Gender Full Test Bank Ch.5 17th Edition

Adolescence, 17e (Santrock)

Chapter 5 Gender

1) Gender development is influenced by

A) biological factors.

B) social factors.

C) cognitive factors.

D) All of these choices are correct.

2) Which of the following is good advice for helping to improve the gendered lives of both boys and girls in adolescence?

A) Help adolescents to reduce gender stereotyping and discrimination.

B) Don't engage in gender stereotyping and discrimination yourself.

C) Never model discrimination for adolescents.

D) All of these are good advice.

3) Which theorist agreed that, "Anatomy is destiny"?

A) Sigmund Freud

B) Robert Sternberg

C) Jean Piaget

D) Lev Vygotsky

4) Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud agreed that

A) anatomy is destiny.

B) gender behaviors and gender are instinctual.

C) human behavior is directly related to reproductive processes.

D) All of these choices are correct.

5) Evolutionary psychologists agree that

A) natural selection favored males who adopted long-term mating strategies.

B) males evolved dispositions that favor competition and risk-taking.

C) natural selection favored females who paired widely.

D) males evolved dispositions that favor male bonding and friendship.

6) David Buss argues that men and women differ psychologically in

A) cognitive domains that require hypothetical reasoning.

B) domains in which they have faced different adaptive problems during evolutionary history.

C) domains that require assertiveness.

D) None of these choices are correct.

7) Who proposed social role theory?

A) Alice Eagly

B) Carol Gilligan

C) Karen Horney

D) Judith Rodin

8) Social role theory contends that psychological gender differences are mainly due to

A) biological dispositions.

B) similar roles of males and females.

C) contrasting roles of males and females.

D) innate psychological dispositions.

9) Which of the following statements about the role of women around the world is NOT true?

A) Women perform more domestic work.

B) Women and men receive approximately the same pay.

C) Women spend fewer hours in paid employment.

D) Women have less power than men.

10) Alice Eagly believes that the most important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurture are social hierarchy and

A) power expectations.

B) sexual vulnerability.

C) division of labor.

D) monetary resources.

11) Rita and Don are the parents of 15-year-old twins, Frank and Francine. Research suggests that

A) Frank will have more independence than Francine.

B) Frank will be encouraged to do well in English and social sciences.

C) Francine will be encouraged to do well in math.

D) Both twins will be encouraged to excel in science.

12) Research by Phyllis Bronstein indicates that

A) in many cultures, mothers socialize their daughters to be less responsible than their sons.

B) in many cultures, mothers place more restrictions on the autonomy of sons than that of daughters.

C) fathers show more attention to their daughters than to their sons.

D) many parents continue to encourage behaviors that are in keeping with traditional gender role norms.

13) Betty's mother smiles and praises her for her fashion choices when she wears dresses and tasteful makeup for a family gathering. According to social cognitive theory, this approval for Betty's gender-appropriate behavior is likely to

A) make Betty want to wear more casual clothes to the next family event.

B) reinforce Betty's choice to be feminine.

C) have no effect on what Betty chooses to wear in the future.

D) make Betty closer to her mother.

14) Which of the following statements regarding siblings and gender role development is TRUE?

A) Older siblings become less like their younger siblings over a two-year period.

B) Siblings play very little role in gender socialization.

C) Younger siblings become less similar to older siblings in terms of gender role.

D) Younger siblings become less similar to older siblings in terms of leisure activities.

15) Debra's peer group is made up of only girls; Rachel's peer group is a mix of boys and girls. Debra is more likely than Rachel to be in

A) adolescence.

B) early adulthood.

C) early childhood.

D) middle childhood.

16) In adolescence, ________ approval has a powerful influence on gender attitudes and behavior.

A) parents'

B) peer

C) siblings'

D) All of these choices are correct.

17) Evidence that teachers and school personnel have biases towards both boys and girls include all of the following EXCEPT

A) boys are more likely to be criticized than girls.

B) school personnel tend to stereotype boys' behavior as problematic.

C) boys may have few male role models in teachers.

D) girls are more likely than boys to have learning problems.

18) Richard is struggling in his language arts class. According to research on the ways boys and girls are treated in schools, Richard is more likely than a female classmate to

A) be given extra help by his teacher.

B) be referred to the school psychologist to be tested for a learning disability.

C) be ignored by school personnel.

D) be paired with a peer tutor.

19) Evidence that the classroom is biased against girls includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) teachers spend more time interacting with boys.

B) teachers spend more time watching girls.

C) teachers give more instruction to boys.

D) teachers give boys more time than girls to answer questions.

20) Mary and Matthew are classmates in grade six. Which of the following is probably true, based on research on gender bias in schools?

A) Mary will be more assertive in class than Matthew.

B) Mary's self-esteem will be higher than Matthew's self-esteem.

C) Matthew will describe more career choices than Mary.

D) Matthew will work quietly on his own; Mary will spend more time interacting with the teacher.

21) Which of the following statements regarding single-sex education is TRUE?

A) Single-sex education is superior to co-ed education for both boys and girls.

B) Single-sex education is superior to co-ed education for girls.

C) Single-sex education is superior to co-ed education for boys.

D) Single-sex education is not superior to co-ed education for both boys and girls.

22) Television shows portray teenage girls as being primarily interested in

A) shopping.

B) appearance.

C) dating.

D) All of these choices are correct.

23) Elaine says that her favorite TV show's teenage star, Lauren, is an attractive teenager who is an apprentice to a forensic anthropologist. Lauren spends all of her free time analyzing bones and reconstructing skeletons to solve crimes. This TV star is

A) not the typical teenage girl star.

B) typical of a teen star in that she is attractive and smart.

C) typical of a teen star in that she is attractive and career-oriented.

D) None of these choices are correct.

24) Which of the following statements regarding self-esteem in adolescent girls is TRUE?

A) Self-esteem in adolescent girls is lower than self-esteem in adolescent boys.

B) Self-esteem in girls drops at approximately the same rate as boys.

C) Self-esteem in high-school girls is higher than for college women.

D) All of these choices are correct.

25) Music videos are

A) not stereotypical of gender.

B) slanted towards female audiences.

C) slanted towards male audiences.

D) not especially marketed to teen viewers.

26) Which of the following statements regarding television and gender is TRUE?

A) Men are portrayed as more powerful than women in many TV shows.

B) Female characters on music videos are shown as passive.

C) Women are overrepresented in prime-time commercials.

D) None of these choices are correct.

27) Research has shown that the more adolescent females and males watched entertainment TV, the more

A) positive their body images were.

B) passive they became.

C) aggressive they became.

D) negative their body images were.

28) In a recent study of U.S. college women, more time on Facebook was related to more ________ feelings about their own bodies.

A) positive

B) negative

C) idealistic

D) neutral

29) Gender schema theory is a ________ theory.

A) cognitive

B) biological

C) sociological

D) psychological

30) The theory on gender development that asserts that gender-typing emerges as children and adolescents develop gender schemas regarding what is gender-appropriate or -inappropriate in their culture is called

A) gender learning theory.

B) schema dominance theory.

C) gender schema theory.

D) social learning theory.

31) A cognitive structure that organizes the world in terms of female and male is called a

A) gender schema.

B) gender worldview.

C) gender-role dichotomy.

D) None of these choices are correct.

32) Victor has perceived that wearing a silk scarf on his head is not considered appropriate for males in his culture. Consequently, he pulls his long hair back and secures it with a rubber band. Victor's behavior is best explained by

A) media influence theory.

B) gender-role transcendence theory.

C) gender schema theory.

D) social role theory.

33) Caitlin tells her friend that women make better nurses and teachers than men. Caitlin's statement is

A) generally true.

B) a stereotype.

C) generally false.

D) an overstatement.

34) Traits such as aggressive, independent, and power-oriented are labeled ________ traits.

A) expressive

B) concordant

C) instrumental

D) congruent

35) Traits associated with females are labeled ________ traits.

A) expressive

B) concordant

C) instrumental

D) congruent

36) Which of the following statements regarding roles and traits of the traditional male or female is NOT true?

A) Expressive traits are associated with men and help them to communicate effectively.

B) Instrumental traits suited men to go out and be breadwinners.

C) Instrumental traits equipped men to wield authority.

D) Traditional feminine characteristics are childlike and foster dependency.

37) Recent research continues to find that gender stereotyping

A) is decreasing slowly.

B) is pervasive.

C) has decreased considerably in the last 25 years.

D) None of these choices are correct.

38) Which of the following is NOT recommended for improving gendered lives for boys?

A) Encourage boys to handle their emotions more effectively.

B) Work with boys to improve their athletic ability.

C) Work with boys to improve their academic performance.

D) Encourage boys to be less physically aggressive.

39) Which of the following statements regarding physical similarities and differences between men and women is NOT true?

A) Males grow to be 10 percent taller than females.

B) Male body fat is likely to go to the abdomen; body fat in women is concentrated around breasts and hips.

C) Males have greater physical strength than females.

D) Men have twice as much body fat as women.

40) Many physical differences between men and women are tied to

A) intelligence.

B) health.

C) financial status.

D) All of these choices are correct.

41) Which differences exist between males and females regarding health?

A) Females have a longer life expectancy than males.

B) Females and males can expect to live about the same number of years.

C) Females are more likely to develop mental disorders than males.

D) Males are more resistant to infections than females.

42) High levels of stress hormones have been linked to

A) high blood pressure.

B) osteoporosis.

C) rheumatoid arthritis.

D) Alzheimer's disease.

43) Similarities and differences in the brains of males and females could be due to

A) evolution.

B) heredity.

C) social experiences.

D) All of these choices are correct.

44) What differences exist between males and females with regard to brain structure and activity?

A) The part of the hypothalamus involved in sexual behavior is larger in females than in males.

B) The area of the brain involved in visuospatial skills is larger in females than in males.

C) The corpus callosum is larger in females than in males.

D) The area of the brain involved in emotional expression is more active in males than in females.

45) A recent study of over seven million U.S. students in grades 2-11 showed that

A) boys outperformed girls on math tests.

B) girls scored significantly lower on math tests than boys.

C) there were no differences in math scores between boys and girls.

D) girls scored slightly better than boys in math in grades 2-6.

46) Which of the following statements regarding visuospatial skills is NOT true?

A) These skills include being able to rotate objects mentally.

B) These skills include being able to determine what objects would look like after rotation.

C) These skills are important in courses such as algebra.

D) These skills are better in boys than in girls.

47) What differences exist between males and females with regard to verbal skills?

A) Females outperform males in reading and writing.

B) Females outperform males on reading and writing only in elementary school; by high school the scores are the same in verbal skills.

C) There are no significant differences between females and males in reading; girls outperform boys in writing.

D) There are no significant differences between females and males in writing; girls outperform boys in reading.

48) Chris just completed high school and plans to go to college to study social work. It is likely that Chris is a

A) female in the United States.

B) male in the United States.

C) female in Europe.

D) male in Europe.

49) Which of the following statements regarding gender differences related to schooling and academic achievement is TRUE?

A) Females are more likely to drop out of school than males.

B) Males are more likely to earn a college degree than females.

C) The bottom 50 percent of high-school classes is made up mainly of males.

D) Most males perform at below-average level.

50) Amanda and Dennis are high school classmates. Which of the following is likely to be TRUE?

A) Amanda is more likely than Dennis to be attentive in class.

B) Dennis is more likely than Amanda to be planning a career in math or engineering.

C) Amanda is more likely than Dennis to participate in class.

D) All of these choices are correct.

51) Research regarding males and females in math and science careers has indicated

A) despite gender similarities in math ability, males still predominate upper-level math courses.

B) because of gender similarities in math ability, equal number of males and females are found in upper-level math courses.

C) gender differences in math ability account for the lower number of females in upper-level math classes.

D) females are starting to outnumber the number of males in upper-level math courses.

52) Ashley spread a rumor that Donna, the new girl in class, had head lice. As a result of this rumor, Donna has made no friends, and people move their desks to get away from her. Ashley has engaged in

A) emotional aggression.

B) relational aggression.

C) latent aggression.

D) mean behavior, but it is not any type of aggression.

53) According to Deborah Tannen, the language of establishing connections and negotiating relationships is known as

A) rapport talk.

B) report talk.

C) social talk.

D) polite talk.

54) According to Deborah Tannen, talk that gives information is called

A) rapport talk.

B) report talk.

C) factual talk.

D) social talk.

55) Joe tells a story about how his car was rear-ended while he was stopped at a railroad crossing. This is an example of what Deborah Tannen calls

A) rapport talk.

B) factual reporting.

C) report talk.

D) None of these choices are correct.

56) What was Deborah Tannen's main conclusion about differences between boys and girls?

A) Boys learn language ahead of girls.

B) Girls learn language ahead of boys.

C) Boys use more action words in their speech than girls.

D) Boys and girls grow up in different worlds of talk.

57) Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in play is TRUE?

A) Girls are more likely than boys to play in small groups.

B) Boys are more likely than girls to play in groups that have a leader.

C) Boys' games tend to have winners and losers.

D) All of these choices are correct.

58) A meta-analysis of gender differences in talkativeness, affiliative speech, and self-assertive speech confirms which criticism of Deborah Tannen's research?

A) Tannen underestimated the size of the gender differences in communication.

B) Tannen overestimated the size of the gender differences in communication.

C) Tannen focused too much on contexts of communication and not enough on the content of communication.

D) None of these choices are correct.

59) Which of the following findings came out of a meta-analysis of gender differences in talkativeness, affiliative speech, and self-assertive speech?

A) Gender differences in talkativeness occurred more in dyads than in large groups.

B) Gender differences in affiliative speech are largest during middle childhood.

C) Boys talk more with adults than girls do.

D) Gender differences in affiliative speech are largest during adolescence.

60) With regard to prosocial behavior,

A) males view themselves as more empathetic.

B) females view themselves as more empathetic.

C) males engage in more prosocial behavior during adolescence than do females.

D) the smallest gender differences occur for kind and considerate behavior.

61) Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding gender differences in prosocial behavior?

A) Females view themselves as more prosocial and empathetic than males.

B) Females engage in more prosocial and empathetic behaviors than males.

C) Females are better at recognizing nonverbal emotions in others.

D) Females are more likely to engage in heroic prosocial actions than males.

62) Cara says that she has just begun to experience some intense emotions whereas her neighbor, Craig, says that he doesn't experience any of these emotions. Which of the following is likely to be TRUE?

A) Both Cara and Craig are in middle childhood.

B) Cara is in early adolescence; Craig is in late adolescence.

C) Both Cara and Craig are in early adolescence.

D) Cara is in late childhood; Craig is in middle adolescence.

63) When it comes to emotions, boys usually show

A) less self-regulation than girls.

B) more self-regulation than girls.

C) about the same self-regulation as girls.

D) no self-regulation until late adolescence.

64) Which of the following theorists believes that extensive gender differences are caused by adaptive problems across human evolutionary history?

A) Janet Shibley Hyde

B) Carol Gilligan

C) David Buss

D) Alice Eagly

65) The theorist who emphasizes the social conditions that have resulted in power inequity and substantial gender differences is

A) Alice Eagly.

B) Janet Shibley Hyde.

C) Judith Rodin.

D) Mary Parker.

66) Zoe tells her parents that she learned in her women's studies class that many of the gender differences that she sees are due to inequities in power, money, and other resources between men and women. She says she is going to be taking part in a "walk for equity" to protest lower wages being paid to women in her community. Zoe's position is very much like that of which theorist?

A) Anna Freud

B) Carol Gilligan

C) Alice Eagly

D) Janet Shibley Hyde

67) The theorist who asserts that gender differences have been greatly exaggerated, based on the results of 44 meta-analyses of gender differences and similarities is

A) Carol Gilligan.

B) Janet Shibley Hyde.

C) Alice Eagly.

D) Judith Viorst.

68) Which of the following statements regarding gender in context is NOT true?

A) Gender behavior often varies across contexts.

B) Females are more likely than males to help if they feel competent to help.

C) Males are more likely than females to show anger to strangers.

D) In many cultures, roles are very gender-specific.

69) Nezy is a young married woman who lives in Saudi Arabia. Which of the following is probably true for Nezy?

A) Nezy will work at raising her children and hold a part-time job in the public sector.

B) Nezy will share the household tasks with her husband.

C) Nezy will work full-time at a home-based business while caring for her family.

D) Any deviation from Nezy's traditional gender role will be met with disapproval.

70) The presence of a high degree of masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person is known as

A) androgyny.

B) ambiguity.

C) hermaphroditism.

D) transsexualism.

71) Which of the following is NOT one of the classifications made via the Bem Sex-Role Inventory?

A) masculine

B) feminine

C) transgendered

D) undifferentiated

72) A person who is high on instrumental traits and low on expressive traits would be classified as ________ on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory.

A) feminine

B) masculine

C) undifferentiated

D) androgynous

73) Evelyn scores low on both feminine and masculine traits on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Evelyn would be classified as

A) feminine.

B) masculine.

C) undifferentiated.

D) androgynous.

74) Darren scores a high number of feminine and a high number of masculine traits on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Darren would be classified as

A) feminine.

B) masculine.

C) undifferentiated.

D) androgynous.

75) Which of the following statements regarding androgyny is NOT true?

A) Androgyny has been linked to higher levels of stress.

B) Androgynous individuals are more flexible than either masculine or feminine individuals.

C) Androgynous individuals report better health practices than people in other categories.

D) None of these choices are correct.

76) Increasing numbers of children and adolescents in the U.S. are being raised to behave in

A) traditional gender-role ways.

B) androgynous ways.

C) masculine ways.

D) undifferentiated ways.

77) Carmela, age 16, and her brother Juan, age 17, are originally from Puerto Rico. Which of the following statements is likely to be true, based on the studies of Latino and Latina adolescents?

A) Juan will get his driver's license before Carmela.

B) Carmela will have more interaction with males than Juan will have with females.

C) Juan and Carmela will participate in after-school activities.

D) Neither Juan nor Carmela will have a curfew.

78) Which of the following statements regarding access to education around the world is NOT true?

A) Girls' education still lags behind boys' education.

B) Girls in Japan and the Philippines complete their education at lower rates than girls in Western nations.

C) Girls receive, on average, 4.4 years less education than boys.

D) Control over girls' social relationships is easing in some nations.

79) Dr. Burke, a superintendent of a large school system, wants to implement androgynous education in his district. Based on research, Dr. Burke will get the most success from the program if it is offered to students in grade

A) two.

B) five.

C) seven.

D) nine.

80) Which of the following statements regarding androgyny education is NOT true?

A) It is easier to teach androgyny to boys than to girls.

B) It is easier to teach androgyny to girls than to boys.

C) Androgyny education includes the use of books, discussion materials, and gender curriculum.

D) Androgyny education works best when it is introduced before middle-school grades.

81) Opponents of androgynous education programs argue that they ignore the diversity of gender roles in our society and that

A) programs are too value-laden.

B) programs ignore values.

C) traditional gender roles produce happier people.

D) teachers need costly and lengthy training in order to be able to teach these programs.

82) William Pollack, author of Real Boys, argues that the "boy code" tells boys that they should

A) express anger but not positive emotions like love.

B) express positive emotions but suppress anger and anxiety.

C) express all of their emotions in moderation.

D) show little, if any emotion, as they are growing up.

83) According to William Pollack, author of Real Boys, boys learn the "boy code" from their

A) peers.

B) parents.

C) teachers.

D) All of these choices are correct.

84) According to William Pollack, author of Real Boys, which of the following contexts lends itself to boys learning the "boy code"?

A) camps

B) schoolrooms

C) sandboxes

D) All of these choices are correct.

85) In the traditional male adolescent culture, male adolescents trying to adopt a strong masculine role are likely to believe they will be thought of as more masculine if they

A) get a job and pay some of their own expenses.

B) drink alcohol or take drugs.

C) have a steady girlfriend.

D) participate in a "manly" sport, such as football or hockey.

86) Proponents of ________ argue that gender-role classification leads to too much stereotyping.

A) gender-competency theory

B) gender-role transcendence

C) androgyny theory

D) undifferentiated theory

87) ________ is a broad term that refers to individuals who adopt a gender identity that differs from the one assigned to them at birth.

A) Homosexuality

B) Bisexual

C) Transgender

D) None of these choices are correct.

88) Cisgender is a term that describes individuals whose ________ and ________ corresponds with the gender identity assigned at birth.

A) gender identity; expression

B) sexuality; body language

C) mental state; stereotypes

D) All of these choices are correct.

89) Gender-role attitudes and gender intensification tend to

A) decrease in early adolescence.

B) increase in early adolescence.

C) spike in middle childhood.

D) stay the same until late adolescence.

90) Carol Gilligan believes

A) girls are sensitive to different emotions in relationships.

B) girls experience life differently than boys.

C) adolescence is a critical juncture in girls' development.

D) All of these choices are correct.

91) According to Carol Gilligan, girls become aware that the male-dominated culture does not value their interest in

A) caring.

B) altruism.

C) empathy.

D) intimacy.

92) Natalie struggles with wanting to be independent but still responsive to others. As a result, she is less confident and is tentative about speaking up and sharing her opinions. According to research, this self-doubt can translate into

A) aggression.

B) depression.

C) sexual acting-out behaviors.

D) delinquency.

93) Susan Harter and her colleagues found all of the following in their research EXCEPT

A) androgynous girls reported a strong voice in all contexts.

B) feminine girls had lower levels of voice in public contexts.

C) feminine girls had lower levels of voice in interpersonal contexts.

D) girls who lack "voice," but emphasize appearance had a great risk to their development.

94) Critics of Carol Gilligan's theory argue that

A) she exaggerates the differences in intimacy between males and females.

B) she exaggerates the differences in connectedness between males and females.

C) her research did not include a comparison group of boys.

D) All of these choices are correct.

95) Which of the following is NOT recommended for improving gendered lives for girls?

A) Encourage girls to be proud of their caring skills.

B) Encourage girls to develop their self-competencies.

C) Expose girls to a greater range of career options.

D) Encourage girls to be more aggressive.

96) Explain what Freud and Erikson meant by "anatomy is destiny."

97) Describe evolutionary views of the differences between males and females.

98) What is the main belief behind social role theory of gender?

99) What is the main idea behind the social cognitive theory of gender?

100) Summarize the main points from your textbook about bias against males and females in schools.

101) Describe the possible influences of the mass media on adolescents' gender development and state why.

102) What is the main idea behind gender schema theory? 

103) Define and give an example of instrumental and expressive traits, and discuss how these traits have either benefited or stereotyped males and females.

104) What are three physical differences that exist between males and females? Be sure to address brain differences.

105) What does research conclude are the cognitive differences exist between males and females?

106) Define and list at least three benefits of androgyny.

107) Explain how context and culture affect gender roles.

108) What is the "boy code" and how does it affect the emotional development of boys?

109) Discuss the major changes that are happening in early adolescence with respect to gender intensification.

110) Explain why Carol Gilligan believes that early adolescence is a critical juncture for females.

111) List at least three ways that adults can guide boys' gender development and at least three ways that adults can guide girls' gender development.