Ch2 Theoretical Approaches To Studying Human Full Test Bank - Contemp. Human Sexuality 1e | Test Bank Pukall by Caroline Pukall. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 2: Theoretical Approaches to Studying Human Sexuality
Test Bank
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 01
1. What issue arose from Sigmund Freud's ideas about sex?
a) Sex became a more taboo topic.
b) His theories incorrectly identified psychosocial problems.
c) His theories caused sexual dysfunctions to be looked down on by the medical community.
d) His theories pathologized adults, especially females.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 02
2. What is one evolutionary explanation for homosexual behaviour?
a) Homosexuals are less likely to help biological relatives with their survival needs.
b) Homosexuals help biological relatives with their survival needs.
c) Homosexuals adopt unrelated children who often times grow up to reproduce.
d) In the past, groups of people could not sustain large numbers of offspring so homosexuality was necessary.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 03
3. The early modern era was a time of great scientific breakthroughs related to sex and sexuality, particularly with the discoveries of sperm cells and eggs, as well as the studies of mate selection. What perspectives were the most important and scientifically rigorous in advancing knowledge about sexuality at this time?
a) sociological and cultural perspectives
b) physical and environmental perspectives
c) biological and evolutionary perspectives
d) statistical and pathological perspectives
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 04
4. According to Vasey and VanderLaan, what is a possible adaptive advantage of same-sex sexual orientation?
a) inclusive fitness
b) fixation
c) self-efficacy
d) none of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 05
5. Who was the first theorist to present a theory of human psychosexual development?
a) William Masters
b) John Harvey Kellogg
c) Sigmund Freud
d) Alfred Kinsey
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 06
6. Dr. Hamish is conducting an experiment to see if religious affiliation affects the frequency of sex between married partners. What aspect of the research project is the prediction that religious affiliation affects the frequency of sexual encounters?
a) the hypothesis
b) the theory
c) the psychodynamic theory
d) the conclusion
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 07
7. Which of the following is NOT a feature of scientific theory?
a) It provides absolute truths about human sexual behaviour.
b) It organizes, self-corrects, and generates knowledge.
c) It communicates about sexuality.
d) It develops research ideas and methods.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 08
8. Which theory is best for studying human sexuality?
a) Human sexuality is complex and no one theory can capture all aspects.
b) Evolutionary psychology has been proven to be the best theoretical orientation for capturing the wide range of sexual expression among humans.
c) Sociobiology is grounded in empirical evidence and therefore provides the best insight into human sexual behaviour.
d) Social constructionist views can predict human behaviour based on cultural norms and therefore offer the best scientific theory.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 09
9. Which of the following is NOT part of an individual's personality, according to Freud?
a) id
b) superego
c) ego
d) libidinal energy
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 10
10. According to Freud's view of personality, which of the following would be responsible for sexual desire?
a) the id and the ego
b) the id
c) the ego and the superego
d) the ego
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 11
11. Psychic energy associated with mental desires and drives is known as ___________.
a) erogenous energy
b) castration anxiety
c) motivational factors
d) libidinal energy
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 12
12. Which term was NOT coined by Sigmund Freud?
a) castration anxiety
b) electra complex
c) Oedipus complex
d) penis envy
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 13
13. Areas of the body that have heightened sensitivity associated with erotic touch are known as __________.
a) phallic zones
b) erogenous zones
c) fixation zones
d) libidinal zones
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 14
14. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, in what stage is a boy between the age of about six and puberty?
a) phallic stage
b) anal stage
c) oral stage
d) latency stage
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 15
15. Freud's superego is most closely associated with which of the following?
a) social norms learned throughout a lifetime
b) biological urges
c) individual personality
d) the unconscious
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 16
16. Jimmy has trouble with delaying gratification. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, in which stage did he have trouble developing?
a) latency stage
b) oral stage
c) phallic stage
d) genital stage
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 17
17. What is one major criticism of Freud's psychodynamic theory?
a) It is falsifiable.
b) It is not falsifiable.
c) It was developed before any research on the physiology of sex had been conducted.
d) It was developed by a man.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 18
18. Which process is most associated with Ivan Pavlov's famous work with dogs?
a) operant conditioning
b) classical conditioning
c) the dual control model of sexuality
d) biological theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 19
19. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, at puberty, boys reach which stage?
a) genital stage
b) phallic stage
c) anal stage
d) oral stage
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 20
20. Jessica is obsessed with cleaning her apartment and making sure that everything is always in order. She has great difficulty maintaining a romantic relationship because she gets frustrated that she cannot control her partner's behaviours. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, Jessica likely did not successfully pass through which stage of development?
a) oral stage
b) latency stage
c) anal stage
d) phallic stage
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 21
21. Jules is in sex therapy for his obsession with bananas in the bedroom. He has been instructed to imagine becoming sexually aroused by his unwanted or problematic fetish; when he actually becomes aroused, he is then instructed to smell ammonia salt capsules, which will make him feel extremely nauseated. Which approach is being used in this treatment?
a) aversion therapy
b) conversion therapy
c) mere exposure therapy
d) classical conditioning
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 22
22. Which of the following was a major contribution attributed to Sigmund Freud?
a) He was one of the first to highlight the importance of childhood sexuality in relation to personality development.
b) He presented one of the most egalitarian theories for men and women.
c) He discovered the importance of natural selection in determining one's mate preferences.
d) He was one of the first people to understand the role of womb development in relation to sexual development.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 23
23. Which approach to human sexuality in Chapter 2 has been challenged for not being falsifiable, and therefore not actually a theory?
a) Bandura's social learning theory
b) Pavlov's classical conditioning
c) Freud's psychodynamic theory
d) Skinner's operant conditioning
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 24
24. Which of Freud's assertions has been completely refuted?
a) A child can experience fixation if his or her libidinal energy is blocked during development.
b) In order to sexually mature, women must move from clitoral to vaginal orgasm.
c) An individual's personality is divided into the id, the ego, and the superego.
d) Children between six years of age and puberty undergo the latency stage.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 25
25. In operant conditioning, sex is ___________.
a) fun
b) a primary reinforcer
c) a punishment
d) paired stimulus
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 26
26. Pavlov described his theory of classical conditioning when he paired a ringing bell (__________) with his dogs' food (the unconditioned stimulus). Initially, the dogs would salivate at the sight of the food (the unconditioned response) but not in the response to the sound of the bell. However, with repeated presentation of both the bell and the food at the same time, the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell (___________), even when the food was not present.
a) the neutral stimulus; the conditioned response
b) the positive reinforcement; the unconditioned stimulus
c) the conditioned stimulus; the unconditioned response
d) the conditioned stimulus; the neutral response
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 27
27. In Daryl Bem's "exotic becomes erotic" theory, same-sex sexual orientation can develop when children engage more in activities typical of the opposite gender, causing which of the following?
a) The same-sex gender is viewed as exotic, and children are attracted to their opposites.
b) The same-sex gender is viewed as exotic, and therefore acts as a source of non-specific arousal that can be interpreted as romantic attraction.
c) The opposite-sex gender is viewed as exotic, and therefore no attraction would develop.
d) The opposite-sex gender is viewed as exotic, and therefore becomes a source of non-specific arousal that would not be interpreted as romantic attraction.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 28
28. Operant conditioning may be related to sexual behaviour in which of the following ways?
a) Sex is a primary reinforcer.
b) People develop fetishes when items are associated with sexual arousal.
c) Sex is a secondary reinforcer.
d) Orgasm is an unconditioned response.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 29
29. Which type of sex therapy often has a strong educational element and uses behavioural rehearsal to increase successful outcomes?
a) classical conditioning
b) behavioural therapy
c) operant conditioning
d) motivational therapy
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 30
30. In Daryl Bem's (1996) theory of the origins of homosexual feelings, what is the term for non-specific arousal in the presence of a same-sex peer?
a) an unconditioned response
b) an unconditioned stimulus
c) a conditioned response
d) a conditioned stimulus
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 31
31. Which theory uses the principles of operant conditioning but also recognizes the importance of social context and environmental factors and posits that human behaviour is learned by observing other people's behaviours, attitudes, and outcomes?
a) social exchange theory
b) cognitive theory
c) social learning theory
d) sociobiology theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 32
32. Research by social learning theorists has found that a person's thoughts about losing their virginity can either increase or decrease their sense of what?
a) sexual identity
b) sexual self-efficacy
c) gender identity
d) dyspareunia
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 33
33. After learning about condom use in sex education class, Marillia goes home and practices using a condom. Practicing using a condom increases Marillia's confidence until it is used in a real-life situation. After using condoms successfully a number of times, Marillia feels very confident in her ability to use condoms and could potentially teach others about them. Marilla's belief that she can use condoms is best described as ___________.
a) self-loathing
b) self-proclaimed ability
c) self-reliance
d) self-efficacy
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 34
34. In a coupled relationship, one partner feels as though they are contributing more to the relationship and the other partner is reaping all the benefits. The partner who feels they are contributing more becomes unhappy and seeks additional rewards outside of the relationship in an attempt to re-establish a balance. This is an example of __________.
a) social learning theory
b) social cultural influences
c) social exchange theory
d) social mores
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 35
35. Cognitive theories are associated with a number of researchers who describe how our thinking affects how we feel and behave. These theories recognize that our thoughts are subject to a number of misconceptions, distortions, false assumptions, and errors in evaluating situations or information. These errors can result in __________.
a) distress
b) psychological disorders
c) inappropriate or harmful behaviours
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 36
36. Social exchange theories explain behaviour in sexual relationships by suggesting partners consider which of the following?
a) costs and benefits
b) the self-efficacy of their partner
c) what other people do in relationships and copying it
d) the social status of their partner and trying to maximize it
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 37
37. What is dyspareunia?
a) pelvic pain during intercourse experienced by some women
b) the experience of feeling that the costs in a relationship outweigh the benefits
c) a common cause of premature ejaculation in men
d) the word for when a person is disappointed with the loss of their virginity
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 38
38. Dr. Maruk is a sex therapist who tries to uncover her clients' misconceptions in the hopes that correcting misconceptions can help them. To which perspective is Dr. Maruk most likely to ascribe?
a) psychoanalytic theory
b) social learning theory
c) social exchange theory
d) cognitive theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 39
39. According to social exchange theory, when is an individual more likely to stay in a relationship?
a) when the comparison levels for alternatives are low
b) when the comparison levels for alternatives are high
c) when the comparison levels are high
d) when the comparison levels are low
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 40
40. Ruoshan has been in a relationship with Kevin for several years, but Kevin recently lost his job and hasn't been actively searching for new employment. He also hasn't helped out more around the house. Ruoshan is considering ending the relationship. Which theory is coming into play here?
a) sociobiological theory
b) social exchange theory
c) sociological theory
d) social script theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 41
41. Katelyn has trouble reaching orgasm when she has sexual intercourse. She perceives this as a failure on her part, and becomes less and less interested in having sex. Which theory might help to explain this?
a) self-efficacy
b) sociobiological theory
c) social-learning theory
d) cognitive theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 42
42. Joanne experiences pain in her vagina during every sexual intercourse. What might she be suffering from?
a) mucosa
b) dyspareunia
c) amenorrhea
d) endometriosis
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 43
43. Timothy has sparse body hair, a lanky build, and is infertile. Which of the following theories is most likely to explain his infertility?
a) genetic theory
b) sociobiological theory
c) evolutionary theory
d) cognitive theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 44
44. Studies examining genetic factors related to sexuality have found what trend in the concordance rate of same-sex sexual attraction between identical twins and fraternal twins?
a) The concordance rate for identical twins was about 30 per cent higher than for fraternal twins.
b) The concordance rate for identical twins was about 20 per cent higher than for fraternal twins.
c) The concordance rate for identical twins was about 50 per cent higher than for fraternal twins.
d) The concordance rate for identical twins was about 10 per cent lower than for fraternal twins.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 45
45. Individuals with Klinefelter's syndrome, which is characterized by sparse body hair and broader than average hips, have which combination of sex-linked chromosomes?
a) XYY
b) XXY
c) XO
d) YY
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 46
46. Which theory of human sexuality would use a study of twins to determine the concordance rates of same-sex sexual orientation?
a) genetic theory
b) sociobiological theory
c) social learning theory
d) dual control model of sexuality
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 47
47. Sociobiological theory is the application of which of the following to explain social behaviours?
a) biochemistry
b) brain structures
c) evolutionary biology
d) morphology
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 48
48. Which term refers to a specific evolutionary process favouring traits that allow a member of a sex to out-perform another member of the same sex for sexual partners?
a) intrasexual competition
b) intersexual selection
c) sexual selection
d) sexual strategy
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 49
49. Which process is at work when a female peacock picks the most colourful male to mate with?
a) intrasexual selection
b) sexual strategy
c) intersexual selection
d) mating assessment
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 50
50. Theorists who support the dual control model of sexuality suggest that which of the following are the best predictors of current and lifetime sexual satisfaction in women?
a) olfactory issues
b) excitatory factors
c) inhibitory factors
d) religious beliefs
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 51
51. Competition between members of the same sex for access to breeding with a member of the opposite sex is known as ___________.
a) sexual selection
b) natural selection
c) interpersonal selection
d) intrasexual competition
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 52
52. In sociobiology theory, who invests more time in the reproductive process?
a) males
b) females
c) both males and females equally
d) Neither males nor females invest time in this phenomena.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 53
53. What is the application of evolutionary theories to understand emotional and psychological processes, mainly in human beings?
a) sociological theory
b) genetic theory
c) psychological theory
d) evolutionary psychology
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 54
54. In a species of bird where there are significant physical differences between males and females, which of the following is true?
a) Both the males and females participate equally in rearing offspring.
b) Males are rarely or never involved in rearing offspring.
c) Males guard the offspring of multiple female partners.
d) Males only help rear male offspring.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 55
55. Which theory of human sexuality would determine mate selection based on sexual strategies such as the likelihood of a mate to produce healthy offspring?
a) psychodynamic theory
b) social exchange theory
c) sociobiological theory
d) dual control model of sexuality
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 56
56. Why do male peacocks have vibrant plumage?
a) because of intrasexual selection
b) because of intersexual selection
c) for flight
d) to scare away rival birds
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 57
57. Which theory of human sexuality suggests that each person's sexual responses involve an interaction between sexual excitatory and sexual inhibitory neurobiological processes?
a) dual control model of sexuality
b) psychodynamic theory
c) social exchange theory
d) sociobiological theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 58
58. What does the evolutionary theory, applied in the dual control model of sexuality, say about gender and sexual inhibition?
a) Women exhibit a greater propensity toward sexual inhibition and men towards excitation.
b) Women exhibit a greater propensity toward sexual excitation and men towards inhibition.
c) Women and men exhibit equal propensity toward sexual excitation and inhibition.
d) Women exhibit a greater propensity toward sexual excitation during menstruation, but their male partners experience inhibition at those times.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 59
59. Abby is concerned that her family religion is different from her current partner's. Her family and their religious background are very important to her, and she believes that she may not be able to commit to her partner because of their differing religious beliefs. Which theory of human sexuality best explains Abby's situation?
a) dual control model of human sexuality
b) sociological theory
c) psychodynamic theory
d) social exchange theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 60
60. The influence of kinship and religion on sexual behaviour can be explained by which theory?
a) sociological theory
b) dual process theory
c) sociobiological theory
d) psychodynamic theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 61
61. What is one key feature of the dual control model of sexuality?
a) It attempts to combine biological and psychological theories in one unified theory of sexual behaviour.
b) It contradicts years of research aimed at the influence of sociocultural factors on sexual behaviour.
c) It builds on Freud's notion of psychosocial sexual development to bring to light new information about childhood sexuality.
d) It is rarely useful in the clinical setting and can therefore be applied to a theoretically-driven approach to human sexuality.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 62
62. Which of the following may be a sexual inhibitory factor for a woman?
a) agreeable sexual power dynamics
b) concern over sexual functioning
c) olfactory factors
d) agreeable situational factors
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 63
63. In Quebec, common-law marriage is more commonly viewed as an acceptable institution for regulating sexuality than other parts of Canada. Which theory may help to explain this phenomenon?
a) social exchange theory
b) sexual script theory
c) sexual strategies theory
d) sociological theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 64
64. Which of the following scenarios would most likely be stated by someone applying the social script theory of sexual behaviour?
a) Juan's preference for submissive women in sexual relationships is the result of a history where heterosexual men controlled what developed into a cultural norm.
b) Paige's dissatisfaction with her sex life is the result of rigid sexual conventions.
c) Ulrich prefers multiple sexual partners in order to increase the likelihood that his genes will be passed on.
d) Tim's erectile dysfunction is the result of anxiety about not performing sexually.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 65
65. Which theory would suggest that women in China are at a distinct advantage in selecting a mate because they are underrepresented and can therefore choose the mate that best fits their optimal partner?
a) sexual strategies theory
b) social exchange theory
c) dual control model of sexuality
d) sociobiological theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 66
66. What did Wentland and Reissing find when they studied attitudes about casual sexual relationships among university aged men and women?
a) Men and women had different definitions of casual relationships.
b) Men and women had similar definitions for all types of casual sexual encounters.
c) What women considered an attempt at assessing a mate for a long-term relationship men considered a "booty call."
d) Women would consider a long-term relationship with men they had had casual sex with repeatedly while men would not.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 67
67. Based on results of Wentland and Reissing's 2011 study of the sexual strategies theory in casual sexual interactions, what would young women most likely look for in their male one-night-stand partners?
a) the ability to satisfy them sexually
b) the ability to pay for dinner and buy them gifts
c) their suitability as a father of their children
d) the ability to defend them from other men
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 68
68. Which of the following is NOT a tenet of a sexual strategies theory?
a) Men and women pursue short-term mating and long-term mating when reproduction benefits outweigh costs.
b) Men and women choose partners based on values of institutions such as family and religion.
c) The adaptive problems that men must solve are different from those that women must solve because of differences in reproduction opportunities and constraints.
d) Men and women evolved specific psychological mechanisms to solve problems associated with short-term and long-term mating.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 69
69. Sexual theorists believe that the low birth rate in Quebec compared to the rest of Canada is the result of what?
a) Quebecers' concerns about having children with someone to whom they may be related
b) better job security for women of childbearing ages
c) inability of women in Quebec to demand the same amount of support from the father of a child born out of wedlock as women in other parts of Canada
d) a rejection of the culture of the Catholic Church following the "Quiet Revolution" that took place in the 1960s
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 70
70. In which Canadian province are common-law unions most common?
a) Ontario
b) Quebec
c) British Columbia
d) Alberta
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 71
71. Raelyn and Abbas were out on their first date. About halfway through their date at an ice skating rink, Raelyn leaned over and kissed Abbas on the cheek and I said "I love you." Abbas was taken aback and did not know how to respond. Abbas ended the date as quickly as possible and never spoke to Raelyn again. Which theory best explains Abbas' reaction?
a) dual control model of human sexuality
b) social script theory
c) psychodynamic theory
d) social exchange theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 72
72. What is one potential drawback of rigid sexual scripts in long-term relationships?
a) low satisfaction
b) boredom
c) difficulties with arousal and desire
d) all of the above
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 73
73. Ardene has gone on a few dates with Ravi, but after a date he suddenly tries to touch her crotch through her jeans, and they haven't even kissed yet. Why might Ardene be put off by this?
a) They should have discussed it first.
b) It is invasive.
c) It doesn't follow a typical sexual script.
d) She didn't indicate in any way that she was interested in having sex yet.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 74
74. People grounded in feminist theories are most likely to raise objections to what practice in Western societies?
a) male circumcision
b) cosmetic vulvar surgery
c) the face-to-face position
d) evolutionary theories of mate selection
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 75
75. Overreliance on Viagra for treating male erectile dysfunction could be an example of which trend that feminist researchers and clinicians warn about?
a) the sterilization of sexuality
b) penis envy
c) the medicalization of sexuality
d) the Oedipus complex
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 76
76. Which of the following scenarios would most likely be stated by someone applying feminist theory to sexual behaviour?
a) Jane's beliefs about sexual roles are the result of the sexual preferences of heterosexual males.
b) Mark and Amy's relationship is largely influenced by predefined, culturally recognizable sequences of behaviours.
c) Jake's sexual behaviour is the result of mating problems faced by his ancestors.
d) Kate's avoidance of sexual activity is the result of her false assumptions about what is "normal."
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 77
77. Which theoretical perspective would approach the treatment of premature ejaculation by focusing on the pleasure of pleasing a partner to reinforce learning techniques to control and/or delay ejaculation?
a) operant conditioning
b) classical conditioning
c) social learning theory
d) feminist theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 78
78. Which theoretical perspective would approach the treatment of premature ejaculation by increasing sexual self-efficacy by exploring sexuality in general and expectancies about erectile performance in particular?
a) the dual process perspective
b) the cognitive perspective
c) the social learning perspective
d) the biological perspective
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 79
79. Which perspective would argue that premature ejaculation is the result of a problem in the power relationship between the man and his female partner(s)?
a) the feminist perspective
b) the social learning perspective
c) the evolutionary perspective
d) the sexual script perspective
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 80
80. In a clinical setting, how might a practitioner who is grounded in feminist theory treat an individual who has problems with the power dynamic of a relationship between a man and woman?
a) by focusing on sexuality beyond intercourse; examining and resolving power issues in the relationship
b) by expanding the couple's sexual repertoire
c) by prescribing serotonin re-uptake inhibitors or other antidepressants
d) by increasing sexual self-efficacy through exploring sexuality in general and expectancies about the relationship
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 81
81. In a clinical setting, how would a therapist grounded in a classical conditioning framework treat someone with ejaculatory delay issues?
a) by engaging in psychoanalysis to bring to consciousness the source of underlying problem
b) by examining thoughts that bring about the progression of arousal; identifying which cognitive processes are involved in the early ejaculation
c) by expanding the sexual repertoire
d) by learning techniques to control and delay ejaculation
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 82
82. A sexual script theorist who believed that premature ejaculation was the result of a fixation on vaginal penetration may recommend which of the following as the best way to approach the problem?
a) prescribing Viagra
b) exploring other sexual activities other than penetration
c) focusing on pleasing the partner and not worrying about performance
d) learning to delay ejaculation
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 83
83. John has problems with premature ejaculation. His therapist believes it is because John cares only for his orgasm and not his partner's. Which theoretical orientation is this therapist using?
a) classical conditioning
b) cognitive
c) social learning
d) operant conditioning
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 84
84. Which of the following is NOT a reason why theories are important in the study of sexuality?
a) Theories help us communicate about topics that are often considered private, sensitive, and value-laden.
b) Theories help researchers come up with predictions.
c) Theories can be tested, refuted, and built upon.
d) Theories provide easy, fixed solutions for sexual therapists to quickly classify all patients' problems.
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 85
85. Which of the following terms best suggests that there are specific sequences of behaviours that, based on societal beliefs and values, individuals consider appropriate for particular sexual situations?
a) sociological theory
b) traditional sexual script
c) sexual strategies
d) sexual selection
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 86
86. ________ ________ theory was used as the framework to investigate intrinsic and extrinsic sexual motivation and posits that humans have three basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and psychological relatedness).
a) Social script
b) Dual control
c) Self determination
d) Social exchange
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 87
87. Which theory best offers a theoretical framework to critically examine research and ideas by highlighting that identities and experiences are not fixed and categorical?
a) queer theory
b) feminist theory
c) social script theory
d) cognitive theory
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 88
88. According to Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development, the repression of sexual feelings is most likely to happen in the ________ stage.
a) phallic
b) anal
c) genital
d) latency
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 89
89. A person who identifies as ________ may have little to no interest in engaging in sexual activity with others.
a) queer
b) biphobic
c) asexual
d) homosexual
Type: multiple choice question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 90
90. ________ is the process of coming to accept for oneself a particular sexual and/or gender identity label.
a) Self-identification
b) Coming out
c) Identity disclosure
d) Conforming
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 01
1. Dr. Glick has a patient who is bothered by a sexual fetish related to women's shoes. Dr. Glick asks the patient to imagine the shoes until the patient is aroused and then presents the patient with ammonia (smelling salts). Dr. Glick is using ________ ________ to treat the client.
Feedback: classical conditioning
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 02
2. Maya is in a relationship with Jake and although she doesn't like that he plays a lot of video games, she enjoys their sexual relationship, doesn't like being single, and doesn't know many other single men. According to social exchange theory, Maya is staying in the relationship because her comparison level for alternatives is ________.
Feedback: low
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 03
3. Social exchange theories that explain sexual behaviour use the term ________ ________ to refer to what a person expects to get out of the relationship versus what they put into it.
Feedback: comparison level
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 04
4. According to ________ ________ theory, the two reproductive constraints on women when considering short-term mates are extracting resources immediately and assessing prospective long-term mates.
Feedback: sexual strategies
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 05
5. ________ selection/competition can account for male deer having antlers.
Feedback: Intrasexual
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 06
6. ________ ________ theory explains sexual behaviour as being tied to self-efficacy.
Feedback: Social learning
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 07
7. Common-law marriages are most prevalent in the province of ________.
Feedback: Quebec
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 08
8. According to Sigmund Freud, boys have castration anxiety, and girls have ________ ________, now called the Electra complex.
Feedback: penis envy
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 09
9. Genital and/or pelvic pain during or after sexual activity is known as ________.
Feedback: dyspareunia
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 10
10. A person who identifies with the gender they were assigned at birth can be described as ________.
Feedback: cisgender
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 11
11. Amy thinks that her research study will show that men are more accepting of casual sex than women. Amy's prediction is her research ________.
Feedback: hypothesis
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 12
12. According to Freud, children who are gaining bowel and bladder control are in the ________ stage of psychosexual development.
Feedback: anal
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 13
13. The theory that dreams contain repressed memories is problematic because it is not ________.
Feedback: falsifiable
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 14
14. Social learning theory posits that sexual behaviour develops from ________ others.
Feedback: observing
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 15
15. Dr. Mann believes that dyspareunia results from a woman thinking she is an inadequate lover. Dr. Mann supports a ________ theory of dyspareunia.
Feedback: cognitive
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 16
16. Female birds' preference for mates with the brightest plumage is an example of ________ selection.
Feedback: intersexual
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 17
17. The dual control model of sexuality proposes that sexual responses result from an interaction between excitatory and ________ neurobiological processes.
Feedback: inhibitory
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 18
18. The ________ model is a framework used to understand how personal, relationship, and environmental factors interact and influence each other.
Feedback: ecological
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 19
19. According to the ecological model, a relationship partner is part of an individual's ________.
Feedback: microsystem
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 20
20. Theories that attempt to understand human behaviour by focusing on thought processes are called ________ ________.
Feedback: cognitive theories
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 21
21. The concordance rate of same-sex sexual attraction was higher for ________ twins when compared to ________ twins.
Feedback: identical; fraternal
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 22
22. ________ selection is the evolutionary process in which organisms best adapted to their environment are most likely to survive and reproduce.
Feedback: Natural
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 23
23. One of the tenets of ________ ________ theory is that men dedicate more time to short term mating than women because of asymmetry in parental investment.
Feedback: sexual strategies
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 24
24. ________ theory often focuses on the inequalities of men's and women's relationships and their effects on women's sexuality.
Feedback: Feminist
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 25
25. Sam supports that all notions of gender, sexual orientation, and sexual behaviour are socially constructed and embedded within society. Sam's ideology best fits with ________ theory.
Feedback: queer
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 26
26. The Samoan fa'afafine are birth-assigned as ________.
Feedback: male
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 27
27. Bem's "exotic becomes erotic" theory is an example of how ________ conditioning can be used to explain sexual orientation.
Feedback: classical
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 01
1. How can classical conditioning be used to treat people with unwanted sexual fetishes?
Feedback: A therapist can ask an individual to think about the unwanted fetish until he or she becomes sexually aroused, and then, once the individual is aroused, present him or her with an unpleasant stimulus (e.g., ammonia) or encourage him or her to think about unpleasant consequences such as incarceration. Ideally the individual will learn to associate the fetish with unpleasant emotions and the urge to seek out the fetish item will be reduced.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 02
2. Describe Daryl Bem's hypothesis about the cause of sexual orientation.
Feedback: Bem's hypothesis is known as "exotic becomes erotic." In his hypothesis, some children choose to play with children of the opposite sex, making children of the same sex seem "exotic" and unfamiliar. These exotic same-sex peers become a source of non-specific arousal, which is then interpreted as erotic and/or romantic attraction. The non-specific arousal is linked to the same-sex peer and through the process of classical conditioning, the same-sex peer eventually becomes a source of sexual arousal.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 03
3. Describe each of the two sexual strategies available to males according to evolutionary psychology.
Feedback: Males do not need to invest much energy to pass on their genes. However, there are two different ways to ensure that those genes are passed on to future generations. A male can either reproduce with many females, knowing there is a high probability that at least some offspring will survive, or a male can produce fewer offspring but participate in protecting those offspring, ensuring that his genes are passed on that way.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 04
4. Discuss the results of Wentland and Reissing's (2011) research into the nature of short-term sexual behaviour in males compared to females and the implications of these results on sexual strategies theory (SST).
Feedback: The only gender difference that the researchers observed was in the terminology that (some) men used to refer to various sexual relationships. Men in the male-only group mentioned terms like dick 'em and dump 'em, hit it and quit it, and use 'em and lose 'em, whereas these terms were not mentioned by participants in the female-only group or the co-ed groups. In regard to the themes that were identified, there were no gender differences, and both genders identified the specific components that differentiate these casual sexual relationships—namely, frequency of contact, type of contact (sexual and/or social), personal disclosure, discussion of the relationship, and friendship. According to SST, one would expect that women view casual sex differently than men do. Yet Wentland and Reissing's study found that both male and female participants in all four groups were able to discuss the various scripts associated with each type of casual sexual relationship. Thus, women may not be assessing their casual sexual partners based on the immediate resources they supply (as predicted by SST), such as payment for dinner or tangible gifts; rather, they are more likely to assess these partners for their ability to engage in satisfactory sexual activity.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 05
5. Why is scientific theory important for studying human sexuality?
Feedback: Theory makes it possible for us to formally talk about sexuality and explain otherwise intensely personal or even secret physical and emotional events. Thanks to theory, things that are often considered taboo and that may elicit uncomfortable laughter can actually be researched and discussed in an academic manner. Theory also guides how researchers examine a topic, facilitates researchers' interpretation of results, and helps researchers come up with predictions, or hypotheses, that can then be tested through experimentation. Human sexual development, sexual identity, and sexual behaviours are very complex, universal human phenomena that are affected by biology, culture, thinking, learning, feeling, and an individual's particular history and circumstance.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 06
6. What is social exchange theory and what are the four components?
Feedback: Social exchange theory describes how, in any relationship, people try to maximize rewards and minimize costs. The theory is based on four components: the balance of costs and rewards, equity/equality, comparison level, and comparison level for alternatives (Byers & Wang, 2004). Within this theory, comparison level refers to what a person expects to get out of the relationship in comparison to what she or he puts into it, and comparison level for alternatives refers to how a person feels about the current relationship compared to other available options.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 07
7. What is the dual control model of sexuality and why is it promising to sexuality researchers?
Feedback: The dual control model of sexuality, developed by John Bancroft and Erick Janssen (2000) at the Kinsey Institute, suggests that each person's sexual responses involve an interaction between sexual excitatory and sexual inhibitory neurobiological processes. These processes have developed in human beings in response to evolutionarily adaptive pressures. It is a promising attempt to combine biological and psychological factors in a unified theory of sexuality. Researchers and clinicians are beginning to explore the clinical usefulness of the theory in relation to a variety of sexual problems (Bancroft, 2009).
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 08
8. What is a social script theory? Provide one example other than a first date.
Feedback: A theory based on the idea that our social interactions tend to follow, or are at least heavily influenced by, predefined, culturally recognizable sequences of behaviours. Examples will vary.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 09
9. In relation to social learning theory, how can the notion of self-efficacy be applied to the study of human sexuality?
Feedback: Bandura's term of self-efficacy can be applied as sexual self-efficacy, which refers to the level that one is sexually competent and capable. High levels of sexual self-efficacy have been associated with positive sexual adjustment and sexual satisfaction. Furthermore, those with low levels of sexual self-efficacy may have a risk of developing an impairment of sexual response.
Type: essay/short answer question
Title: Chapter 02 Question 10
10. What is sex in terms of operant conditioning? (Please do not describe the act itself!)
Feedback: In terms of operant conditioning, sex is both a primary reinforcer and a behaviour that can be shaped by rewards and punishments. A primary reinforcer is a powerful reward that is intrinsically satisfying. According to operant conditioning, sex is an innate phenomenon, but also something that can be learned.