and cry often would be classified as having a temperament with

A) negative affectivity.

B) effortful control.

C) anger and hostility.

D) low tolerance for frustration.

109) Jasmine, age 16, becomes upset easily and often appears to be unable to control her arousal. In the newer classification of temperament, Jasmine would be seen as being low in

A) positive affect.

B) effortful control.

C) frustration tolerance.

D) All of these choices are correct.

110) Tammy, age 17, was classified as an infant with as easy temperament. From the longitudinal research that was done on the relationship between temperament in childhood and adjustment in adolescence and adulthood, we might expect that

A) Tammy has a positive relationship with her parents.

B) Tammy is more likely than children with other temperaments to be a well-adjusted adolescent.

C) Tammy's family environment is cohesive.

D) All of these choices are correct.

111) Dan, age 17, was classified as an infant with a difficult temperament. From the longitudinal research that was done on the relationship between temperament in childhood and adjustment in adolescence, we might expect that Dan

A) probably grew out of this temperament by puberty.

B) is probably still having some problems relating to his childhood temperament, but they will be gone within the next year or two.

C) is probably not a well-adjusted young man.

D) None of these choices are correct.

112) Research suggests that, compared to uninhibited children, individuals classified with inhibition in childhood are

A) more likely to experience social support in adolescence.

B) less likely to experience social support in adolescence.

C) more likely to be assertive as adolescents.

D) more likely to enter a stable job tract early.

113) Patrick, age three, seems to have good control of his emotions and handles most situations with ease. Research shows that as an adult, Patrick will most likely

A) have difficulty being assertive.

B) handle his emotions effectively.

C) be naïve and easily duped.

D) We cannot predict how adults will be based on their behavior at age three.

114) The match between an individual's temperament and the demands of the individual's environment is called 

A) congruence.

B) lock-and-key effect.

C) optimum environment.

D) goodness of fit.

115) Describe self-understanding, and list at least three ways adolescents are different from children in their self-understanding.

116) Explain the differences between self-esteem and self-concept.

117) Describe what is meant by narcissism, and list at least four personality characteristics of a narcissist.

118) Compare and contrast the self-esteem of males and females during adolescence and emerging adulthood. 

119) Name at least five parts to identity.

120) Describe the key elements of the contemporary view of identity development.

121) List and briefly describe James Marcia's four identity statuses.

122) Explain theories that revise and extend James Marcia's theory of identify formation. 

123) How do families influence identity?

124) Describe some of the challenges that ethnic minority adolescents and emerging adults face in the dominant culture.

125) Define what is meant by emotional competence and give at least three examples to illustrate the concept.

126) List the Big Five factors of personality. Which factor has research revealed as a key predictor of adjustment and competence? List at least two outcomes that have been linked to that factor.

127) Explain the three new classifications of temperament included in a recent revision of Chess and Thomas's original categories, which were easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.