Chapter 4: How Important Are Parents?

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. A(n) ______ refers to a natural experiment that is only possible in situations where children have been deprived of a typical environment or raised without parents.

A. nature adaptation study

B. experimental isolation

C. experiment of nature

D. deprivation study

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Experiments of Nature

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Genie was raised in a closet and isolated from social interaction. Her sad case provided scientists with an opportunity to study the effects of severe isolation on child development. This is an example of a(n) ______.

A. nature adaptation study

B. experiment of nature

C. experimental isolation

D. deprivation study

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Experiments of Nature

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Studies of “feral children” provide ______ about the role of parents in children’s development.

A. little useful information

B. specific details

C. general associations

D. very useful information

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Experiments of Nature

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. For obvious ethical reasons, the study of children who develop without the benefit of parents is limited. A better source of data concerning the effects on children of not having parents comes from ______.

A. “feral” children

B. abandoned children

C. mentally ill children

D. children raised in orphanages

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Experiments of Nature

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Zing-Yang Kuo investigated the relation between nature and nurture and challenged the prevailing views about development. To show the powerful influence of experience on development, he studied ______.

A. abandoned children raised by animals

B. animals, including rats that reared cats

C. children fostered by loving parents

D. how animals naturally foster their young

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Animal Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Through his experiments with goslings, Konrad Lorenz discovered ______, the rapid early learning which is independent of behavioral consequences.

A. bonding

B. individuation

C. imprinting

D. modeling

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Animal Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Imprinting in goslings provided evidence for the idea of ______ in development.

A. reversible sensitive periods

B. irreversible critical periods

C. irreversible sensitive periods

D. reversible critical periods

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Animal Studies

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Researcher ______ found that rhesus monkeys who were raised in isolation developed extreme pathological behaviors that continued into adulthood.

A. Zing-Yang Kuo

B. Konrad Lorenz

C. Harry Harlow

D. René Spitz

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Animal Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Animal studies highlighted the importance of early parent–child relationships but were limited by ______.

A. issues regarding the ethical treatment of animals

B. the short-term consequences of early deprivation

C. confounded results across animal species

D. the lack of generalizability to humans

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Animal Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Early parenting researchers claimed to reveal parental effects on children. Current interpretations of this research ______.

A. indicate associations, not causal links, between parent behaviors and child outcomes

B. confirm only the unidirectional influence of parent behaviors and child outcomes

C. indicate virtually no association between parent behaviors and child outcomes

D. validate interpretations of causal links between parent behaviors and child outcomes

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Associations between Parenting and Children’s Outcomes

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Sarai is developing in a positive manner. She draws on her own strengths and also makes use of the environmental resources available to her with positive outcomes. A developmental psychologist would likely describe Sarai as a ______ child.

A. typical

B. resilient

C. competent

D. social

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Associations between Parenting and Children’s Outcomes

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. When Billy was 18 months old he was described as securely attached to his mother. Billy’s attachment status with his father ______.

A. will likely be secure regardless of Billy’s interactions with his father

B. will always be secure because children only develop one type of attachment

C. may be insecure if Billy’s attachment to his mother is too secure

D. may be secure but will depend on Billy’s interactions with his father

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Parent-Child Attachment

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Much of the research on parent–child attachment indicates positive outcomes for children who are labeled securely attached at 12 months. However, the predictive validity for the construct is not always strong. For example, mixed results have been reported for some outcomes for boys compared to girls. Which of the following explanations is NOT a valid reason for the mixed results?

A. Relationships are dynamic and changeable, so attachment status may change.

B. As boys and girls mature, girls are more likely to have secure relationships.

C. A secure attachment status may be negatively impacted by the divorce of one’s parents.

D. Influences independent of the caregiver may affect a child’s competence.

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parent-Child Attachment

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. Instead of predicting child outcomes based solely on attachment classification at 12 months of age, current parent–child attachment research focuses on an individual’s ______.

A. beliefs about others

B. self-image

C. internal working models

D. social competence

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parent-Child Attachment

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Barbara has a positive view of herself and a negative view of others. According to Bartholomew’s 2 × 2 matrix of attachment-based representations, Barbara’s attachment classification would be ______.

A. dismissing

B. secure

C. preoccupied

D. fearful

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Parent-Child Attachment

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Baumrind’s ______ parenting style is characterized by open communication and firm limits.

A. uninvolved

B. authoritative

C. authoritarian

D. permissive

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Parenting Styles

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. According to Baumrind, the ______ parenting style does not foster independence or the questioning of authority.

A. authoritative

B. uninvolved

C. authoritarian

D. permissive

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Parenting Styles

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Despite the frequent adoption of Baumrind’s typology of parents, the effects are not as robust due to the additional impacts of ______.

A. neighborhood

B. culture

C. race/ethnicity

D. all of these

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parenting Styles

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Reviews of research on correlates of parenting behaviors and children’s outcomes indicate that ______ is NOT related to child competence.

A. empathic responsiveness

B. appropriate behavioral control

C. effective problem-solving

D. permissive parenting style

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Specific Parenting Behaviors

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. According to the original behavioral genetics viewpoint, a genotype that prompts aggressive behavior ______ aggressive behavior.

A. has nothing to do with

B. has little to do with

C. will likely result in

D. will always result in

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Behavioral Genetics Challenge

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Instead of viewing genetic influence as deterministic, the current view of genetic influence acknowledges ______.

A. gene–environment interactions

B. the greater influence of the environment

C. the influence of chance encounters

D. the role of choice in human development

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Behavioral Genetics Challenge

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. The diathesis-stress model of gene–environment interaction assumes that the expression of a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia only occurs when in combination with particular kinds of ______.

A. recessive gene combinations

B. environmental stressors

C. codependent social behaviors

D. dominant gene combinations

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: The Behavioral Genetics Challenge

Difficulty Level: Hard

23. In a review of genetic influences on children’s outcomes based on twin and adoption studies, Rowe described ______ on intelligence.

A. no environmental influence

B. a strong environmental influence

C. a modest genetic influence

D. no genetic influence

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Behavioral Genetics Challenge

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Allie and Callie are monozygotic twins. According to evidence from human behavioral genetics research, if Allie shows a high level of inattentiveness, Callie has ______ her brother John.

A. no greater chance of inattentiveness than

B. a greater chance of inattentiveness than

C. about the same chance of inattentiveness as

D. a weaker chance of inattentiveness than

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Behavioral Genetics Challenge

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Which of the following theorists claimed that peers were a more important environmental influence on child development than parents?

A. Judith Rich Harris

B. David Rowe

C. Sandra Scarr

D. David Cohen

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: The Behavioral Genetics Challenge

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Tia and her wife registered their unborn child for a prestigious day care center. This is an example of ______.

A. establishing a trajectory

B. mediating a trajectory

C. moderating a trajectory

D. modifying the speed

Learning Objective: 4-3: To summarize the trajectory view of parental influence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Establishing Trajectories

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Which of the following parental actions established a trajectory for a child’s development?

A. Jeanell talked with her daughter about her new baby brother who was coming soon.

B. Lindy registered her daughter for gymnastics when she was 3 years old.

C. Brigitte encouraged her son to talk about his feelings and his hopes for the future.

D. Rosa waited an extra year before she registered her daughter for kindergarten.

Learning Objective: 4-3: To summarize the trajectory view of parental influence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Establishing Trajectories

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Tyrone and Cassie selected a home in an award-winning school district. This choice is an example of ______ a trajectory.

A. mediating

B. moderating

C. modifying

D. establishing

Learning Objective: 4-3: To summarize the trajectory view of parental influence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Establishing Trajectories

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. When parents mediate a child’s developmental trajectory they ______.

A. start the child on a particular path

B. help the child interpret experiences

C. slow down the child’s development

D. provide the child with social agents

Learning Objective: 4-3: To summarize the trajectory view of parental influence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Mediating Trajectories

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Which of the following labels does NOT represent a way in which parents mediate trajectories?

A. concurrent mediation

B. debriefing

C. pre-arming

D. disclosure

Learning Objective: 4-3: To summarize the trajectory view of parental influence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Mediating Trajectories

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Which of the following parental actions mediated a trajectory for a child’s development?

A. Rosa waited an extra year before she registered her daughter for kindergarten.

B. Lindy registered her daughter for gymnastics when she was 3 years old.

C. Jean-Luc talked with his daughter about the new baby brother who was coming soon.

D. Jimmy refused to let his daughter date boys until she left home to attend college.

Learning Objective: 4-3: To summarize the trajectory view of parental influence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Pre-Arming

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Ruth was careful to leave signs that Santa Claus had visited for her 8-year-old daughter to find on Christmas morning. By promoting this fantasy belief, Ruth is ______ her daughter’s development.

A. establishing a trajectory for

B. mediating a trajectory for

C. moderating a trajectory for

D. modifying the speed of

Learning Objective: 4-3: To summarize the trajectory view of parental influence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Deceleration

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Which of the following parental actions modified the speed of a trajectory for a child’s development?

A. Lindy asked her daughter if she wanted to register for gymnastics.

B. Jeanell talked with her daughter about her new baby brother who was coming soon.

C. Jimmy discussed the inappropriate behavior seen watching a TV show together.

D. Ray waited an extra year before he registered his son for kindergarten.

Learning Objective: 4-3: To summarize the trajectory view of parental influence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Deceleration

Difficulty Level: Hard

34. Parents who monitor their children during middle childhood more closely than other parents do ______.

A. tend to experience lower numbers of injuries in their children

B. do so because of their own history of misbehavior during childhood

C. feel better about their parenting, but do not affect child injury levels

D. often impose levels of control that restrict child development

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Healthy Physical Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Manny wants his son to be a nonsmoker, so he discusses the dangers of smoking and explicitly tells his son not to smoke. If Manny is a smoker, his anti-smoking campaign will ______.

A. require more explicit demands to be effective

B. be less effective than if he was a nonsmoker

C. will require more monitoring than if he was a nonsmoker

D. be about as effective as if he was a nonsmoker

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Healthy Physical Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Siobhann carefully monitors her young daughter’s whereabouts, actions, and friends. If she continues this throughout her daughter’s adolescence, Siobhann will reduce the likelihood or delay the onset for her daughter’s drug use during ______.

A. middle childhood

B. adolescence

C. middle childhood, but not necessarily adolescence

D. both middle childhood and adolescence

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Healthy Physical Development

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. One problem with parental monitoring is that parents ______.

A. often impose levels of control that restrict child development

B. may lack the ability to identify negative social influences

C. cannot monitor what a child successfully disguises

D. sometimes value their children’s friendships too highly

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Competent Social Relationships

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. To maintain a positive social trajectory, minority group parents need to ______.

A. promote both mainstream and ethnic cultural ideals

B. promote only the ideals of the mainstream culture

C. separate their child from their ethnic history

D. only help their child maintain a sense of cultural heritage

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Competent Social Relationships

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Jenna and Alan want their daughter to be courteous. To reach this socialization goal, Jenna and Alan should ______.

A. instruct her to be courteous (no need to worry about being courteous)

B. only be courteous (direct instruction has no effect)

C. both instruct her to be courteous and also act that way (both actions influence behavior)

D. none of these (her sociability will be determined by her genotype)

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Establishing Trajectories

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Which of the following would NOT qualify as an example of accelerating a child’s development?

A. listening to classical music while pregnant

B. purchasing computer programs beyond the child’s age group

C. setting up three (or more) activities each week

D. using baby talk well into middle school

Learning Objective: 4-3: To summarize the trajectory view of parental influence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Acceleration

Difficulty Level: Easy

41. A ______ period in development represents a time period early in life when an organism is particularly susceptible or vulnerable to experiences or substances and damage is irreversible.

A. critical

B. sensitive

C. specific

D. conditional

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Animal Studies

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. The ______ child is able to make use of environmental and personal resources to achieve positive personal development.

A. able

B. competent

C. positive

D. dissociated

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Associations between Parenting and Children’s Outcomes

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. According to Bartholomew’s classification scheme of attachment-based representations of self and others, someone who views oneself and others in a positive manner would be labeled as having which attachment classification?

A. fearful

B. preoccupied

C. dismissing

D. secure

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Parent-Child Attachment

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. Mothers who expressed autonomous views of their own relationships were likely to develop a(n) ______ attachment with their infants, but women who were dismissing or preoccupied were likely to have a(n) ______ attachment.

A. secure; secure

B. secure; insecure

C. insecure; secure

D. insecure; insecure

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Parent-Child Attachment

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. Susie’s father, Paul, has a history of aggressive behavior. The diathesis-stress model would argue that, in light of the Susie’s genetic predisposition toward aggression, the environment plays ______ in determining whether Susie will also display problematic behavior.

A. no role

B. the entire role

C. about half of the role

D. a role, dependent upon environmental stressors,

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Behavioral Genetics Challenge

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. There are different types of historical evidence for the effects of parental influence. Some problems associated with types of historical evidence for the effects of parental influence include ______.

A. unknown prior histories of the child

B. unknown nature of experience

C. questionable comparisons between animals and humans

D. all of these

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Historical Evidence about Parental Influence

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Which of the following is an example of academic redshirting?

A. Amal waits a year to enroll her son Rami in kindergarten.

B. Amal enrolls her 5-year-old son Rami in a 6–8-year-old baseball league.

C. Rami gets caught for cheating by his school teacher.

D. Rami displays achievement beyond his age group, so he skips fifth grade.

Learning Objective: 4-3: To summarize the trajectory view of parental influence.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Deceleration

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. At dinner, Jameel’s parents expressed disapproval of alcohol use. They are engaging in which of the following in order to keep their child on a healthy trajectory?

A. casual conversation

B. risk analysis

C. risk socialization

D. lecturing

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Healthy Physical Development

Difficulty Level: Hard

49. Social competence begins developing at what stage in a child’s development?

A. prenatal

B. infancy

C. toddler years

D. adolescence

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Competent Social Relationships

Difficulty Level: Hard

50. Since monitoring is dependent upon the child’s openness, it is increasingly being recognized as a ______ variable.

A. unilateral

B. dynamic

C. static

D. bilateral

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Competent Social Relationships

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. A sensitive period in child development may not be irreversible.

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Animal Studies

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. The famous pediatrician T. Berry Brazelton thought effective parenting was so critical that he argued good nurturing by mothers and fathers during the first 3 years of life protects children against the lure of tobacco when they become adolescents.

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Historical Evidence about Parental Influence

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. It is possible to draw useful scientific conclusions from experiments of nature, despite the fact that there is no information about the state of the children prior to their discovery.

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Experiments of Nature

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Mitchel, a neglected 2-year-old boy who has been in an orphanage, quickly receives placement in a foster home with positive, nurturing foster parents. As Mitchel ages, he does not exhibit any significant hindrances. This is an example of the dose–response relationship of parenting.

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Experiments of Nature

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. A child’s resistance to temptation in a laboratory setting remains a key indicator of the child’s ability to delay gratification and evidence of a developing conscience.

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Associations Between Parenting and Children’s Outcomes

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. According to Bartholomew’s classification scheme of attachment-based representations of self and others, when view of self is positive and other is negative, the classification is “dismissing.”

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Parent-Child Attachment

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. A mother uses harsh punishment and consistently yells at her child. By using engaging in this relational aggression, there is a likelihood that this form of parental control would attribute itself toward a child’s dysfunction.

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Parenting Styles

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. In a cross-cultural study conducted in North America and Egypt, maternal vocal stimulation was found to be negatively related to toddler behavioral competence.

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Specific Parenting Behaviors

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. As a way of guiding a child’s development, parents can engage in promotive strategies, which might include the decision to school a child at home to steer them away from external, negative influences.

Learning Objective: 4-3: To summarize the trajectory view of parental influence.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Establishing Trajectories

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Debriefing is a mediating strategy that enables children to process the emotions associated with a difficult situation.

Learning Objective: 4-3: To summarize the trajectory view of parental influence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Debriefing

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Briefly describe what was learned from studies of children living in institutions.

Learning Objective: 4-2: To describe associations between parenting and children’s outcomes.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Experiments of Nature

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Research findings indicate that Authoritative parents have children with a variety of positive outcomes. Discuss two alternate interpretations for why this happens.

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Parenting Styles

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. List and briefly describe two behavioral genetics-based challenges to the idea that parents influence child development.

(2) Sandra Scarr said that ordinary differences between families have little effect on children’s development.

(3) Judith Rich Harris claimed that peers were more influential than parents in affecting child development.

(4) David Cohen claimed that parents cannot take responsibility for their children’s successes but neither should they be blamed if the child goes astray.

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: The Behavioral Genetics Challenge

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. What are internal working models and where do they come from? How did Bartholomew (1990) classify individuals?

Learning Objective: 4-1: To explain different approaches and views regarding parental influence on children’s development.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Parent-Child Attachment

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Describe the three types of roles parents can have with their children’s developmental trajectories. Give an example of each.

Learning Objective: 4-3: To summarize the trajectory view of parental influence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: A Different Perspective on How Parents Matter

Difficulty Level: Medium