Exam Prep Chapter 3 The Brain And Cognitive Development

Adolescence, 17e (Santrock)

Chapter 3 The Brain and Cognitive Development

1) The basic units of the nervous system are

A) synapses.

B) neurons.

C) neuronal matrixes.

D) neurofibrillary plaques.

2) Which of the following is NOT a basic part of a neuron?

A) dendrite(s)

B) axon

C) cell body

D) synapse

3) What is the main difference between a myelinated cell process and a cell process without myelin?

A) Myelinated cell processes are more efficient at information processing than non-myelinated cell processes.

B) Myelinated cell processes are slower at information processing than non-myelinated cell processes.

C) Nonmyelinated cell processes are faster at information processing than myelinated cell processes.

D) There is no difference between myelinated and non-myelinated cell processes.

4) Which of the following statements about synaptogenesis is NOT true?

A) Synaptogenesis begins in infancy.

B) Synaptogenesis continues in adolescence.

C) Synaptogenesis ends in late childhood.

D) Synaptogenesis is the process of building connections between neurons.

5) Increases in levels of dopamine can do which of the following?

A) increase risk of onset of schizophrenia

B) increase risk-taking behavior

C) increase risk of use of addictive drugs

D) All of these choices are correct.

6) The bundle of axon fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain is called the

A) corpus callosum.

B) prefrontal cortex.

C) hippocampus.

D) amygdala.

7) Which of the following statements regarding the corpus callosum is NOT true?

A) It is a large bundle of axon fibers.

B) It becomes smaller in adolescence.

C) Its change in adolescence improves the ability to process information.

D) All of these are false.

8) The prefrontal cortex is primarily involved with

A) reasoning.

B) decision making.

C) self-control.

D) All of these choices are correct.

9) Which of the following statements regarding the amygdala is TRUE?

A) It is the seat of emotions.

B) It is part of the limbic system.

C) It matures much earlier than the prefrontal cortex.

D) All of these choices are correct.

10) Lisa, age 18, finds that she cannot control her emotions when she becomes angry. She lashes out at those around her in an inappropriate way. Nelson and colleagues would say that Lisa's ________ is not able to handle the emotional intensity of her ________.

A) amygdala; prefrontal cortex

B) prefrontal cortex; amygdala

C) median forebrain bundle; cerebellum

D) pons; amygdala

11) Which of the following statements regarding neurogenesis is NOT true?

A) People can generate new brain cells throughout their lives.

B) Researchers have documented neurogenesis in the hippocampus.

C) Drugs, stress, and exercise may affect neurogenesis.

D) Researchers have documented neurogenesis in the prefrontal cortex.

12) Stan tells you that he sustained a head injury as the result of a car accident. He has since lost his sense of smell. Stan's accident likely damaged his

A) olfactory bulb.

B) amygdala.

C) occipital lobe.

D) association area.

13) Julie suffered a stroke in the area of her hippocampus. Which of the following difficulties would you expect Julie to experience?

A) difficulty in maintaining her balance

B) problems with her memory

C) problems with night vision

D) loss of her sense of touch

14) Increasing age interferes with the brain's ability to recover from injury because

A) the brain repairs itself best in childhood and adolescence.

B) brain plasticity disappears entirely by emerging adulthood.

C) brain plasticity is best in middle age.

D) None of these choices are correct.

15) Recent research on the plasticity of the adolescent's brain and the continuing development of the prefrontal cortex through adolescence support the view that ________ can benefit adolescents considerably.

A) stress

B) education

C) environmental experiences

D) reward seeking

16) According to Piaget, adolescents are motivated to understand their world because doing so

A) makes them look "cool" to their friends.

B) makes them look grown up to their parents.

C) is biologically adaptive.

D) is necessary for making friends and starting romances.

17) Adolescents ________ their experiences to help them ________ their cognitive worlds.

A) organize; passively construct

B) passive construct; adapt

C) adapt; assimilate

D) organize; actively construct

18) Piaget proposed that children and adolescents use and adopt their schemas through the processes of ________ and accommodation.

A) adaptation

B) analysis

C) assimilation

D) application

19) What process is going on when individuals incorporate new knowledge into their existing knowledge bases?

A) accommodation

B) equilibration

C) synthesis

D) assimilation

20) What process is going on when individuals change their existing way of thinking as a result of new information?

A) accommodation

B) equilibration

C) synthesis

D) assimilation

21) Which of the following statements regarding Piaget's concrete operational stage is NOT true?

A) Logical reasoning replaces intuitive thought when the principles can be applied to concrete examples.

B) It last from approximately 7 to 11 years of age.

C) It is the second Piagetian stage.

D) It involves using mental actions to do what was previously done physically.

22) Teachers can help children to learn the concept of ________ by demonstrating with liquids or clay during the ________ stage of cognitive development.

A) conservation; sensorimotor

B) assimilation; preoperational thought

C) relativity; concrete operational thought

D) conservation; concrete operational thought

23) Jackson, age 7, separates all of his toys into groups. All the stuffed animals go in one basket, books go on a low shelf, and trucks are lined up in the corner. According to Piaget, Jackson has learned the concept of

A) conservation.

B) organization.

C) classification.

D) neatness.

24) Which of the following statements regarding formal operational thought is TRUE?

A) Formal operational thought emerges at 15-18 years of age.

B) Formal operational thought is more abstract than concrete operational thought.

C) Formal operational thought considers only that which is real.

D) Formal operational thought is less logical than concrete operational thought.

25) "Thinking about thinking" is known as 

A) metacognition.

B) meta-analysis.

C) assimilation.

D) accommodation.

26) Donnie, age 16, is able to understand that a poem has another, less literal meaning and that the words are actually referring to life choices instead of paths in a forest. Donnie is in Piaget's ________ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor

B) preoperational thought

C) concrete operations

D) formal operations

27) What would happen if children in grades three and four were introduced to algebraic equations?

A) They would be able to solve simple algebraic equations with support.

B) They would lack the logical reasoning skills needed to solve algebraic equations.

C) They would lack the hypothetical-deductive reasoning skills needed to solve algebraic equations.

D) They would not be able to think concretely enough to solve algebraic equations.

28) The dominant process in early formal operational thought is

A) adaptation.

B) accommodation.

C) analysis.

D) assimilation.

29) Sandra has begun to test her reasoning against her experience; she uses accommodation to adjust to the many cognitive changes that she encounters. Sandra is in the stage of

A) early formal operational thought.

B) late formal operational thought.

C) middle formal operational thought.

D) early concrete operational thought.

30) A graduate student gives a lecture on the research concerning individual differences that characterize the cognitive development of adolescents. Which of the following information that she gives to her audience is NOT true?

A) "Most eighth graders are formal operational thinkers."

B) "The data on whether or not formal operational thought increases with age is inconclusive."

C) "There is great variation among adolescents in the use of formal operational thought."

D) "By late adolescence, many youths are using formal operational thought more than concrete operational thought."

31) Which of the following concepts has been attributed to Jean Piaget?

A) children as active thinkers

B) adaptation

C) use of schemas to organize our experiences

D) All of these choices are correct.

32) Criticisms of Piaget's theory include all of the following EXCEPT

A) some cognitive abilities have been found to emerge earlier than Piaget thought.

B) some cognitive abilities have been found to emerge later than Piaget thought.

C) adolescent cognitive development is more stage-like than Piaget thought.

D) evidence does not support Piaget's views of development of abstract thinking.

33) Neo-Piagetians focus on

A) strategies that children and adolescents use to process information.

B) how fast children and adolescents process information.

C) how children and adolescents divide problems into smaller steps.

D) All of these choices are correct.

34) Robbie Case, a leading proponent of the neo-Piagetian view believes that, to understand adolescents' cognitive development, it is critical to study their ability to hold information in

A) long-term memory.

B) working memory.

C) the sensory register of memory.

D) None of these choices are correct.

35) Faith, age 16, and Maura, age 26, are likely to differ in their cognitive abilities. Which of the following differences is MOST likely?

A) Maura will be more idealistic in her thinking than Faith.

B) Faith is more likely than Maura to view the world in absolute terms.

C) Faith will be more realistic in her thinking than Maura.

D) Maura will view the world more narrowly than Faith.

36) Which of the following statements about Labouvie-Vief's view of cognitive development is NOT true?

A) Emerging adults' level of education influences how they maximize their cognitive potential.

B) Deciding on a particular worldview is a key aspect of cognitive development in emerging adults.

C) Most emerging adults have attained the highest level of thinking.

D) Emerging adults should acknowledge diverse world views.

37) Postformal thought is

A) reflective.

B) realistic.

C) contextual.

D) All of these choices are correct.

38) Harry, age 24, was denied admission to graduate school because of a low grade point average. Harry is unwilling to accept this decision and plans to appeal based on the fact that he missed almost one semester of school due to illness. Harry's thinking is typical of someone in

A) formal operational thought.

B) postformal thought.

C) subjective operational thought.

D) None of these choices are correct.

39) Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life, that permits excellent judgment about important matters, is known as

A) wisdom.

B) focused expertise.

C) street-smarts.

D) All of these choices are correct.

40) Tom always calls his grandfather when he wants some help figuring out a difficult problem in his life. Paul Baltes would say that Tom is seeking his grandfather's

A) practicality.

B) provisional knowledge.

C) wisdom.

D) favor.

41) Which of the following statements regarding wisdom is NOT true?

A) A high level of wisdom is common in middle-aged and older adults.

B) The main age for wisdom to emerge is late adolescence and early adulthood.

C) Life experiences contribute to higher levels of wisdom.

D) People higher in wisdom have values that are more likely to consider the welfare of others.

42) Robert Sternberg's beliefs about wisdom focus on a balance between ________ and ________.

A) self-interest; interests of others

B) common sense; self interest

C) common good; academic intelligence

D) None of these choices are correct.

43) Grace believes that some aspects of wisdom, such as problem solving with an emphasis on various intrapersonal, interpersonal, and contextual interests, should be taught in schools. Grace's belief would be shared by which of the following theorists?

A) Paul Baltes

B) Robert Sternberg

C) Robbie Case

D) Jean Piaget

44) Research has found that the search for and presence of meaning was linked to wisdom by considering which of the following components?

A) critical life experiences

B) reflectiveness and openness to experience

C) emotional regulation and humor

D) All of these choices are correct.

45) Vygotsky called the range of tasks that can be mastered with the guidance of a more skilled peer or adult as

A) scaffolding.

B) the zone of collaborative learning.

C) the zone of proximal development.

D) the zone of distal development.

46) Vygotsky stressed the role of ________ on cognitive development.

A) interaction with others

B) cooperative activities

C) social influences

D) All of these choices are correct.

47) Mrs. Symmes is the principal of a middle school. In addressing the PTA, she tells the parents that the school is only one influence on adolescent development. She stresses that parents, peers, and the community all influence adolescent development. Mrs. Symmes's view would be MOST likely to be shared by which of the following theorists?

A) Jean Piaget

B) Robert Sternberg

C) Lev Vygotsky

D) Albert Bandura

48) Which of the following is a similarity between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of cognitive development?

A) Teachers are seen as facilitators and guides.

B) Teachers are seen as directors and molders of learning.

C) The endpoint of cognitive development is formal operational thought.

D) Knowledge is constructed through social interaction.

49) Which of the following is a criticism of Vygotsky's social constructivist approach?

A) Vygotsky was too specific about age-related changes.

B) Vygotsky overemphasized the role of language in thinking.

C) Vygotsky ignored the role of language in thinking.

D) Vygotsky ignored the role of facilitation in learning.

50) In information-processing theory, the capacity and speed of processing are referred to as

A) cognitive resources.

B) mental abilities.

C) cognitive gifts and talents.

D) None of these choices are correct.

51) Which of the following statements regarding the speed of processing is NOT true?

A) Processing speed decreases in late adulthood.

B) Processing speed increases in late adulthood.

C) Processing speed has been linked with good performance on cognitive tasks.

D) Strategies exist for compensating for slower processing speed.

52) Which of the following has NOT been labeled by psychologists as a type of attention?

A) selective attention

B) concentrated attention

C) divided attention

D) executive attention

53) A parent's ability to pick out his son's voice on a crowded playground is an example of

A) selective attention.

B) sustained attention.

C) divided attention.

D) executive attention.

54) Jessica can watch television while doing her math homework. This ability is an example of

A) selective attention.

B) divided attention.

C) sustained attention.

D) executive attention.

55) Dr. Wagner can focus on his client and her issues for their 50-minute therapy session without being distracted by other thoughts. This is an example of

A) sustained attention.

B) selective attention.

C) executive attention.

D) divided attention.

56) Which of the following statements about multitasking is TRUE?

A) Younger adolescents are better at multitasking than older adolescents.

B) A major influence on the increase in multitasking is the availability of multiple electronic media.

C) Some high multitasking adolescents can hold more information in long-term memory.

D) Multitasking works best when tasks are complex and challenging.

57) Which of the following memory systems is involved in adolescents' learning?

A) short-term memory

B) working memory

C) long-term memory

D) All of these choices are correct.

58) Mrs. Beaupre is asked by a psychologist to repeat back a series of digits she has just seen for a short time. The psychologist is assessing her

A) sensory register.

B) long-term memory.

C) short-term memory.

D) intermediate memory.

59) Which of the following statements regarding short-term memory and problem solving is TRUE?

A) Information processing is incomplete when short-term memory is overloaded.

B) Adolescents have more storage space in short-term memory than do younger children.

C) Limitations in children's short-term memory capacity interfere with their ability to solve problems.

D) All of these choices are correct.

60) Working memory is more ________ than short-term memory.

A) active

B) passive

C) limited

D) precise

61) Which of the following findings on long-term memory has NOT been documented by researchers?

A) Long-term memory is a relatively permanent memory system.

B) Long-term memory can store large amounts of information.

C) Long-term memory increases in middle and late childhood.

D) Long-term memory continues to increase in adolescence.

62) Higher-order, complex processes are often called

A) corporate functioning.

B) executive functioning.

C) meta-functioning.

D) academic functioning.

63) Which of the following statements about adolescent decision making is TRUE?

A) Older adolescents are better at making decisions than are younger adolescents.

B) Adolescents who are impulsive are often not effective decision makers.

C) Emotional regulation plays a role in decision making.

D) All of these choices are correct.

64) Justin, age 17, cannot drive at night and is not allowed to have a passenger in the car. Justin most likely is

A) in a graduated driver licensing program.

B) a driver who has already had one speeding ticket or other moving violation.

C) in a program for those who have been identified as being "at risk" for an accident.

D) a driver with a night-vision problem.

65) Good decision making is related to being

A) calm.

B) with peers who are risk-takers.

C) under mild to moderate stress.

D) All of these choices are correct.

66) Reyna and her colleagues have proposed the fuzzy-trace theory dual-process model, which states that decision making is influenced by two cognitive systems operating in parallel:  _____ thinking and ________ intuition.

A) realistic; gut

B) analytical; gist-based

C) executive; basic

D) sustained; practical

67) Critical thinking is thinking reflectively, thinking productively, and

A) thinking intuitively.

B) evaluating evidence.

C) thinking with self-serving bias.

D) thinking quickly.

68) All of the following factors contribute to improved critical thinking in adolescents EXCEPT

A) increased speed of information processing.

B) decreased automaticity of information processing.

C) greater breadth of knowledge in a variety of domains.

D) greater range of strategies for obtaining knowledge.

69) Robert Sternberg believes that most school programs that teach critical thinking

A) are flawed.

B) focus too much on formal reasoning.

C) don't give enough attention to critical-thinking skills needed for everyday life.

D) have all of these characteristics.

70) Mr. Loveland wants to encourage critical thinking in his U.S. history class. Which of the following activities would be LEAST likely to contribute to the development of these skills?

A) Have the students prepare and engage in a debate about slavery before the Civil War.

B) Have the students discuss the benefits to slave owners and the quality of life of slaves in small group discussions.

C) Have the students listen to a lecture on the issues related to slavery.

D) Have the students view a documentary on slavery and write a reaction paper to it.

71) Which of the following statements regarding creativity is TRUE?

A) Creativity and intelligence are basically the same thing.

B) Creative people are all intelligent.

C) People will demonstrate creativity in all domains equally.

D) None of these choices are correct.

72) Tina is a gifted artist who makes and sells her own original pieces of jewelry. From this information, what can we predict about Tina?

A) She is also gifted in music.

B) She has only average skills in math.

C) She is not interested in other academic areas except art.

D) None of these choices are correct.

73) Mr. Bressler, an English literature teacher, wants to encourage his students' creativity. Which of the following activities will DISCOURAGE critical thinking?

A) brainstorming ideas as a group

B) ask the students questions with no single clear or correct answer

C) encouraging internal motivation

D) giving the students rewards for creative ideas

74) Lori and her group of "explorers" are given the whole term to create a "space alien." They have to describe their alien to parents, peers, and teachers on the last class day. They have no restrictions on the project, and they receive a group grade for creativity. According to research on creativity, which of the following is most likely?

A) The students won't put too much effort into the project because they will not receive individual grades.

B) The students will likely be more creative in designing their alien, because they are not afraid of failing or getting it wrong.

C) The students won't know how to do the project without a great deal of teacher support and direction.

D) The students will only be successful if they are naturally artistic.

75) Kyle is an expert at paint-balling; Mitchell is just beginning in the sport. Kyle will be better than Mitchell at

A) understanding meaningful patterns of information.

B) accumulating more content knowledge.

C) retrieving important aspects of knowledge with little effort.

D) All of these choices are correct.

76) One perspective on expertise is that ________, in addition to motivation, is required to become an expert.

A) deliberate practice

B) a great deal of innate talent

C) solitary practice

D) None of these choices are correct.

77) Which of the following is NOT a component of deliberate practice?

A) practice at an appropriate level of difficulty

B) practice that involves corrective feedback

C) practice that allows opportunities for repetition

D) practice that allows opportunities to observe "super-experts" perform the skill

78) Which of the following statements regarding metacognition is TRUE?

A) It involves "knowing about knowing."

B) It can be taught in schools to increase problem-solving skills.

C) It includes knowledge about strategies.

D) All of these choices are correct.

79) Pressley and his colleagues' extensive observation of teachers and students on strategy instruction and use indicated that

A) most schools are doing a good job of teaching students strategies for learning.

B) although teachers do a good job at showing students strategies for learning, students do not use these strategies.

C) strategy instruction is far less complete and intense than what students need in order to use strategies effectively.

D) teaching learning strategies is not as important as teaching course content.

80) Self-generation and self-monitoring of one's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in order to reach a goal is

A) self-efficacy learning.

B) self-regulatory learning.

C) self-discovery learning.

D) self-esteem learning.

81) Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of self-regulatory learners?

A) They follow the teachers' goals for extending their knowledge.

B) They manage their emotions.

C) They monitor their progress towards the goals.

D) They revise strategies based on their progress towards the goals.

82) Professor Hulke, who teaches a course on Theories of Personality, assigns her students the project of selecting a famous person and applying a theory of personality to that person's life. She requires the students to submit a detailed outline of the paper before the final draft. Professor Hulke is helping her students with

A) general-organization skills.

B) domain-specific thinking skills.

C) time-management skills.

D) None of these choices are correct.

83) The ability to solve problems and to adapt to and learn from experience is

A) metacognition.

B) intelligence.

C) self-regulatory learning.

D) All of these choices are correct.

84) The psychometric/intelligence view emphasizes

A) the importance of individual differences in intelligence.

B) the use of intelligence tests.

C) the stable, consistent ways in which people are different from each other.

D) All of these choices are correct.

85) The 1905 Scale was designed by

A) Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon.

B) Alfred Adler and Carl Jung.

C) Lewis Terman and Alfred Binet.

D) David Wechsler and Robert Sternberg.

86) The formula devised by William Stern in 1912 for calculating IQ is

A) MA/CA × 100.

B) CA/MA × 100.

C) MA/CA × 50.

D) CA/MA × 50.

87) Which of the following statements regarding IQ is NOT true?

A) If mental age is the same as chronological age, the person's IQ is 100.

B) If mental age is above chronological age, the person's IQ is above 100.

C) If mental age is below chronological age, we cannot calculate an IQ.

D) If mental age is below chronological age, IQ is less than 100.

88) The 2004 version of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test, the Stanford-Binet 5, analyzes an individual's responses in all of the following content areas EXCEPT

A) long-term memory.

B) fluid reasoning.

C) knowledge.

D) visual-spatial reasoning.

89) Jeremy takes a test that analyzes his responses in such areas as fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial reasoning, and working memory. Jeremy has taken the

A) Big Five Personality Test.

B) Stanford-Binet 5.

C) WAIS 111.

D) 1905 Scale.

90) An advantage of the Wechsler scales is that they

A) can be used to test infants ages 12-18 months.

B) can be used to test people over 90 years of age.

C) can be used to test people in small groups rather than one to one.

D) yield composite scores in addition to the overall IQ score.

91) Which of the following statements regarding intelligence testing is TRUE?

A) IQ tests measure a person's potential.

B) IQ tests are considered to be the best indicator of competence.

C) An IQ test is considered a measure of current performance.

D) A high IQ is the ultimate human value.

92) Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

A) Alfred Binet

B) Theophile Simon

C) Robert Sternberg

D) Robert Havighurst

93) According to Sternberg, the ability to judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast is which form of intelligence?

A) creative

B) analytical

C) academic

D) practical

94) Michael is a successful business owner who can develop his ideas into productive enterprises. Although he was an average student in school, his great social skills and common sense indicate that Michael might score highly in what Sternberg calls ________ intelligence.

A) analytical

B) practical

C) emotional

D) creative

95) The theorist who proposed that there are eight types of intelligence, or "frames of mind," is

A) Daniel Goleman.

B) Lawrence Kohlberg.

C) Carol Gilligan.

D) Howard Gardner.

96) Peter is a landscape designer. Gardner would say that Peter's strength is in

A) intrapersonal intelligence.

B) bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.

C) naturalistic intelligence.

D) mathematical intelligence.

97) The ability to think three-dimensionally is a description of Gardner's ________ intelligence.

A) spatial

B) naturalist

C) mathematical

D) scientific

98) Dorian is a skilled psychiatric nurse who has the ability to engage and relate to clients with severe and chronic mental illness. Gardner would say that Dorian is high in

A) spatial intelligence.

B) interpersonal intelligence.

C) relational intelligence.

D) verbal intelligence.

99) Who wrote Emotional Intelligence in 1995?

A) Howard Gardner

B) Tony Atwood

C) Peter Salovey

D) Daniel Goleman

100) Emotional intelligence includes the ability to

A) accurately perceive emotions.

B) accurately express emotions.

C) understand emotions.

D) All of these choices are correct.

101) According to Daniel Goleman, the ability to manage emotions in oneself and others is part of having

A) emotional intelligence.

B) mature assessment skills.

C) emotional regulatory skills.

D) None of these choices are correct.

102) Critics of theories of multiple intelligences argue that

A) we do not have sufficient research data to support these theories.

B) Gardner's classification system is arbitrary.

C) we assess a limited number of types of intelligence with these tests.

D) All of these choices are correct.

103) Intelligence is thought to be

A) localized in one specific area of the brain.

B) located in a few specific neural pathways.

C) found in all areas of the brain.

D) located primarily in the prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe.

104) Which statement is TRUE regarding the relationship between brain size and intelligence?

A) There is no relationship between brain size and intelligence.

B) There is a moderate relationship between brain size and intelligence.

C) There is a strong relationship between brain size and intelligence.

D) Findings are inconclusive regarding the relationship between brain size and intelligence.

105) Which of the following is TRUE about research on the role of heredity in intelligence?

A) It shows that heredity is a weak influence on intelligence.

B) It shows that heredity has a strong influence on intelligence.

C) It has been done mainly using adoption studies.

D) It has been done mainly using sibling studies.

106) Which of the following statements regarding IQ scores is TRUE?

A) IQ scores are increasing rapidly around the world.

B) The increase in IQ scores has taken place in a short period of time.

C) The increase in IQ scores may be related to increased level of education or other environmental factors.

D) All of these choices are correct.

107) The heightened self-consciousness of adolescence is known as

A) adolescent egocentrism.

B) adolescent self-absorption.

C) adolescent actor syndrome.

D) adolescent uniqueness syndrome.

108) David Elkind argues that adolescent egocentrism can be dissected into two types of social thinking, the ________ and the personal fable.

A) invulnerability aspect

B) imaginary audience

C) imposter phenomenon

D) None of these choices are correct.

109) Martha states that "everyone is staring at my beetle brows" after her mother refuses to drive her to get her eyebrows waxed. Martha's belief is an example of what David Elkind calls the ________ of adolescence.

A) personal fable

B) paranoid thinking

C) imaginary audience

D) delusions

110) Emily tells her friend Sarah, "Absolutely nobody in my family understands me. They are totally clueless!" Emily's feelings are an example of what David Elkind calls the

A) personal fable.

B) paranoid thinking.

C) imaginary audience.

D) delusions.

111) Which of the following has been linked to adolescent egocentrism?

A) drinking alcohol

B) smoking

C) depression

D) All of these choices are correct.

112) Recent research has indicated that personal uniqueness should be treated as a risk factor for

A) depression and suicidal tendencies in girls.

B) depression and suicidal tendencies in boys.

C) adjustment problems, such as juvenile delinquency, in girls.

D) adjustment problems, such as truancy, in boys.

113) Recent research revealed that adolescent egocentrism

A) is still prominent in emerging adults ages 18-21.

B) peaks in early adolescence and is gone by ages 17-19.

C) is seen more in females during early adulthood than in adolescence.

D) is seen more in late adolescent males, ages 15-18, than in males in early adulthood.

114) Describe the anatomy of the neuron and the ways that neurons communicate with each other.

115) List and describe the three most important structural changes in the brain during adolescence and how they change.

116) What are the main findings of research related to the roles of age and brain plasticity?

117) Compare and contrast Piaget's concepts of assimilation and accommodation.

118) How does adolescent thinking change in Piaget's stage of formal operational thought?

119) What did William Perry and Gisela Labouvie-Vief describe as changes in thinking that occur in early adulthood?

120) What are the characteristics of the stage of postformal thought? 

121) Define the term wisdom and describe how wisdom develops over the life cycle.

122) Describe Lev Vygotsky's social constructivist approach to learning.

123) Compare and contrast Piaget's and Vygotsky's views on adolescent cognitive development.

124) Explain how adolescents differ from children in managing cognitive resources. 

125) Define the term attention and describe the four types of attention.

126) Define the term memory, describe the three types of memory, and tell how they change in adolescents.

127) Compare and contrast the decision-making abilities of children, younger adolescents, and older adolescents.

128) List at least three behavioral, cognitive, or psychosocial factors involved in making good decisions.

129) List at least three cognitive changes that allow for improved critical thinking in adolescence.

130) Compare and contrast convergent and divergent thinking. 

131) Name three strategies you would recommend to teachers who wish to increase creativity among adolescent students.

132) Distinguish the characteristics of an expert from those of a novice.

133) Judge the value of intelligence tests.

134) What similarities and differences exist between Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence and Howard Gardner's eight frames of mind theory?