Test Bank Answers Conducting Experiments Chapter.9

Chapter 09

Test Bank

1. Which of the following manipulate variables with instructions and stimulus presentations?A. staged manipulationsB. stimulus manipulationsC. physical manipulationsD. straightforward manipulationsAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Straightforward Manipulations2. Presenting participants with different versions of a videotaped confession to study their perceptions is an example of a(n) ________ manipulation.A. externally validB. straightforwardC. stagedD. learningAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Straightforward Manipulations3. Mr. Louise, a psychologist, wants to understand the effect of the physical attractiveness of drivers on the severity of punishment assigned to them in automobile accidents. The participants of his study are asked to read an account of an accident and also a description about the physical appearance of the defendant, but the descriptions of physical appearance of the defendant change between groups. They are then asked to assign a punishment to the defendant. In this scenario, the manipulation is most likely an example of a ________ manipulation.A. dependentB. straightforwardC. conjunctiveD. stagedAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Straightforward Manipulations4. Matt, a researcher, employs a confederate to drop a stack of papers in front of a person and a group of people. He then measures the amount of time it takes for the confederate to receive help in picking up the papers. This scenario best exemplifies a ________ manipulation.A. straightforwardB. conjunctiveC. dependentD. stagedAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Straightforward Manipulations5. Ralph, a researcher, employs a confederate to push into a queue at a grocery store checkout counter in front of a person who is second and then another person who is ninth in line. He then records the number of verbal responses toward the confederate at each instance, as a measure of aggression. The manipulation employed in this scenario is an example of a ________ manipulation.A. sequentialB. straightforwardC. dependentD. stagedAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Staged Manipulations6. In staged manipulations, a(n) ________ appears to be another participant in an experiment but is actually part of the manipulation.A. unmasked observerB. confederateC. arbitratorD. mediatorAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Staged Manipulations7. Identify a reason for using staged manipulation.A. to keep all extraneous variables under controlB. to simulate some situation that occurs in the real worldC. to manipulate a dependent variable with relative simplicityD. to create some physiological state in confederatesAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Staged Manipulations8. Event manipulations often involve the use ofA. confederates.B. stimulus presentations.C. videotapes.D. learning materials.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Staged Manipulations9. Which of the following is a key characteristic of straightforward manipulations?A. Situations that occur in the real world are simulated.B. An accomplice is usually employed while conducting experiments.C. Researchers are usually able to manipulate independent variables with relative simplicity by presenting written, verbal, or visual material to the participants.D. Researchers try to create a specific psychological state in the participants, such as frustration, anger, or a temporary lowering of self-esteem.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Straightforward Manipulations10. In the context of staged manipulations, a confederate is a person whoA. disrupts an experiment.B. decides to stop participating in a study on the basis of moral objections.C. attempts to dissuade participants from participating in an experiment.D. appears to be another participant in an experiment.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Staged Manipulations11. Which of the following is true of staged manipulations?A. They help researchers to submit their journal articles for exhaustive external review before being published.B. They are used to refrain existing participants from discussing a study with potential future participants.C. They are used to involve participants in an ongoing social situation that is perceived as a real experience.D. They provide opportunities for researchers to present their findings to other researchers and the public.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Staged Manipulations12. In the early stages of research, a ________ manipulation is particularly important, to demonstrate that a relationship exists between variables.A. weakB. costlyC. moderateD. strongAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Manipulation Strength13. In the context of staged manipulations, researchers assume thatA. these manipulations do not demand a great deal of ingenuity.B. the result will be natural behavior that truly reflects the feelings and intentions of the participants.C. these manipulations do not demand any complicated procedures.D. the results can be interpreted easily.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Staged Manipulations14. Phillipe, a researcher, examined the effect of lighting on learning. Randomly selected participants were asked to learn the same chapter using either a 100-watt or a 125-watt bulb. He found no difference between the learning capacities of the two groups. The nonsignificant results may have occurred because ofA. a costly measure of learning.B. the use of staged manipulations.C. selection differences.D. insufficient strength of the manipulation.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Manipulation Strength15. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered when someone tries to develop a strong manipulation?A. the external validity of the studyB. the ethical considerations of a strong manipulationC. the prior internal validity of the studyD. the cost of the manipulationAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Manipulation Strength16. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using the strongest manipulation possible in a research?A. It may create a situation very different from the real-world situation.B. It invalidates previously published research.C. It can cause a ceiling effect.D. It can result in nonsignificant findings.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Manipulation Strength17. In general, staged manipulations are ________ than straightforward manipulations.A. strongerB. more costlyC. less costlyD. weakerAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Cost of Manipulation18. The principle of using the strongest manipulation possible should be tempered when itA. is a double-blind experiment.B. is especially low-costC. creates extreme, unrealistic situations.D. causes extreme ceiling or floor effects.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Manipulation Strength19. When a researcher must choose whether to run participants individually or many at once for a manipulation, an important consideration is the ________ of the manipulation.A. ethical natureB. costC. popularityD. generalityAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable.Topic: Cost of Manipulation20. Measures in which participants must describe themselves are ________ measures.A. physiologicalB. self-reportC. behavioralD. indirectAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological.Topic: Self-Report21. In a shopping mall, a marketing researcher asks customers if they would prefer soda in a bottle or in a can. Their responses would be an example of a ________ measure.A. marketingB. psychologicalC. multipleD. self-reportAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological.Topic: Self-Report22. Professor Smith asks her students if they prefer an individual or a group research project. The responses she collects will be an example of a(n) ________ measure.A. self-reportB. behavioralC. physiologicalD. eventAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological.Topic: Self-Report23. A researcher who measures the speed of helping in response to a request is using a ________ measure.A. physiologicalB. self-reportC. reactiveD. behavioralAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological.Topic: Behavioral Measures24. Adam measures the amount of time two people spend gazing into each other's eyes as an indication of interpersonal attraction. In this scenario, Adam is most likely using a(n)A. self-report measure.B. physiological measure.C. behavioral measure.D. archival measure.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological.Topic: Behavioral Measures25. Saul, a researcher, offers a bowl of normal dog food and another bowl of vitamin-enriched dog food to his pet dog. He then records the amount of food consumed from each bowl to measure his pet dog's food preference. Saul has most likely used a ________ in this scenario.A. reactive measureB. self-report measureC. behavioral measureD. physiological measureAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological.Topic: Behavioral Measures26. Participants were asked to consume either 8, 16, 24, or 32 ounces of alcohol. They were then asked to recite the English alphabet as quickly as possible. In this scenario, the number of failed attempts it takes for the participants to correctly recite the alphabet will be an example of a ________ measure.A. self-reportB. reactiveC. physiologicalD. behavioralAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological.Topic: Behavioral Measures27. In the context of the types of measures, ________ measures are recordings of responses of the body.A. archivalB. self-reportC. physiologicalD. behavioralAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological.Topic: Physiological Measures28. The electromyogram and electroencephalogram are examples of ________ measures.A. self-reportB. physiologicalC. productiveD. behavioralAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological.Topic: Physiological Measures29. Which of the following statements is true regarding the electroencephalogram (EEG)?A. It is a measure of how long emotional arousal and anxiety persist after a stimulus has been removed.B. It measures muscle tension and is used as a measure of tension or stress.C. It is a measure of electrical activity of brain cells.D. It measures the electrical conductance of the skin.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological.Topic: Electroencephalogram30. In the context of physiological measures, the electromyogram is used to measureA. brain activity.B. emotional arousal.C. muscle tension.D. learning ability.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological.Topic: Electromyogram31. Dr. Norman studies the tension in a participant's neck muscles as the participant completes a strenuous physical task. Which of the following physiological measures is Dr. Norman likely to use?A. electroencephalogramB. electrocardiogramC. electromyogramD. galvanic skin responseAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological.Topic: Electromyogram32. Williams, a criminal investigator, measures a suspect's change in perspiration while being asked questions about a burglary case. In this scenario, which of the following physiological measures is used by the investigator?A. functional MRIB. electroencephalogramC. galvanic skin responseD. electromyogramAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological.Topic: Physiological Measures33. Which of the following allows researchers to scan areas of the brain while a research participant performs a physical or cognitive task?A. electromyogram (EMG)B. functional magnetic resonance imagery (fMRI)C. magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)D. electroencephalogram (EEG)APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological.Topic: Functional MRI34. Which of the following physiological measures is a researcher most likely to use to compare brain images of individuals with and without schizophrenia?A. electromyogramB. electroencephalogramC. magnetic resonance imageryD. galvanic skin responseAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological.Topic: MRI35. While Leo is performing a cognitive task, a researcher uses a physiological measure that scans various areas of Leo's brain. In this case, the researcher is most likely using a(n)A. functional MRI.B. electrocardiogram.C. electromyogram.D. galvanic skin response.APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological.Topic: Functional MRI36. What is the reason for using multiple measures?A. The order of presenting the measures need not be counterbalanced.B. Responding to the initial measures seldom affects responses on the later measures.C. A variable can be measured in a variety of concrete ways.D. It is less expensive and easy to implement.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological.Topic: Multiple Measures37. The issue of ________ is particularly important when measuring human performance.A. mentalityB. sensitivityC. physicalityD. productivityAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss sensitivity of a dependent variable, contrasting floor effects and ceiling effects.Topic: Sensitivity38. When an independent variable appears to have no effect on a dependent measure only because participants quickly reach the maximum performance level, it is known as a(n) ________ effect.A. floorB. orderC. performanceD. ceilingAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss sensitivity of a dependent variable, contrasting floor effects and ceiling effects.Topic: Ceiling Effect39. A researcher examines the effect of noise levels on reading comprehension. He finds that the participants who were tested received the highest scores for their comprehension irrespective of the noise levels. The results are most likely due to a ________ effect.A. ceilingB. fatigueC. floorD. performanceAPA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Discuss sensitivity of a dependent variable, contrasting floor effects and ceiling effects.Topic: Ceiling Effect40. Rachel wants to compare the math skills of boys and girls in the sixth grade. She administers a series of math problems to both the groups and asks them to solve as many problems as they can within a 15-minute time period. She finds that both the groups were able to answer only 20% of the problems. The results are most likely due to a ________ effect.A. floorB. performanceC. ceilingD. practiceAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Discuss sensitivity of a dependent variable, contrasting floor effects and ceiling effects.Topic: Floor Effect41. A floor effect can best be described as aA. situation in which two variables are correlated because a third, unknown variable is causing them both to correlate.B. problem that occurs when a task is so difficult that hardly anyone can perform it well.C. problem that occurs when participants try to look good by behaving in the most socially acceptable way.D. situation in which it is difficult to determine the causal relationship between two variables.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Discuss sensitivity of a dependent variable, contrasting floor effects and ceiling effects.Topic: Floor Effect42. Which of the following measures of a dependent variable is generally inexpensive?A. galvanic skin responseB. paper-and-pencil questionnaireC. video recording and editingD. functional MRIAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Discuss sensitivity of a dependent variable, contrasting floor effects and ceiling effects.Topic: Multiple Measures43. Which of the following is a technique to improve internal validity?A. experimenter expectancyB. the use of a confederateC. the addition of a control groupD. participant biasAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations.Topic: Placebo Groups44. Any feature of an experiment that might inform participants of the purpose of the study is called a(n)A. demand characteristic.B. placebo effect.C. experimenter expectancy effect.D. manipulation check.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations.Topic: Demand Characteristics45. A researcher conducted a study to analyze the effect of gender bias on company recruitment. Participants were told that the purpose of the study was something different than it actually was. This deception was most likely implemented to avoidA. a ceiling effect.B. an experimenter bias.C. experimenter expectancy.D. demand characteristics.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations.Topic: Demand Characteristics46. Investigators sometimes use deception in their research to address the problem ofA. ceiling effects.B. experimenter biases.C. demand characteristics.D. sensitivity.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations.Topic: Demand Characteristics47. Why do experimenters generally do not wish to inform their participants about the specific hypotheses being studied?A. to eliminate issues associated with expectancy effectsB. to provide a variety of alternative explanations for the resultsC. because of the problem of demand characteristicsD. because of the problem of ethical considerationsAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations.Topic: Demand Characteristics48. When examining the effect of appearances on judgments of criminal behavior, a researcher asks questions about the surroundings and the victim to disguise the dependent measures in the study. These unrelated questions are referred to asA. independent measures.B. placebo measures.C. filler items.D. task measures.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations.Topic: Filler Items49. Experiments conducted in field settings and observational research in which the observer is concealed or unobtrusive measures are used do which of the following?A. Measure the sensitivity of dependent variables.B. Help achieve floor effects.C. Create experiments using straightforward manipulations.D. Minimize the problem of demand characteristics.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations.Topic: Demand Characteristics50. Promelute Inc., a pharmaceutical company, conducts a study for its new drug for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The researcher is unclear about the results of the study because he is not sure if the improvement observed resulted from the properties of the drug or from the participants' expectations about the effect of the drug. Such an effect is known as a(n) ________ effect.A. fatigueB. ceilingC. placeboD. orderAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations.Topic: Placebo Groups51. To analyze the effects of a new drug for anxiety developed by Solvit Wellness Inc., researchers conduct a study on two groups. Both the groups are informed about the usefulness of the drug in treating anxiety. However, only group A receives an injection of the actual drug, while group B receives an injection containing an inert substance. In this scenario, group B is known as a(n)A. high-anxiety group.B. topical group.C. placebo group.D. experimental group.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations.Topic: Placebo Groups52. Katherine is a researcher who is interested in examining the effects of caffeine on driving performance. To rule out a change in behavior brought about by participants' expectations about the effect of caffeine, she should use a(n)A. experimental group.B. balanced placebo design.C. straightforward manipulation.D. staged manipulation.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations.Topic: Placebo Groups53. To conduct a research on the influence of personality on intelligence, Richard groups extroverts as group A and introverts as group B. Being an introvert himself, Richard assumes that group B is more likely to be intellectually superior. He eventually concludes that extroverts tend to score lower than do introverts in IQ tests. This scenario most likely exemplifies a(n)A. nonconcealed participant effect.B. experimenter expectancy effect.C. ceiling effect.D. placebo effect.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAPA Outcome: 2.3: Engage in innovative and integrative thinking and problem solvingAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations.Topic: Expectancy Effects54. Which of the following is a similarity between demand characteristics and experimenter expectancy?A. Both increase the internal and external validity of a study.B. Both involve expectations that may influence the behavior of study participants.C. Both help conduct experiments more easily.D. Both are essential to study the true relationship between variables.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations.Topic: Demand CharacteristicsTopic: Expectancy Effects55. How can expectancy effects be reduced?A. by using experimenters who are aware of the hypothesis being investigatedB. by examining participants in different groupsC. by using a double-blind experimentD. by avoiding the use of the balanced placebo designAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations.Topic: Expectancy Effects56. Which of the following is a potential source of experimenter bias?A. an experimenter being unaware of participants' personality characteristicsB. the presence of subtle differences in the way an experimenter interprets participants' behaviorsC. an experimenter using the same method to record different participants' behaviorsD. the procedures used for experiments being automatedAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations.Topic: Expectancy Effects57. An experimenter's expectations are less likely to influence the results of a study withA. automated procedures.B. straightforward manipulations.C. single-blind procedures.D. staged manipulations.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations.Topic: Expectancy Effects58. In a ________, participants are unaware of whether a placebo or the actual drug is being administered.A. staged manipulationB. physiological measureC. straightforward manipulationD. single-blind experimentAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations.Topic: Single-Blind Experiment59. A researcher assigns participants to either an experimental or a placebo group without informing them. The researcher's students who test the participants are also unaware of the participants' assigned group. In this scenario, the experiment has used aA. single-blind technique.B. strong experimental manipulation.C. double-blind technique.D. behavioral measure.APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations.Topic: Double-Blind Experiment60. Which of the following statements is true regarding double-blind experiments?A. The experimenter does a trial run with a small number of participants to study the actual effects of an administered drug.B. A participant is informed about the actual purpose of the experiment and the expected results.C. The experimenter is unaware of whether a placebo or the actual drug is being administered.D. An accomplice is an actual part of the experiment and is unaware of any underlying manipulation.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations.Topic: Double-Blind Experiment61. A ________ is very similar to the introduction and method sections of a journal article.A. brochureB. pilot studyC. magazine articleD. research proposalAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: List the reasons for conducting pilot studies.Topic: Research Proposals62. Why is it necessary to prepare a research proposal?A. to organize and systematize ideas to improve a studyB. to enable others to do further researchC. to provide information to sample participantsD. to increase the internal validity of a studyAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: List the reasons for conducting pilot studies.Topic: Research Proposals63. A(n) ________ allows experimenters who are collecting data to become comfortable with their roles and to standardize their procedures.A. pilot studyB. accuracy checkC. manipulation checkD. clinical studyAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: List the reasons for conducting pilot studies.Topic: Pilot Studies64. To study human behavioral patterns during crisis situations, Clara first conducts a trial run with a small number of participants. She does this to make sure that the instructions are clear to the participants and the whole experimental setting is plausible. This procedure is an example of aA. double-blind study.B. manipulation check.C. research proposal.D. pilot study.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: List the reasons for conducting pilot studies.Topic: Pilot Studies65. A ________ is an attempt to directly measure whether an independent variable manipulation has the intended effect on participants.A. halo effectB. ceiling effectC. staged manipulationD. manipulation checkAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the advantages of including a manipulation check in an experiment.Topic: Manipulation Checks66. Michelle conducts an experiment on the effects of low and high anxiety on test performance. The results achieved are nonsignificant. She is unable to determine if anxiety truly has no effect on performance or whether the procedures used are faulty. In which of the following ways can this ambiguity be avoided?A. by conducting an ethics evaluationB. by using factorial study with better controlsC. by checking the external validity of the variablesD. by conducting a manipulation checkAPA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the advantages of including a manipulation check in an experiment.Topic: Manipulation Checks67. A manipulation check is advantageous whenA. the results obtained indicate that no relationship exists between the independent and the dependent variables.B. a researcher wants to refrain his participants from discussing a specific study with others.C. a confederate needs to be employed to appear as another participant in an experiment.D. the ethical and educational implications of a study have to be discussed with the participants.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the advantages of including a manipulation check in an experiment.Topic: Manipulation Checks68. Collins, a researcher, conducts an experiment and then informs his participants about the purpose of his study, the results expected, and the practical implications of his research. He asks the participants about their feelings during the experiment. This process is referred to as aA. staged manipulation.B. manipulation check.C. debriefing session.D. pilot study.APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: ApplyDifficulty Level: HardLearning Objective: Describe the advantages of including a manipulation check in an experiment.Topic: Debriefing69. During the debriefing session of an experiment, the participants areA. not told why the procedures used were necessary.B. exposed to strong straightforward manipulations.C. encouraged to discuss the study with others.D. asked about their thoughts during the experiment.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the advantages of including a manipulation check in an experiment.Topic: Debriefing70. Which of the following is true of statistical analysis of data?A. It allows a researcher to examine and interpret the pattern of results obtained in a study.B. It is usually the first step in a research study and precedes data collection.C. It includes a literature review that provides the background for a study.D. It does not enable researchers to decide if there is any relationship between the variables.APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the advantages of including a manipulation check in an experiment.Topic: Analyzing/Interpreting Results71. ________ are important opportunities for researchers to present their findings to other researchers and the public.A. Public meetingsB. Social media networksC. Social gatheringsD. Professional meetingsAPA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychologyAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: RememberDifficulty Level: EasyLearning Objective: Describe the advantages of including a manipulation check in an experiment.Topic: Professional Meetings72. When Mr. Arthur, a researcher, submits a paper to a journal for publication, other researchers who are familiar with his area of research carefully scrutinize the paper and recommend acceptance or rejection. This process is known asA. a manipulation check.B. debriefing.C. peer review.D. correspondence analysis.APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domainsAccessibility: Keyboard NavigationBlooms: UnderstandDifficulty Level: MediumLearning Objective: Describe the advantages of including a manipulation check in an experiment.Topic: Journal Articles

Category # of Questions

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 72

APA Outcome: 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 46

APA Outcome: 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains 9

APA Outcome: 1.3: Describe applications of psychology 17

APA Outcome: 2.3: Engage in innovative and integrative thinking and problem solving 1

Blooms: Apply 22

Blooms: Remember 23

Blooms: Understand 27

Difficulty Level: Easy 23

Difficulty Level: Hard 22

Difficulty Level: Medium 27

Learning Objective: Describe the advantages of including a manipulation check in an experiment. 8

Learning Objective: Describe the three types of dependent variables: self-report, behavioral, and physiological. 17

Learning Objective: Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations. 18

Learning Objective: Discuss sensitivity of a dependent variable, contrasting floor effects and ceiling effects. 6

Learning Objective: Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable. 19

Learning Objective: List the reasons for conducting pilot studies. 4

Topic: Analyzing/Interpreting Results 1

Topic: Behavioral Measures 4

Topic: Ceiling Effect 2

Topic: Cost of Manipulation 2

Topic: Debriefing 2

Topic: Demand Characteristics 6

Topic: Double-Blind Experiment 2

Topic: Electroencephalogram 1

Topic: Electromyogram 2

Topic: Expectancy Effects 5

Topic: Filler Items 1

Topic: Floor Effect 2

Topic: Functional MRI 2

Topic: Journal Articles 1

Topic: Manipulation Checks 3

Topic: Manipulation Strength 5

Topic: MRI 1

Topic: Multiple Measures 2

Topic: Physiological Measures 3

Topic: Pilot Studies 2

Topic: Placebo Groups 4

Topic: Professional Meetings 1

Topic: Research Proposals 2

Topic: Self-Report 3

Topic: Sensitivity 1

Topic: Single-Blind Experiment 1

Topic: Staged Manipulations 7

Topic: Straightforward Manipulations 5