Chapter 1: Understanding Human Development: Approaches and Theories

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The ways in which people grow, change, and stay the same is known as what type of development?

a. continuous

b. lifespan human

c. normative human

d. contemporary

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Lifespan Human Development?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. What is the most obvious indicator of development?

a. change

b. stability

c. adulthood

d. thoughts

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is Lifespan Human Development?

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Throughout the lifespan physical, cognitive, and socioemotional change illustrates the notion that development is ______.

a. static

b. multidisciplinary

c. plastic

d. multidimensional

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Development Is Multidimensional

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. An individual’s health is an example of which aspect of development?

a. cognitive

b. socioemotional

c. physical

d. continuous

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Development Is Multidimensional

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Dr. Yang studies cross-cultural differences in body maturation and growth, including differences in body size, proportion, appearance, health, and perceptual abilities. What type of development is Dr. Yang is interested in?

a. physical

b. cognitive

c. psychosocial

d. interdisciplinary

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Development Is Multidimensional

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. Maturation of thought processes and the tools used to obtain knowledge, become aware of the world, and solve problems are involved in what type of development?

a. physical

b. cognitive

c. psychosocial

d. lifespan

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Development Is Multidimensional

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Changes in personality, view of oneself, group skills, and interpersonal relationships with family and friends are part of what type of development?

a. physical

b. cognitive

c. socioemotional

d. lifespan

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Development Is Multidimensional

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. As baby Sanjay’s physical development improves, he is able to crawl around and explore his environment, advancing his cognitive development. His newfound crawling skills also contribute to changes in Sanjay’s psychosocial development. For example, he may experience anger when he picks up a breakable object, only to have one of his parents take it away. In addition, Sanjay experiences happiness when his parents encourage his motor efforts and frustration when they remove him from an unsafe area, such as the stairs. This example shows that these three areas of development are ______.

a. following a downward course

b. stopping and starting

c. following a single course

d. overlapping and interacting

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Development Is Multidimensional

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Research illustrates that development consists of both gains and losses, as well as growth and decline, throughout the lifespan. This means that development is ______.

a. contextual

b. plastic

c. multidisciplinary

d. multidirectional

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Development Is Multidirectional

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Allison is approaching her 60th birthday. She realizes that her eyesight and hearing are not as good as they used to be, and when visiting her daughter in graduate school, climbing the stairs to the fourth floor has become more difficult. However, Allison has also become more patient over the years, is better at solving difficult problems, and has a more confident and favorable view of herself than she had in her 20s and 30s. This example shows that development is ______.

a. multidimensional

b. contextual

c. multidirectional

d. plastic

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Development Is Multidirectional

Difficulty Level: Hard

11. Because development is multidirectional, individuals can compensate for losses at all ages by ______.

a. accepting the inevitability of growing older

b. improving existing skills and cultivating new ones

c. seeking out supportive peer resources

d. decreasing stresses by avoiding talking about them

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Development Is Multidirectional

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. The malleability or changeability of development is called ______.

a. plasticity

b. neuroscience

c. normalization

d. specialization

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Development Is Plastic

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Following a stroke that affected his balance and muscle strength, Jose participated in 3 months of physical therapy. Today, Jose feels as strong as he did before the stroke and walks at least ten miles a week for exercise. Jose’s ability to overcome his physical limitations after his stroke is an example of ______.

a. normalization

b. plasticity

c. neuroscience

d. specialization

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Development Is Plastic

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. According to research, which individual will likely show the greatest amount of plasticity following a brain injury?

a. Janessa, who is 6

b. Derick, who is 25

c. Barb, who is 48

d. Abel, who is 70

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Development Is Plastic

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. Terri lost a leg while serving a tour of duty in Afghanistan. When she returned to the U.S., she followed rehabilitation with joining a gym, then began training to compete in weightlifting in the Paralympic Games. What characteristic is Terri demonstrating?

a. crisis resolution

b. normalization

c. resilience

d. classical conditioning

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Development Is Plastic

Difficulty Level: Hard

16. Communities, neighborhoods, families, and social settings are examples of ______.

a. plasticity

b. multidimensionalism

c. multidirectionality

d. context

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Development Is Influenced by Multiple Contexts

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. People who reached adulthood around 2000 are an example of a ______.

a. participant group

b. mesosystem

c. cultural group

d. cohort

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Development Is Influenced by Multiple Contexts

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Adam was unable to finish high school because he needed to go to work to help his family financially. What type of influence does this describe?

a. age-graded

b. non-normative

c. cross-cultural

d. history-graded

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Development Is Influenced by Multiple Contexts

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Kara is doing research about development in Ethiopia of children from birth to age 2. When comparing her results to research findings of children in the U.S., Kara concludes that the Ethiopian children are deficient in motor skill and cognitive development. How might Kara’s conclusions be flawed?

a. Research based on narrow age ranges causes insufficient data to be gathered.

b. Communities outside of Western culture have little idea of how to participate in a study.

c. Research based on Western samples can lead to a narrow views of development that may not apply to other cultural contexts.

d. Language barriers can contribute to inaccurate measurements of data across cultures.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Development Is Influenced by Multiple Contexts

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. Which example illustrates a history-graded influence on development?

a. community of people who survived Hurricane Sandy

b. group of college students taking a computer class

c. class of fourth graders learning about the American Revolution

d. gathering of an extended family for a reunion

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Development Is Influenced by Multiple Contexts

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. A non-normative influence on development ______

a. is expected to occur over several decades

b. is unique to the person

c. is caused by cohorts

d. happens to most people at a particular time in life

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Development Is Influenced by Multiple Contexts

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. A criticism of cross-cultural research is that it emphasizes ______.

a. how culture itself can influence growth and change

b. comparing differences across various cultures

c. how culture changes throughout lifespan

d. how species interact

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Development Is Influenced by Multiple Contexts

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Bailey is a graduate student in clinical psychology. As part of her training, Bailey works with children and families affected by autism. Each week, Bailey participates in a team meeting that consists of a school psychologist, social worker, speech and language therapist, and nursing students. This example illustrates what type of approach to understanding how people grow, think, and interact with their world?

a. multidisciplinary

b. contextual

c. cultural

d. multidirectional

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Developmental Science Is Multidisciplinary

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. The study of human development is ______, meaning that it integrates research findings from the fields of medicine, anthropology, and sociology.

a. multidirectional

b. contextual

c. cultural

d. multidisciplinary

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Developmental Science Is Multidisciplinary

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Which question lies outside of the basic issues in lifespan human development?

a. Do people remain largely the same over time or do they change dramatically?

b. What role do people play in their own growth and change?

c. To what extent do genetic and environmental influences play roles?

d. Which is more influential, early childhood or adulthood?

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Basic Issues in Lifespan Human Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. ______ development is characterized by slow and gradual change, whereas ______ development is characterized by abrupt change.

a. Continuous; discontinuous

b. Discontinuous; continuous

c. Multidimensional; multidirectional

d. Multidirectional; multidimensional

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Continuities and Discontinuities in Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Today’s developmental scientists agree that the changes people make during their development are ______.

a. continuous in childhood and discontinuous in adulthood

b. primarily characterized by discontinuity throughout life

c. primarily characterized by continuity throughout life

d. continuous and discontinuous at various stages in life

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Continuities and Discontinuities in Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Which example illustrates discontinuous change?

a. learning to read

b. sudden surge in height

c. becoming proficient at writing

d. mastering a musical instrument

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Continuities and Discontinuities in Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. Baby Li is participating in a research study in which his physical growth is measured once a day. Li’s parents were surprised to find out that monthly measurements of height showed gradual increases, but daily measurements revealed growth spurts that sometimes lasted up to 24 hours. This example supports the assertion that physical growth is ______.

a. primarily characterized by continuity

b. primarily characterized by discontinuity

c. both continuous and discontinuous

d. continuous usually followed by discontinuous

Learning Objective: 1-2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Continuities and Discontinuities in Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

30. A Katie practices her math problems and her quiz scores get a little better each week. This is an example of which type of developmental change?

a. discontinuous

b. continuous

c. contextual

d. passive

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Continuities and Discontinuities in Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. A young adult who suddenly realizes college is not for her, and abruptly drops out to start a career in woodworking, illustrates ______ career development.?

a. continuous

b. discontinuous

c. contextual

d. passive

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Continuities and Discontinuities in Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

32. Most developmental scientists believe that people are ______ their own development.

a. active contributors to

b. unaware of

c. often confused by

d. indifferent toward

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Individuals Are Active in Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. What viewpoint of development means being shaped by but not influencing the surrounding environment?

a. nature

b. nurture

c. active

d. passive

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Individuals Are Active in Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Sonja is strongly influenced by others, especially her parents and close friends, but she does not have much influence on other individuals. Sonja is ______ in her development.

a. active

b. passive

c. continuous

d. natural

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Individuals Are Active in Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Harry dislikes his job. He decides to go back to school and finish his degree. When he graduates, he begins searching for a new job. What type of development is Harry displaying?

a. active

b. passive

c. discontinuous

d. continuous

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Individuals Are Active in Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Neva believes that most people are mainly products of their environment. For example, if a child grows up in a warm, stimulating home, he or she will become a successful adult. If the same child grows up in poverty and experiences ineffective child-rearing, he or she will likely repeat those patterns in adulthood. Why is Neva’s belief incorrect?

a. Few researchers believe that children are passive recipients of their environment and rarely contribute to their own development.

b. Parenting and socioeconomic status play a lesser role in development than children’s attempts to engage the world around them.

c. Although people are influenced by the physical and psychosocial contexts in which they live, they also take an active role in shaping who they become.

d. Physical and psychosocial contexts play only a minor role in long-term developmental outcomes.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Individuals Are Active in Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

37. At the beginning of her first human development course in college, Vi wondered, “Am I the person I am today because of heredity, or did I become who I am because of my environment?” Vi’s question reflects which issue in lifespan development?

a. psychoanalytic-behaviorist

b. active-passive

c. continuities-discontinuities

d. nature-nurture

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Nature and Nurture Influence Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

38. Which viewpoint states heredity, maturational processes, and evolution are causes of developmental change?

a. nurture

b. nature

c. continuities

d. discontinuities

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nature and Nurture Influence Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Which viewpoint states individuals are molded by the physical and social environment in which they are raised?

a. nurture

b. nature

c. continuities

d. discontinuities

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nature and Nurture Influence Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. How do today’s developmental scientists regard the nature-nurture issue?

a. Nature is more influential than nurture.

b. Nurture is more influential than nature.

c. Both nature and nurture are important.

d. Neither nature nor nurture are significant.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nature and Nurture Influence Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Sierra believes that developmental change is primarily influenced by one’s environment. How might Sierra explain an individual’s propensity for artistic expression?

a. An individual’s propensity for artistic expression is hereditary.

b. An individual’s propensity for artistic expression is a natural part of aging.

c. An individual’s propensity for artistic expression is evolutionary.

d. An individual’s propensity for artistic expression is inspired by creative parents.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Nature and Nurture Influence Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

42. William believes that developmental change is primarily caused by maturational processes. How might William explain why most infants say their first words by 18 months of age?

a. Most parents enroll their children into preschool by 18 months of age.

b. Talking is a natural ability that is triggered by 18 months of age.

c. Most humans learn to talk by 18 months of age due to the process of evolution.

d. Learning to talk by 18 months of age is an inborn genetic trait.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Nature and Nurture Influence Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

43. Most infants learning to speak at about the same age illustrates which viewpoint of development?

a. continuous

b. discontinuous

c. nature

d. nurture

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nature and Nurture Influence Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. Many children learn to ride a bicycle without training wheels at 5 years of age. However, children growing up without regular access to safe bicycle paths, such as those living in low-income urban housing, may not learn until age seven or eight. This illustrates which viewpoint of development?

a. continuous

b. discontinuous

c. nature

d. nurture

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Nature and Nurture Influence Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

45. Which type of theories describe development and behavior that result from the interplay of inner drives, memories, and conflicts of which people are unaware and unable to control?

a. psychoanalytic

b. cognitive

c. social learning

d. information processing

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Psychoanalytic Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. Which theorist is credited as the father of the psychoanalytic perspective?

a. Lev Vygotsky

b. Erik Erikson

c. Sigmund Freud

d. Jean Piaget

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Psychoanalytic Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. What is the term for the Freudian periods in which unconscious drives are focused on different parts of the body?

a. emotional conflicts

b. psychosexual stages

c. social crises

d. personal dilemmas

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. One of the most important criticisms of Freud’s theory is that it ______.

a. overlooks the importance of the early parent–child relationship

b. is more nature than nurture oriented

c. focuses primarily on early child development

d. is unable to be directly tested

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Failure to successfully resolve the conflict in one of Freud’s psychosexual stages means the individual may ______.

a. accomplish the task in the next psychosexual stage

b. be more prone to serious mental disorders

c. display behavioral habits related to the psychosexual stage

d. become more dependent on parents

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

50. In contrast to Freud’s theory, what did Erikson focus on in shaping development?

a. the nuclear and extended family

b. the social world, society, and culture

c. unconscious motivations and drives

d. gender and sexuality

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

51. How many stages of psychosocial development did Erikson propose?

a. 4

b. 6

c. 8

d. 10

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

52. What must an individual resolve in each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages?

a. crisis or conflict

b. unconscious obstacle

c. significant life stressor

d. moral dilemma

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

53. Jordan is trying to figure out where he fits in the social order at school, and feels frustrated at being an outsider. Which developmental theory does this describe?

a. classical conditioning

b. operant conditioning

c. psychosexual

d. psychosocial

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

54. Whose theory is regarded as one of the first lifespan views of development?

a. Freud’s

b. Erikson’s

c. Skinner’s

d. Vygotsky’s

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

55. Which approach to development focuses only on human actions that can be observed and objectively verified?

a. behaviorism

b. cognitive-developmental theory

c. sociocultural theory

d. ethology

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Behaviorist and Social Learning Theories

Difficulty Level: Medium

56. The approach that views behavior as more or less probable depending on its consequences is ______.

a. social learning theory

b. classical conditioning

c. operant conditioning

d. cognitive-developmental theory

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Operant Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Easy

57. Tara is a four-year-old girl who is very polite. Ever since she was able to talk, her mother expected her to say please and thank you. When Tara would behave politely, her mother would praise her. Tara’s behavior was shaped through ______.

a. operant conditioning

b. classical conditioning

c. nature

d. modeling

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Operant Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Hard

58. Each time Isabella sits down to feed her baby a bottle, she gently strokes the baby’s head. One day, Isabella began stroking her daughter’s head and noticed that the baby started sucking, even though it was not feeding time. The baby’s association between having her head stroked and the presentation of food is an example of ______.

a. operant conditioning

b. classical conditioning

c. reciprocal determinism

d. social learning

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Classical Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Hard

59. Which approach applies to physiological and emotional responses only?

a. classical conditioning

b. operant conditioning

c. ethology

d. reinforcement

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classical Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Medium

60. Behavior is more likely to recur in the future if it is reinforced but less likely to recur if it is punished describes which concept?

a. classical conditioning

b. operant conditioning

c. determinism

d. ethology

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Operant Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Easy

61. Each time 3-year-old Maddy uses her potty chair, her father puts a sticker on a chart. After earning five stickers, Maddy gets to pick out a small toy at the store. Which approach is Maddy’s father using to increase the likelihood that Maddy will continue to use the potty chair?

a. bribery

b. classical conditioning

c. reinforcement

d. social learning

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Operant Conditioning

Difficulty Level: Hard

62. Observational learning is one of the most powerful ways in which people learn according to which approach?

a. operant conditioning

b. social learning theory

c. bioecological systems

d. evolutionary theory

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Learning Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

63. With theory involves people actively processing information, with their thoughts and feelings influencing their behavior?

a. psychoanalytic

b. behaviorist

c. evolutionary developmental

d. social learning

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Learning Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

64. At preschool, Jace frequently watches Keagan hit other children and take their toys. Jace notices that each time Keagan engages in this behavior, the teacher makes him give the toy back and sit in a time out. Jace has decided he would rather patiently waits his turn for toys. Jace is demonstrating the concept of ______.

a. observational learning

b. operant conditioning

c. negative reinforcement

d. reciprocal determinism

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Learning Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

65. Ten-month-old Tauji often smiles and laughs, and is rarely cranky unless he is hungry or tired. Due to his easy temperament, Tauji’s parents and other adults enjoy interacting with him. He receives frequent hugs and kisses which, in turn, results in more positive interactions. The interaction between Tauji’s behavior and the supportive environment in which he is being raised is an example of ______.

a. reciprocal determinism

b. operant conditioning

c. classical conditioning

d. reinforcement

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Learning Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

66. Who founded the cognitive-developmental perspective on child development?

a. Albert Bandura

b. Jean Piaget

c. B.F. Skinner

d. Lev Vygotsky

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

67. According to Piaget, children and adults learn by interacting with their environments and organizing what they learn into ______.

a. critical stages

b. conceptual webs

c. cognitive schemas

d. categorical dimensions

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

68. Whose theory was the first to consider how infants and children think, as well as their active contributions to their own development?

a. Bandura’s

b. Piaget’s

c. Vygotsky’s

d. Bronfenbrenner’s

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

69. A criticism of Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory is that it ______.

a. underestimated children’s contributions to their own development

b. assumed that all cognitive-developmental stages are universal

c. focused too much on unconscious drives and motivations

d. focused too heavily on emotional and social factors that influence development

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

70. Which theory hypothesizes that the mind works in ways similar to a computer?

a. psychoanalytic

b. sociocultural

c. information processing

d. bioecological

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Information Processing Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

71. From an information processing perspective, development involves changes in the efficiency and speed of thought, and proceeds in which manner?

a. continuously

b. discontinuously

c. abruptly

d. irregularly

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Information Processing Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

72. A criticism of the information processing perspective that ______.

a. it fails to explain age-related changes in thinking

b. it fails to consider maturation of the brain and nervous system

c. computer models are unable to capture the human mind’s complexity

d. there is little empirical support for this theory

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Information Processing Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

73. Whose theory focuses on how culture is transmitted from one generation to the next through social interaction?

a. Piaget’s

b. Vygotsky’s

c. Bronfenbrenner’s

d. Skinner’s

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

74. Professor Norris is interested in how children from different cultures acquire the cognitive skills necessary to be productive members of society. His research focuses on how adults and peers communicate culturally relevant knowledge, as well as the emphasis different cultures place on play and work. Professor Norris’s research is consistent with which theory?

a. Bronfenbrenner’s

b. Bandura’s

c. Piaget’s

d. Vygotsky’s

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

75. Critics have argued that Vygotsky’s theory places too little emphasis on ______.

a. contextual influences

b. cultural factors

c. biological factors

d. early socialization

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

76. Which theory states that development results from interactions among physiological, mental, and psychological changes within the individual and changing contexts?

a. Piaget’s cognitive-developmental

b. Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological

c. information processing

d. evolutionary developmental

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

77. At the center of the bioecological model is the ______.

a. individual

b. family

c. community

d. culture

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

78. Daryl’s father works at a company with family-friendly policies. He is able to chaperone all of Daryl’s field trips at school because he can rearrange his work schedule. Which system in Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory does this example illustrate?

a. microsystem

b. mesosystem

c. exosystem

d. macrosystem

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

79. According to Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model, family, peers, and school represent a person’s ______.

a. microsystem

b. mesosystem

c. macrosystem

d. exosystem

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

80. Which entity consists of relations and interactions among microsystems?

a. macrosystem

b. mesosystem

c. exosystem

d. microsystem

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

81. Travis has worked for the same company for almost 10 years. He dislikes his boss, often works overtime without pay, and sees little opportunity for advancement. He frequently argues with his wife and has little patience for his 2-year-old son. Travis is easily irritated when his son whines or makes a mess, which creates even more stress in the household. According to Bronfenbrenner’s theory, the influence of Travis’s work stress on his son’s development falls within the ______.

a. microsystem

b. macrosystem

c. exosystem

d. chronosystem

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

82. According to evolutionary developmental theory, genetic programs and biological predispositions influence development by interacting with which environments?

a. physical and social

b. educational and emotional

c. contextual and social

d. physical and emotional

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

83. The question, “What is the purpose or adaptive value of infant–parent attachment?” is best answered by ______.

a. cognitive-developmental theory

b. behaviorism

c. evolutionary developmental theory

d. reciprocal determinism

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

84. Which question is most important regarding development according to evolutionary development?

a. How do genes and context interact to influence behavior?

b. How does behavior make changes in genes over time?

c. Which influences behavior more, genes or context?

d. How do changes in genes over time change behavior?

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

85. What is the term for the process of posing and answering questions by making careful and systematic observations and gathering information?

a. scientific method

b. hypothesis

c. cohort

d. research question

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Scientific Method

Difficulty Level: Easy

86. What is the term for the proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested by research?

a. theory

b. hypothesis

c. cohorts

d. finding

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Scientific Method

Difficulty Level: Medium

87. The second step of the scientific method is ______.

a. identifying the research question

b. formulating a hypothesis

c. gathering information to address the research question

d. interpreting and summarizing information

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Scientific Method

Difficulty Level: Medium

88. What term do scientists use to refer to the information collected during research?

a. data

b. findings

c. hypothesis

d. theory

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Methods of Data Collection

Difficulty Level: Easy

89. Sometimes the presence of an observer can cause people to behave in unnatural or atypical ways for them. This is known as ______.

a. observation bias

b. reciprocal determinism

c. cohort effect

d. participant reactivity

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Observational Measures

Difficulty Level: Easy

90. An important strength of naturalistic observation is that it allows researchers to ______.

a. implement their own coding system

b. draw conclusions about behavior without analyzing data

c. observe behaviors in real-world settings

d. exercise control over the environment

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Observational Measures

Difficulty Level: Medium

91. Which method involves viewing and recording behaviors that are displayed in a controlled environment?

a. naturalistic observation

b. structured observation

c. clinical interview

d. questionnaire

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Observational Measures

Difficulty Level: Easy

92. D.J. is working on a research team that is gathering information on how freshmen students view their first year of college. D.J.’s team wants to use a flexible conversational style that allows for follow-up questions to gather as much information as possible. Which technique is best suited for this type of study?

a. structured observations

b. structured interviews

c. open-ended interviews

d. naturalistic observations

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Self-Report Measures

Difficulty Level: Hard

93. Which method consists of a survey that is typically a set of multiple choice questions, and is designed to collect data from large samples of people?

a. structured interview

b. open-ended interview

c. rating scale

d. questionnaire

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Self-Report Measures

Difficulty Level: Easy

94. Vanessa is working on her master’s degree in behavioral health. She is interested in adolescents who are most likely to engage in risky behaviors, such as unprotected sex, and alcohol and drug use. She plans to conduct a study of 20,000 teenagers across the country to identify trends in high-risk behaviors. Which method of data collection would be best suited for this type of study?

a. questionnaires

b. clinical interviews

c. naturalistic observations

d. structured observations

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Self-Report Measures

Difficulty Level: Hard

95. Which limitation is associated with self-report data?

a. Methods are expensive and time-consuming.

b. Participants’ may hide their true attitudes and behavior.

c. It is difficult to ensure anonymity of participant responses.

d. They can only be used for small samples of people.

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self-Report Measures

Difficulty Level: Medium

96. Which data collection method is the most flexible?

a. questionnaire

b. open-ended interview

c. structured interview

d. structured observation

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Self-Report Measures

Difficulty Level: Hard

97. What type of research examines relations among measured characteristics, behaviors, and events?

a. longitudinal

b. correlational

c. experimental

d. sequential

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Correlational Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

98. Researchers have found that reading to infants and toddlers leads to gains in language development, as well as enhanced school readiness skills. The relationship between reading to infants and toddlers and favorable developmental outcomes is ______.

a. correlational

b. causal

c. experimental

d. observational

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Correlational Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

99. Which factor is manipulated systematically in experimental research?

a. independent variable

b. independent variable

c. control group

d. experimental group

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Experimental Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

100. What is the term for the procedure in which every participant has an equal chance of being placed in either the experimental or control group?

a. variable manipulation

b. correlational research

c. cross-sectioning

d. random assignment

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Experimental Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

101. Dr. Rivera is studying the effects of music on studying. One group listened to music while memorizing a list of words. A second group memorized the list of words in a quiet room. What is the independent variable in the study?

a. list of words

b. music

c. time spent memorizing words

d. room

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Experimental Research

Difficulty Level: Hard

102. Which research design gathers information from people of several ages at one time?

a. cross-sectional

b. longitudinal

c. sequential

d. experimental

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cross-Sectional Research Design

Difficulty Level: Medium

103. Professor Ming plans a study that includes participants in the age ranges of: 6–12, 13–19, 20–40, and 50–70. All of her participants will be from an area that experienced a natural disaster, such as a deadly hurricane or earthquake. Professor Ming will then look at symptoms of depression and anxiety in each of the age groups to draw conclusions about age-related differences in the processing of traumatic events. Which research design is best suited for this study?

a. experimental

b. cross-sectional

c. longitudinal

d. sequential

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Cross-Sectional Research Design

Difficulty Level: Hard

104. What type of research design do investigators use for studying the same group of participants at many points in time?

a. cross-sectional

b. longitudinal

c. sequential

d. experimental

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Longitudinal Research Design

Difficulty Level: Easy

105. A strength of longitudinal research is that, over time, it provides information about ______.

a. non-age-related changes

b. cohort effects

c. age-related changes

d. control groups

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Longitudinal Research Design

Difficulty Level: Medium

106. Sequential research designs combine the best features of which two types of research?

a. correlational and experimental

b. observation and self-reporting

c. observation and experimental

d. cross-sectional and longitudinal

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sequential Research Design

Difficulty Level: Easy

107. What type of research design assesses multiple cohorts over time?

a. cross-sectional

b. longitudinal

c. sequential

d. experimental

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sequential Research Designs

Difficulty Level: Easy

108. When conducting research, investigators are guided by the determination of what is right and wrong, which is called ______.

a. ethical principles

b. research integrity

c. participant autonomy

d. scientific beneficence

Learning Objective: 1.5: Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Hard

109. The dual responsibilities to do good and not do harm when conducting research are beneficence and ______.

a. responsibility

b. integrity

c. justice

d. nonmaleficence

Learning Objective: 1.5: Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Medium

110. Which ethical principle requires scientists to be accurate, honest, and truthful in their work?

a. integrity

b. responsibility

c. justice

d. beneficence

Learning Objective: 1.5: Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Easy

111. Scientists must balance the benefits of research against the ______.

a. resources available

b. desired results

c. possible harm

d. effective methods

Learning Objective: 1.5: Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Hard

112. Which ethical principle means that the benefits and risks of participation in research must be spread equally across individuals and groups?

a. beneficence

b. autonomy

c. integrity

d. justice

Learning Objective: 1.5: Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Easy

113. Which term refers to a participant’s ability to make and implement decisions?

a. beneficence

b. autonomy

c. integrity

d. justice

Learning Objective: 1.5: Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Easy

114. Which term means knowledgeable, rational, and voluntary agreement from study participants?

a. beneficence

b. informed consent

c. autonomy

d. verbal consent

Learning Objective: 1.5: Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Easy

115. A child’s agreement to participate in research is called ______.

a. beneficence

b. approval

c. consent

d. assent

Learning Objective: 1.5: Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Easy

116. Which individual is able to give consent to participate in a research study?

a. Ava, who is a stressed college senior

b. Nancy, who is severely developmentally delayed

c. Corey, who has early onset dementia

d. Michael, who is starting kindergarten

Learning Objective: 1.5: Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Hard

117. Prior to beginning any study, Professor Clark’s research team carefully explains the research to potential participants, answers questions, and helps them to determine if the study is right for them. Professor Clark and his team are showing respect for participants’ ______.

a. integrity

b. autonomy

c. beneficence

d. justice

Learning Objective: 1.5: Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Hard

118. Who can provide consent for a minor child to be part of a research study?

a. scientist

b. another participant

c. doctor

d. parent

Learning Objective: 1.5: Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Medium

119. Which situation can impair an adult’s capacity to provide informed consent?

a. stress

b. exhaustion

c. traumatic brain injury

d. hunger

Learning Objective: 1.5: Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Medium

120. Confidentiality means that study participants have the right to ______.

a. be informed about the purpose of the research

b. have their identity concealed

c. be informed of the results of the research

d. have protection from harm

Learning Objective: 1.5: Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Researchers agree that development ends in adulthood.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is Lifespan Human Development?

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. The individual’s physical and social environment, including family, neighborhood, country, culture, and historical time period, is referred to as context.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Development Is Multidimensional

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The brain loses its ability to adapt to sensory experiences during the aging process.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Development Is Multidirectional

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Many existing theories and research on human development are based on Western samples.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Development Is Influenced by Multiple Contexts

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Age-graded influences are mostly unpredictable.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Development Is Influenced by Multiple Contexts

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. A continuous view of development emphasizes gradual and steady changes.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Continuities and Discontinuities in Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Taking an active role in development means being aware of influences in the surrounding environment.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Individuals are Active in Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. A researcher who believes that heredity, maturational processes, and evolution are primarily responsible for development emphasizes nurture over nature.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Nature and Nurture Influence Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Today’s developmental scientists tend to emphasize nurture as an influence on prefer to people grow and change throughout life.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nature and Nurture Influence Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. In contrast to information processing theory, Piaget believed that the mind works in ways similar to a computer.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Vygotsky’s theory emphasizes the importance of culture in children’s cognitive development.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. According to Bronfenbrenner’s theory, one’s family, peers, and school are part of the macrosystem.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Ethology is the scientific study of the evolutionary basis of behavior and its survival value.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Watching school-age children play at recess and noting instances of aggressive behavior for later analysis is called naturalistic observation.

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Observational Measures

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Correlational and experimental research both use control to determine causal relationships among variables or factors.

And: F

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research Designs

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. An experiment must include both a dependent and an independent variable.

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Experimental Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Dr. Ellis was interested in peer relationships and so he studied 1st, 2nd, and 3rd graders in the fall, winter, spring, and summer. Dr. Ellis was using a longitudinal research design.

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sequential Research Design

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Development scientists must avoid conflicts of interest, especially while conducting research studies.

Learning Objective: 1.5: Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. One ethical guideline that a researcher must adhere to is respect for his participants’ autonomy, or ability to make and implement their own decisions.

Learning Objective: 1.5: Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. A child who is 17 years old is able to give consent to be in a research study.

Learning Objective: 1.5: Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. List the nine life stages of human development.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is Lifespan Human Development?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Provide an example of how your current cohort (or generation) differs from that of your parents or grandparents.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Development Is Influenced by Multiple Contexts

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Explain the difference between continuous and discontinuous development, and give an example of each.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Continuities and Discontinuities in Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Give an example of how you actively participate in your lifespan development.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Individuals are Active in Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. List the four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Explain why information processing theory includes many theories.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Information Processing Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Briefly describe what a case study is, and why it is important for research.

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Case Study

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Describe the four steps used in the scientific method.

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Scientific Method

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Explain why researchers need to be mindful that they are not only responsible to their participants but also to society at large.

Learning Objective: 1.5: Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. List five ethical principles that guide developmental scientists’ work.

Learning Objective: 1.5 Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. List three areas of development that illustrate that human lifespan development is multidimensional. Describe how these areas relate to each other.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Outline five principles of the lifespan developmental perspective.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Development Is Multidimensional

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Describe three examples that show nature and nurture can interact to influence development.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Explain three theoretical controversies about human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Nature and Nurture Influence Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Think about your own developmental experiences to this point. Which human development theory or theories do you most agree with, and why? Which theory or theories do you find less appealing, and why? Provide several examples from your own development to explain why you selected one theory (or several theories) over the others.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Summarize five theoretical perspectives on human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application | Analysis

Answer Location: Theoretical Perspectives on Human Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Think about an interesting topic related to the study of lifespan human development, and the steps needed to plan a research study. First, identify the topic. Next, describe the research design that would best fit the topic; include why the research design is the best fit. Finally, describe the method or methods of data collection. Be sure to mention the strengths and limitations associated with each method.

Learning Objective: 1.4: Describe the methods and research designs used to study human development.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application and Analysis

Answer Location: Research in Human Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Think about an interesting topic related to the study of lifespan human development, and the steps needed to plan a research study. Identify the topic, describe the steps to plan the research study, and describe the ethical considerations that need to be included.

Learning Objective: 1.5: Discuss the ethical responsibilities of researchers to protect their participants.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application and Analysis

Answer Location: Research Ethics

Difficulty Level: Hard