Chapter 2: Biological and Environmental Foundations

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. A human cell’s nucleus contains how many chromosomes?

a. 12

b. 12 pairs

c. 23

d. 23 pairs

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Genetics

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Genes are composed of a complex molecule shaped like a twisted ladder or staircase called ______.

a. deoxyribonucleic acid

b. chorionic villi

c. zygotes

d. nuclei

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Genetics

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Genes can be described as ______.

a. rod-shaped structures located in each human cell nucleus

b. the blueprint for creating all of the traits that organisms carry

c. sex cells that combine to create a unique individual

d. identical molecules for every existing species on earth

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Genetics

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Researchers have estimated that how many genes reside within the chromosomes?

a. 10,000–15,000

b. 20,000–25,000

c. 50,000–70,000

d. 100,000–200,000

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Genetics

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. The set of instructions to create a living organism is the ______.

a. zygote

b. nucleus

c. genome

d. gamete

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Genetics

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. Humans share what percentage of their DNA with their closest genetic relative, the chimpanzee?

a. 10

b. 25

c. 68

d. 99

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Genetics

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Lu is from Korea and Pedro is from Ecuador. Lu and Pedro share what percentage of their genes?

a. 15.7%

b. 25.8%

c. 44.2%

d. 99.7%

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Genetics

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Most cells in the body reproduce through a process called ______.

a. mitosis

b. meiosis

c. fertilization

d. mutation

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cell Reproduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Which statement describes mitosis?

a. Chromosome pairs align and DNA segments cross over.

b. DNA replicates itself to result in new cells with identical genetic material.

c. Each cell ends up containing only half of the DNA the original cell had.

d. Cells match up with other cells that contain different DNA and merge.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cell Reproduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Mitosis ultimately enables humans to ______.

a. reproduce and pass on their genetic material

b. develop from a single fertilized egg into a child, adolescent, and an adult

c. develop into either a male or a female

d. establish a unique genetic blueprint for development

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cell Reproduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Sex cells are called ______.

a. zygotes

b. chromosomes

c. gametes

d. alleles

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cell Reproduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Gametes are produced through a process called ______.

a. mitosis

b. meiosis

c. fertilization

d. heritability

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cell Reproduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Which process creates unique combinations of genes?

a. genomic imprinting

b. mutation

c. crossing over

d. heritability

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cell Reproduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Which process increases genetic variability and accounts for genetic uniqueness?

a. mitosis

b. meiosis

c. heritability

d. surrogacy

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Genes Shared by Twins

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. The term for a fertilized egg is ______.

a. chromosome

b. gamete

c. allele

d. zygote

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cell Reproduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. A human zygote contains how many chromosomes from the biological mother and how many chromosomes from the biological father?

a. 10; 20

b. 23; 46

c. 23; 23

d. 46; 46

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cell Reproduction

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. How many pairs of human chromosomes are matched and contain similar genes in almost identical positions and sequence?

a. 5

b. 14

c. 20

d. 22

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex Determination

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. What does the 23rd pair of human chromosomes specify?

a. physical strength

b. biological sex

c. intelligence

d. personality

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex Determination

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Child A has two large X-shaped chromosomes, and Child B has one large X-shaped chromosome and one much smaller Y-shaped chromosome. What is Child A, and what is Child B?

a. female; male

b. male; female

c. an identical twin; a fraternal twin

d. a fraternal twin; an identical twin

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sex Determination

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. Which structure contains genetic instructions that will cause the fetus to develop male reproductive organs?

a. X chromosome

b. Y chromosome

c. gamete

d. nucleus

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex Determination

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Couples with a family history of sex-linked diseases wanting to have a healthy baby of the sex unaffected by the disease would most likely be interested in which process?

a. gender selection

b. gender modification

c. canalization

d. surrogacy

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Prenatal Sex Selection

Difficulty Level: Hard

22. Preconception sperm sorting and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis are two methods of ______.

a. surrogacy

b. gene therapy

c. gender modification

d. sex selection

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Prenatal Sex Selection

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Shannon and Frankie just found out that they are pregnant. The odds that they could have twins is about 1 in ______.

a. 10

b. 25

c. 33

d. 47

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Genes Shared By Twins

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. What are conceived when a woman releases more than one ovum and each is fertilized by a different sperm?

a. dizygotic twins

b. monozygotic twins

c. twins with X-linked disorders

d. twins with chromosomal abnormalities

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Genes Shared By Twins

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Dizygotic twins can be described as ______.

a. being the same as identical twins

b. sharing about one half of their genes

c. being more similar to each other than ordinary siblings

d. occurring less frequently than monozygotic twins

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Genes Shared By Twins

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. What percentage of fraternal twin pairs is boy and girl?

a. 10%

b. 33%

c. 50%

d. 80%

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Genes Shared By Twins

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Twins originate from the same zygote are always ______.

a. monozygotic

b. dizygotic

c. male

d. female

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Genes Shared By Twins

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Identical twins occur in how many of every 1,000 U.S. births?

a. 4

b. 9

c. 17

d. 20

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Genes Shared By Twins

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Chase and Carson share the same genotype. Therefore, Chase and Carson are considered ______.

a. dizygotic twins

b. monozygotic twins

c. to each have two large X-shaped chromosomes

d. to each have two small Y-shaped chromosomes

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Genes Shared By Twins

Difficulty Level: Hard

30. The genes within each chromosome can be expressed in different forms called ______.

a. zygotes

b. nuclei

c. gametes

d. alleles

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Inheritance

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Maddox and Macy both carry alleles for brown hair. Their 4-year-old son, Drake, also has brown hair. Therefore, for the trait of brown hair, Drake is considered ______.

a. homozygous

b. heterozygous

c. imprinted

d. recessive

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Inheritance

Difficulty Level: Hard

32. When alleles of a pair of chromosomes for a trait are different, the person is considered ______.

a. homozygous

b. heterozygous

c. dominant

d. polygenic

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Inheritance

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Genes always being expressed, regardless of the gene they are paired with, and genes being expressed only if paired with another similar gene describes ______.

a. dominant-recessive inheritance

b. incomplete dominance

c. polygenic inheritance

d. genomic imprinting

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Inheritance

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. What does incomplete dominance mean?

a. Many genes interact to influence a trait.

b. Some genes are always expressed.

c. Both paired genes influence the characteristic.

d. Many genes are recessive and unexpressed.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Incomplete Dominance

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Xavier has dark curly hair and facial dimples. What type of traits are these considered?

a. recessive

b. dominant

c. polygenic

d. codominant

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Inheritance

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Tonya has straight red hair, blue eyes, and her big toe is longer than her second toe. What type of traits are these considered?

a. recessive

b. dominant

c. polygenic

d. codominant

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Inheritance

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Height, intelligence, temperament, and susceptibility to certain forms of cancer are examples of what type of traits?

a. polygenic

b. recessive

c. dominant

d. mutated

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Polygenic Inheritance

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Most traits are a function of the interaction of multiple genes, known as ______.

a. polygenic inheritance

b. genomic imprinting

c. incomplete dominance

d. heterozygous inheritance

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Polygenic Inheritance

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Which genetic pattern is dependent upon which parent the gene is inherited from?

a. polygenic inheritance

b. genomic imprinting

c. incomplete dominance

d. heterozygous inheritance

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Genomic Imprinting

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Which syndrome is an example of genomic imprinting?

a. Down

b. Klinefelter

c. Angelman

d. Turner

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Genomic Imprinting

Difficulty Level: Easy

41. Few severe disorders are inherited through dominant inheritance because individuals who inherit the allele ______.

a. have a second dominant gene that overcomes the defective one

b. are always infertile

c. usually fail to survive long enough to reproduce and pass it on

d. are typically male and therefore cannot pass on the gene

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Harris was has a degenerative brain disorder that affects his coordination and cognition. Which condition was he born with?

a. Huntington’s disease

b. Duchenne muscular dystrophy

c. cystic fibrosis

d. sickle cell anemia

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Disorders

Difficulty Level: Hard

43. Paris was born with a disorder that she inherited through her parents. Which condition would this describe?

a. Down syndrome

b. Klinefelter syndrome

c. cystic fibrosis

d. acute asthma

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Disorders

Difficulty Level: Hard

44. Which genetic disorder is non-sex chromosome-linked?

a. Klinefelter syndrome

b. hemophilia

c. Turner syndrome

d. phenylketonuria

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Disorders

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. Mandy has a condition that causes a deformity in her red blood cells. Which disorder was she born with?

a. hemophilia

b. sickle cell anemia

c. cystic fibrosis

d. phenylketonuria

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Disorders

Difficulty Level: Hard

46. Which condition is an example of dominant-recessive inheritance?

a. Prader-Willi syndrome

b. Down syndrome

c. color blindness

d. cystic fibrosis

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

47. Levi has a fatal condition that causes the central nervous system to deteriorate, leading to significant declines in muscle coordination and cognition. He was unaware that he had the condition until his late thirties because he did not experience any symptoms earlier in his life. The condition Levi has is ______.

a. cystic fibrosis

b. Turner syndrome

c. Huntington’s disease

d. phenylketonuria

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Disorders

Difficulty Level: Hard

48. Which recessive disorder is most common?

a. sickle cell anemia

b. Tay-Sach’s disease

c. Huntington’s disease

d. cystic fibrosis

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Disorders

Difficulty Level: Hard

49. Corey has a disorder that causes his body to fail to process a particular amino acid. Which condition was he born with?

a. sickle cell anemia

b. phenylketonuria

c. color blindness

d. cystic fibrosis

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Disorders

Difficulty Level: Hard

50. Which condition is dominant-recessive but non-sex chromosome linked?

a. Huntington’s disease

b. Duchenne muscular dystrophy

c. Jacob’s syndrome

d. Turner syndrome

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Disorders

Difficulty Level: Easy

51. Javier’s blood is unable to clot. Which condition was he born with?

a. hemophilia

b. sickle cell anemia

c. cystic fibrosis

d. phenylketonuria

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: X-Linked Disorders

Difficulty Level: Hard

52. A description of daughters who inherit the gene for hemophilia is that they ______.

a. usually die from the disease before reaching the age of 20

b. demonstrate more severe symptoms than sons who inherit the gene

c. typically fail to express the disorder due to a paired dominant gene

d. have an 80 percent chance of transmitting the gene to their offspring

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: X-Linked Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

53. A true statement about fragile X syndrome is that it ______.

a. affects both males and females

b. only affects females

c. occurs in about 1 in every 3,000 U.S. births

d. occurs in about 1 in every 6,000 U.S. births

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: X-Linked Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

54. Some research suggests that fragile X syndrome is strongly associated with ______.

a. autism

b. anxiety

c. cystic fibrosis

d. phenylketonuria

Learning Objective: 2.2 Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: X-Linked Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

55. The number of males affected by color blindness is about 1 in ______.

a. 5

b. 12

c. 70

d. 100

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: X-Linked Disorders

Difficulty Level: Easy

56. Which condition is carried on a mother’s X chromosome?

a. Huntington’s disease

b. color blindness

c. phenylketonuria

d. sickle cell anemia

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: X-Linked Disorders

Difficulty Level: Easy

57. Kevin was born with the most widely known chromosome disorder which is what syndrome?

a. Prader-Willi

b. Klinefelter

c. Down

d. Turner

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Chromosomal Abnormalities

Difficulty Level: Hard

58. Down syndrome occurs in approximately 1 out of every how many births?

a. 500

b. 700

c. 1200

d. 1500

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chromosomal Abnormalities

Difficulty Level: Easy

59. Down syndrome is also called ______.

a. trisomy 15

b. trisomy 17

c. trisomy 21

d. trisomy 23

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chromosomal Abnormalities

Difficulty Level: Easy

60. What is the most common genetic cause of intellectual developmental disability?

a. fragile X syndrome

b. phenylketonuria

c. Tay-Sachs disease

d. Down syndrome

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Chromosomal Abnormalities

Difficulty Level: Medium

61. Today, the average life expectancy of individuals with Down syndrome is ______.

a. childhood

b. adolescence

c. middle adulthood

d. older adulthood

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Chromosomal Abnormalities

Difficulty Level: Easy

62. Trenton, age 50, has Down syndrome. Compared to unaffected adults his age, Trenton is at greater risk for developing ______.

a. Huntington’s disease

b. Alzheimer’s disease

c. heart disease

d. cystic fibrosis

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Chromosomal Abnormalities

Difficulty Level: Hard

63. Vince has one of the most common sex chromosome abnormalities which is what syndrome?

a. Klinefelter

b. Down

c. XYY

d. fragile X

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Chromosomal Abnormalities

Difficulty Level: Hard

64. Kaden is very thin, has severe acne, and demonstrates poor coordination. He also produces excessive levels of testosterone. What syndrome does this describe?

a. Klinefelter

b. Down

c. XYY

d. fragile X

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Chromosomal Abnormalities

Difficulty Level: Hard

65. Approximately 1 in 1,000 females are born with which syndrome?

a. Klinefelter

b. triple X

c. XYY

d. fragile X

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Chromosomal Abnormalities

Difficulty Level: Medium

66. Danica, age 28, is very short in stature, has an abnormally small jaw, and her neck has extra folds of skin. Danica has never ovulated and she has underdeveloped breasts. Danica was born with which syndrome?

a. Klinefelter

b. triple X

c. fragile X

d. Turner

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Chromosomal Abnormalities

Difficulty Level: Hard

67. What is the term for a sudden change and abnormality in the structure of genes?

a. mutation

b. inheritance

c. phenotype

d. allele

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mutation

Difficulty Level: Easy

68. Which factor may case genes to mutate?

a. high-fat diet

b. exposure to radiation

c. young maternal age

d. vitamin deficiency

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Mutation

Difficulty Level: Medium

69. In Africa, children who inherit a single sickle cell allele are more resistant to malarial infection and more likely to survive. This demonstrates ______.

a. that nature is more influential than nurture

b. the epigenetic framework

c. that mutations can sometimes be beneficial

d. the purpose of behavioral genetics

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Mutation

Difficulty Level: Medium

70. How many conceptions are estimated to include mutated chromosomes?

a. one eighth

b. one fourth

c. one third

d. one half

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mutation

Difficulty Level: Easy

71. Marcus and J.J. grew up in the same neighborhood, which has a reputation for poverty and gang violence. Both of their fathers were violent alcoholics, and they experienced periodic homelessness. Marcus carries the low-MAOA gene, while J.J. carries the high-MAOA gene. Which statement about Marcus and J.J. is true?

a. Both boys are at equal risk for aggression and criminal behavior in adulthood.

b. Marcus is at greater risk for aggression and criminal behavior in adulthood than J.J.

c. J.J. is at greater risk for aggression and criminal behavior in adulthood that Marcus.

d. Neither boy is at-risk for aggression and criminal behavior in adulthood.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Lives in Context: Genes as Protective Factors in Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

72. A medical specialty that helps prospective parents determine the risk their children will inherit chromosomal abnormalities is ______.

a. obstetrics

b. behavioral genetics

c. gynecology

d. genetic counseling

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Genetic Counseling

Difficulty Level: Easy

73. Which individual would be a good candidate for genetic counseling?

a. Maria, who previously had twins

b. Beth, who is pregnant for the first time at 37

c. Ariel, who is a pregnant at 17

d. Coral, who is unsure if she wants children

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Genetic Counseling

Difficulty Level: Hard

74. Prenatal screening likely to be recommended when ______.

a. genetic counseling has determined a risk for abnormalities

b. the mother is under age 20 or over age 30

c. the mother has gained more than the recommended weight in the first trimester

d. history of twins is determined to run in the family

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Genetic Counseling

Difficulty Level: Medium

75. Jack has African American heritage and his partner, Marisol, is uncertain of her heritage since she was adopted as an infant. Jack and Marisol want to start of family but are concerned about their child having sickle cell anemia. Their best option is to consult a ______.

a. fertility specialist

b. family physician

c. behavioral geneticist

d. genetic counselor

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Genetic Counseling

Difficulty Level: Hard

76. Which couple may find genetic counseling most useful?

a. Kathy and Jiho, whose heritages are European and Korean

b. Bella and Danielle, who both have European heritage and will be using surrogacy

c. Noah and Ava, whose heritages are Central European Jewish

d. Liam and Emma, who both have European heritage and want to have twins

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Genetic Counseling

Difficulty Level: Hard

77. Which approach is used by a genetic counselor?

a. constructs family history of inheritable disorders

b. performs in vitro fertilization

c. diagnoses prenatal chromosomal abnormalities

d. studies interactions between phenotype and genotype

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Genetic Counseling

Difficulty Level: Medium

78. Which method determines chromosomal abnormalities in prospective parents?

a. constructing family history of heritable disorders

b. asking about the mother’s and the father’s ethnicity

c. performing a genetic screening blood test

d. educating the mother and father about genetic concepts

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Genetic Counseling

Difficulty Level: Medium

79. Which method involves injection of sperm into a woman for reproduction?

a. in vitro fertilization

b. artificial insemination

c. chorionic villus sampling

d. amniocentesis

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reproductive Technology

Difficulty Level: Easy

80. Which method involves fertilizing ova with sperm in a dish then placing the fertilized ova in a woman’s uterus?

a. in vitro fertilization

b. artificial insemination

c. chorionic villus sampling

d. amniocentesis

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reproductive Technology

Difficulty Level: Easy

81. Which statement describes surrogacy?

a. studying tissue from the chorion for the presence of chromosomal abnormalities

b. fertilizing ova with sperm in a dish then placing the fertilized ova in a woman’s uterus

c. injecting sperm into a woman for fertilization

d. impregnating a woman to carry a baby for others to raise

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reproductive Technology

Difficulty Level: Medium

82. A research finding about adopted children is that they ______.

a. show more engagement during class in school

b. have more educational resources than other children

c. are more likely to have adjustment difficulties

d. have more achievements throughout life

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Reproductive Technology

Difficulty Level: Hard

83. What is the strongest factor in the development of emotional resilience and self-esteem in adopted children?

a. variety of community resources

b. high level of education

c. close bond with parents

d. close bond with peers

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Reproductive Technology

Difficulty Level: Hard

84. Among the most consistent deficiency experienced by newly internationally adopted children is a delay in ______.

a. motor skills

b. language

c. growth

d. metabolism

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cultural Influences on Development: Internationally Adopted Children

Difficulty Level: Easy

85. How many years does it usually take internationally adopted children to reach normal speech and language skill levels?

a. 1–2

b. 2–3

c. 3–4

d. 4–5

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cultural Influences on Development: Internationally Adopted Children

Difficulty Level: Easy

86. The most widespread and routine method of prenatal diagnosis is ______.

a. amniocentesis

b. chorionic villus sampling

c. noninvasive prenatal testing

d. ultrasound

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis

Difficulty Level: Easy

87. Ultrasound allows physicians to ______.

a. analyze the genotype of the fetus

b. administer hormones to the developing fetus

c. diagnose most chromosomal disorders in the fetus

d. determine the sex of the fetus

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis

Difficulty Level: Medium

88. Which procedure is recommended for women ages 35 and over, especially if the woman and partner are both known carriers of genetic diseases?

a. ultrasound

b. amniocentesis

c. chorionic villus sampling

d. noninvasive prenatal testing

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis

Difficulty Level: Easy

89. Amniocentesis should be conducted after which week of pregnancy to decrease the risk of miscarriage?

a. 15th

b. 20th

c. 27th

d. 30th

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis

Difficulty Level: Easy

90. Which procedure is used to follow up ultrasound imaging to provide more detailed views of any suspected abnormalities?

a. amniocentesis

b. chorionic villus sampling

c. noninvasive prenatal testing

d. fetal MRI

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis

Difficulty Level: Easy

91. Which procedure requires studying tissue from the chorion to determine the presence of chromosomal abnormalities?

a. amniocentesis

b. chorionic villus sampling

c. noninvasive prenatal testing

d. ultrasound

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis

Difficulty Level: Easy

92. Which procedure may increase the likelihood of limb defects and miscarriage when conducted prior to 10 weeks gestational age?

a. ultrasound

b. amniocentesis

c. chorionic villus sampling

d. noninvasive prenatal testing

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis

Difficulty Level: Easy

93. Which test is the least intrusive for detecting chromosomal abnormalities?

a. ultrasound

b. amniocentesis

c. chorionic villus sampling

d. noninvasive prenatal testing

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis

Difficulty Level: Medium

94. Cell-free fetal DNA is examined by drawing blood from the mother in the procedure of ______.

a. amniocentesis

b. chorionic villus sampling

c. noninvasive prenatal testing

d. ultrasound

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis

Difficulty Level: Easy

95. Which procedure can repair defects of the heart, lung, urinary tract and other areas?

a. fetoscopy

b. chorionic villus sampling

c. noninvasive prenatal testing

d. ultrasound

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis

Difficulty Level: Medium

96. Ultrasound and fetal MRI showed that Janna’s baby has mild incomplete closure over his spinal cord, a condition called spina bifida. Which procedure would most likely be used to perform surgery to correct this condition before he is born?

a. fetoscopy

b. chorionic villus sampling

c. noninvasive prenatal testing

d. ultrasound

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis

Difficulty Level: Hard

97. Heredity from biological parents consists of a complex blend of characteristics known as ______.

a. genotype

b. phenotype

c. allele dominance

d. genomic imprint

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Heredity and Environment

Difficulty Level: Medium

98. Lia has brown hair, brown eyes, and dark skin. These traits are part of Lia’s ______.

a. genotype

b. phenotype

c. reaction range

d. epigenetic framework

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Heredity and Environment

Difficulty Level: Hard

99. Dr. Rashaud recognizes that even traits that have a strong heredity component, such as height, are modified by environmental influences. What is Dr. Rashaud studying?

a. behavioral genetics

b. genetic counseling

c. prenatal testing

d. fetal medicine

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Behavioral Genetics

Difficulty Level: Hard

100. Which term means the extent to which variation among people on a given characteristic is due to genetic differences?

a. genomic imprinting

b. genotype

c. reaction range

d. heritability

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Methods of Behavioral Genetics

Difficulty Level: Easy

101. During which approach do behavior geneticists modify the genetic makeup of animals to examine the influence of heredity on attributes and behavior?

a. research on twins

b. selective breeding studies

c. family studies

d. heritability estimates

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Methods of Behavioral Genetics

Difficulty Level: Easy

102. Family studies usually involve which two types of studies?

a. twin and selective breeding

b. identical twin and fraternal twin

c. environmental and twin

d. twin and adoption

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Methods of Behavioral Genetics

Difficulty Level: Medium

103. Michael and Matthew are participating in an identical twin study. The boys share what percentage of their genes?

a. 25%

b. 50%

c. 75%

d. 100%

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Methods of Behavioral Genetics

Difficulty Level: Hard

104. C.J. and Naya are participating in a fraternal twin study. They share about what percentage of their genes?

a. 25%

b. 50%

c. 75%

d. 100%

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Methods of Behavioral Genetics

Difficulty Level: Hard

105. Cara and Evan are participating in a half-sibling study. They share about what percentage of their genes?

a. 25%

b. 50%

c. 75%

d. 100%

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Methods of Behavioral Genetics

Difficulty Level: Hard

106. Twin studies help estimate how much of a trait or behavior is attributable to ______.

a. genes

b. hormones

c. siblings

d. a controlled environment

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Methods of Behavioral Genetics

Difficulty Level: Medium

107. Adoption studies shed light on the extent to which attributes and behaviors are influenced by ______.

a. the environment

b. genes

c. siblings

d. random events

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Methods of Behavioral Genetics

Difficulty Level: Medium

108. According to research examining the relationship between genotype and environment to intellectual abilities, which pairs would be MOST similar in intelligence?

a. Casey and Jordan, who are biological siblings

b. Eileen and Sarah, who are mother and daughter

c. Hugh and Connor, who are grandfather and grandson

d. Maleeka and Chantel, who are adopted siblings

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Genetic Influences on Personal Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Hard

109. A wide variety of potential expressions of a genetic trait, depending on environmental opportunities and constraints, is called ______.

a. canalization

b. behavioral genetics

c. range of reaction

d. gene–environment correlation

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Range of Reaction

Difficulty Level: Easy

110. Although both of his parents are 5 feet 7 inches tall, 17-year-old Theo is 6 feet tall. He is healthy and has been well nourished since birth. This example illustrates the concept of ______.

a. canalization

b. behavior genetics

c. range of reaction

d. gene–environment correlation

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Range of Reaction

Difficulty Level: Hard

111. Which term means the tendency of heredity to narrow the range of development to only one or a few outcomes?

a. range of reaction

b. epigenesis

c. canalization

d. passive correlation

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Canalization

Difficulty Level: Easy

112. Which trait is strongly canalized?

a. personality

b. intelligence

c. weight

d. crawling

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Canalization

Difficulty Level: Hard

113. Which term refers to the concept that many of traits are supported by both heredity and surroundings?

a. range of reaction

b. niche-picking

c. canalization

d. gene–environment correlation

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gene–Environment Correlations

Difficulty Level: Medium

114. Four-year-old Sam’s parents were star athletes in high school and college. They are both coaches and manage a gym during the summer months. Sam has been exposed to sports since he was a baby. In addition to throwing and kicking balls with his parents, Sam recently started soccer and T-ball. He has also been enrolled in swimming lessons since he was 9 months old. Sam is already demonstrating strong athletic skills, despite being very young. This example demonstrates what type of gene–environment correlation?

a. passive

b. evocative

c. active

d. positive

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gene–Environment Correlations

Difficulty Level: Hard

115. Baby Carter is a very happy baby. Everyone smiles when they see Baby Carter and most people talk baby talk to Baby Carter. What form of gene–environment correlation does this example illustrate?

a. passive

b. active

c. evocative

d. reactive

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gene–Environment Correlations

Difficulty Level: Hard

116. Marlow’s parents are talented artists. When he was young, Marlo was exposed to drawing and painting lessons, taken to art shows, and encouraged to be creative in his daily life. Today, at age 18, Marlow enjoys spending weekends at the park or other public areas drawing people and objects. He often invites friends to various art exhibits in the city and he has enrolled in several art classes in college. He even helped paint a mural at a local children’s hospital. Marlo’s artistic endeavors at age 18 are an example of what type of gene–environment correlation?

a. passive

b. evocative

c. active

d. positive

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gene–Environment Correlations

Difficulty Level: Hard

117. The tendency to actively seek out experiences and environments compatible and supportive of genetic tendencies is called ______.

a. heritability

b. range of reaction

c. canalization

d. niche-picking

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gene–Environment Correlations

Difficulty Level: Hard

118. The term for heredity expressed as different phenotypes in different contexts or situations is ______.

a. genetic studies

b. epigenetics

c. range of reaction

d. niche-picking

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Epigenetics Influences on Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

119. Which statement describes epigenetics?

a. Genetics have a greater influence on development than environmental factors.

b. Environmental factors play a greater role in development than genetics.

c. Development is impossible when genetics interact with environment.

d. Development results from ongoing interactions between genetics and environment.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Epigenetics Influences on Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

120. A particularly important finding associated with the study of epigenetics is that ______.

a. heredity actually plays a minimal role in long-term development

b. what people eat could affect the health and characteristics of their children

c. females are actually more vulnerable to genetic diseases than males

d. passive gene–environment correlations influence development well into old age

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Applying Developmental Science: Altering the Epigenome

Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False

1. Although all humans share the basic genome, each person has a slightly different code.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Genetics

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. A human zygote contains 46 matching pairs of chromosomes.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cell Reproduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. All ova contain one X sex chromosome.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex Determination

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Even if a person is homozygous for a specific characteristic, such as hair color, that trait may be unexpressed.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Inheritance

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. According to the concept of incomplete dominance, a heterozygous person with the alleles for blood type A and B will have blood type O.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Incomplete Dominance

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes are both caused by an abnormality in the 15th chromosome.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Genomic Imprinting

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Females are more likely than males to be affected by X-linked disorders.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: X-Linked Disorders

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Fragile X syndrome occurs more often in males than females.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: X-Linked Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Contrary to popular belief, most individuals with Down syndrome are of average intelligence.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chromosomal Disorders

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Turner syndrome only affects males.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Chromosomal Abnormalities

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. The majority of sex chromosome abnormalities are fatal.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Chromosomal Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Most mutations are fatal.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mutation

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Today, genetic counseling is recommended for all couples planning to have children.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Genetic Counseling

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Genetic counseling is recommended for couples from the same ethnic group.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Genetic Counseling

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Noninvasive prenatal testing is without risk to the developing fetus.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Risks of fetoscopy include infection, rupture of the amniotic sac, premature labor and fetal death.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prenatal Treatment of Genetic Disorders

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Selective breeding studies are used to compare people who live together and share varying degrees of relatedness.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Methods of Behavioral Genetics

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Because identical twins share 100% of their genes, they are usually exactly alike in personality and intelligence.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Genetic Influences on Personal Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. For strongly canalized traits, such as walking, only extreme experiences or changes in the environment can prevent the skill from developing.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Canalization

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Passive gene–environment correlations primarily influence development in late childhood and adolescence.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gene–Environment Correlations

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Explain the difference between dizygotic and monozygotic twins.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Genes Shared by Twins

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Think about your own phenotype. List three examples of dominant traits you have and three examples of recessive traits you have.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Inheritance

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. List four disorders that are acquired through dominant-recessive inheritance. Are males or females at greater risk for these disorders? Why?

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. List four syndromes or diseases that are acquired through X-linked inheritance. Are males or females at greater risk for these disorders?

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: X-Linked Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Explain why males are more likely than females to be affected by X-linked disorders.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: X-Linked Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. List four groups of people who are candidates for genetic counseling.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Genetic Counseling

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Explain the difference between surrogacy and adoption.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Genetic Counseling

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Identify four methods of prenatal diagnosis. Which two pose some risk to the developing fetus, especially if performed early in the pregnancy?

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. List the three types of gene–environment correlations. How do these correlations change with age?

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gene–Environment Correlations

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Explain what range of reaction means in terms of genetics.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Range of Reaction

Difficulty Level: Hard

Essay

1. Distinguish between the two processes of cell reproduction.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cell Reproduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Kendon and Sharice just had a baby who was diagnosed with phenylketonuria. Describe this disorder. How can Kendon and Sharice ensure that their son will not develop permanent intellectual disability?

Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Disorders

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Consider this scenario: Your best friend recently married. Your friend has a cousin with autism, and her husband’s side of the family has a history of several genetic disorders, including Huntington’s disease. The couple is worried about having children and they want to know if their potential offspring will be at risk for one of these disorders. They have an appointment to see a genetic counselor in 2 weeks. Explain to your friends what will happen during their visit.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Discuss the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Genetic Counseling

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Professor Kahn is an expert in behavior genetics. Her research team primarily conducts family studies to compare people who live together and share varying degrees of relatedness. Describe the two types of family studies that Professor Kahn most likely uses in her research, including what these studies tell about genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Method of Behavioral Genetics

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Describe the epigenetics using the example of brain development.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Describe the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Epigenetics Influences on Development

Difficulty Level: Hard