Chapter 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Parenting

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Although Carol and Estelle are good friends, they have very different ideas about how to deal with their children’s sleep problems. Carol believes that her son is fearful of the dark and spends time comforting him and making sure he gets the extra night time attention he needs. Estelle believes that if she allows her daughter to delay bedtime, noncompliance will be encouraged. She tends to ignore her daughter’s pleas for attention at this time. What is the best explanation for why these caring mothers behave so differently?

A. They have different levels of formal education.

B. They subscribe to different child-rearing theories.

C. Carol has more patience than Estelle.

D. Estelle values compliance more than Carol.

Learning Objective: 2-3: To summarize central differences between the theories.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Lay Beliefs and Parental Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. One of the first modern theories about children’s development was proposed by ______.

A. John B. Watson

B. G. Stanley Hall

C. Sigmund Freud

D. John Bowlby

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Lay Beliefs and Parental Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. According to Freud, the sequence of development through discrete stages follows this sequence after birth: ______.

A. genital, latency, phallic, anal, and oral stages

B. oral, latency, anal, genital, and phallic stages

C. anal, oral, phallic, genital, and latency stages

D. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Lay Beliefs and Parental Behavior

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Freud believed that all children experience ______ associated with particular parts of their bodies.

A. sexual energy

B. control issues

C. maternal conflict

D. conflict resolution

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Lay Beliefs and Parental Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Bowlby’s and Ainsworth’s ______ focuses on the establishment, maintenance, and consequences of affectionate bonds between caregivers and children.

A. Continuous Regard theory

B. Internal Modeling theory

C. Attachment theory

D. Bonding Schema theory

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Attachment Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. George is a securely attached 10-month-old infant. According to the concept of the “secure base,” he is likely to ______ when placed in a room full of novel toys. If something makes him feel anxious, he will ______.

A. crawl around and explore; move closer to his caregiver

B. cling to his caregiver’s leg; attempt to get out of the room

C. crawl behind the caregiver; seek closeness with the caregiver

D. crawl around and explore; watch how the caregiver responds

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Attachment Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Certain “novelty seeking” and “proximity seeking” behaviors are displays of ______.

A. socialization

B. attachment

C. temperament

D. intelligence

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Attachment Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. During the Strange Situation laboratory procedure, 12-month-old Joshua explores and plays with the novel toys. When his mother leaves and returns to the room, he ignores her. His attachment classification would likely be described as ______.

A. secure

B. anxious-resistant

C. anxious-avoidant

D. disorganized

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Attachment Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. According to Interpersonal Acceptance-Rejection theory, children who are rejected by their parents are more likely to be ______ than children who are accepted by their parents.

A. depressed

B. independent

C. attention-seeking

D. submissive

Learning Objective: 2-1: To explain the role that theories have for understanding parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Attachment Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Anna has trouble keeping a boyfriend. She never believes that they truly care for her and is often intensely jealous of anyone who shares their time. An interpersonal acceptance-rejection theorist would say that Anna was likely ______.

A. abused by her father

B. accepted by her mother

C. overprotected by her father

D. rejected by her mother

Learning Objective: 2-1: To explain the role that theories have for understanding parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Attachment Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. The idea that children are little more than small classical conditioning machines fueled by learning was proposed by ______.

A. John B. Watson

B. G. Stanley Hall

C. Sigmund Freud

D. John Bowlby

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Behavioral Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. If the consequence of a response increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated, it has a ______ effect.

A. socialization

B. reinforcement

C. positive

D. discipline

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Behavioral Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Ruth loves candy and her mother often uses it as a consequence for Ruth’s behavior. When her mother takes away Ruth’s candy because she has acted badly, her mother is providing a ______.

A. positive reinforcement

B. negative reinforcement

C. positive punishment

D. negative punishment

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: Behavioral Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Willie and Harry ate all their vegetables at dinner. Their mum, Diana, was so happy with their behavior that she promised to read an extra favorite book to them before bedtime. Reading the book to them represents a ______.

A. positive reinforcement

B. negative reinforcement

C. positive punishment

D. negative punishment

Learning Objective: 2-1: To explain the role that theories have for understanding parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: Behavioral Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Not all individuals have the same chances for survival in a particular environment. Those better adapted to their environments will likely leave behind more offspring than those who are less well suited. This statement best describes ______.

A. social Darwinism

B. parental investment

C. natural selection

D. evolution

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. When Sarah looks at her infant daughter’s tiny nose and round baby cheeks, she is filled with a desire to cuddle and care for her. Evolutionary psychologists believe that the connection between infant characteristics and caregiving behavior is ______.

A. a leftover association that no longer has value for survival

B. an example of socialization that impacts child development

C. a trait that differs for people from different cultures

D. an evolved psychological trigger that promotes survival

Learning Objective: 2-1: To explain the role that theories have for understanding parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. According to evolutionary psychology researchers Daly and Wilson, which of the following young men is more at-risk to be killed at home?

A. Pablo, who lives with his step-mother and father.

B. Hassan, who lives with his mother.

C. John, who lives with his mother and step-father.

D. Hideo, who lives with his mother and father.

Learning Objective: 2-1: To explain the role that theories have for understanding parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. According to Parental Investment theory, which of the following characteristics is NOT likely to influence the amount of time and energy a parent invests in a child?

A. the amount of genetic material shared between parent and offspring

B. the likelihood that the offspring will be financially successful

C. the probability that the offspring will survive to adulthood

D. the future chances that the offspring will have children

Learning Objective: 2-1: To explain the role that theories have for understanding parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Evolutionary theorists believe our ancestral past provided a bias toward reacting to environmental cues in particular ways. According to your text, it is important to remember that ______.

A. having an inclination toward a behavior does not make it inevitable

B. the strength of the bias toward certain responses has diminished over time

C. no one is immune to the preferences provided by our evolutionary history

D. the preferences that evolved may now be detrimental to our well-being

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Gesell’s “nativist” theory of human development is most closely associated with current ______.

A. Ecological Systems theory

B. Innate Family Systems theory

C. Social learning theory

D. Behavioral Genetics theory

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Behavioral Genetics Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Dr. Plomin is a human behavior geneticist. He most likely conducts studies with ______ to explicate the developmental influences of nature and nurture.

A. individuals who have varying degrees of genetic relatedness

B. individuals whose behaviors vary greatly from the norm

C. individuals who have taken part in the Human Genome project

D. individuals who are at risk for recessive-gene disorders

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Behavioral Genetics Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. The genotype is a person’s ______ and the phenotype is a person’s ______.

A. genetic abnormalities; blend of neural connections

B. genetic makeup; observable characteristics

C. observable characteristics; genetic makeup

D. blend of neural connections; experiences

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Behavioral Genetics Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Matthew is an accomplished guitarist and singer. His son, Brandon, also loves to sing and initiates sing-a-longs with his siblings. Human behavior geneticists (e.g., Scarr) would say that ______ genetic influences will affect Brandon’s development.

A. passive, active, and evocative

B. internal, external, and passive

C. active, phenotypic, and expressive

D. typical, aberrant, and evocative

Learning Objective: 2-1: To explain the role that theories have for understanding parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Behavioral Genetics Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

24. Environmental influences resulting in sibling similarity are operationally defined by behavior geneticists as ______.

A. nonfamily environments

B. unshared environments

C. shared environments

D. ordinal family environments

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Behavioral Genetics Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. In Bronfenbrenner’s Bio-Ecological Systems Theory, connections between microsystems are labeled the ______.

A. exosystem

B. chronosystem

C. mesosystem

D. macrosystem

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Ecological Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Emily believes that to understand her son’s behavior she must carefully consider the multiple contexts within which he is developing. Which of the following models best describes Emily’s theoretical approach to parenting?

A. Ecological Systems theory

B. Behavioral Genetics theory

C. Family Systems theory

D. Social Learning theory

Learning Objective: 2-3: To summarize central differences between the theories.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ecological Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. When Jillian was 3 years old, her twin brothers were born. She went from being the center of her parent’s attention to a child in need of a lap in which to sit. Bronfenbrenner would categorize this as a(n) ______ change.

A. mesosystem

B. chronosystem

C. exosystem

D. macrosystem

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ecological Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

28. The idea that children base their actions on the actions modeled by their parents, Social Learning theory, was proposed by ______.

A. John B. Watson

B. G. Stanley Hall

C. Albert Bandura

D. John Bowlby

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Cognitive Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Social Learning theory posits that children are very likely to imitate parental behavior because parents are seen as ______.

A. expert in how to behave

B. providers of food

C. powerful and nurturant

D. attention seeking

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Cognitive Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Yvonne is a corporate regional manager at her company and also a caring mother of two teen-aged children. Psychologists and sociologists who are interested in the social expectations around Yvonne’s responsibilities to her children and her employer study ______.

A. Social Cognitive theory

B. Non-Shared Effect theory

C. Control theory

D. Role theory

Learning Objective: 2-3: To summarize central differences between the theories.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Parental Emphases: Parental Role Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Darnell chose to be the primary caregiver for his infant son, while Darnell’s wife is the wage earner for the family. According to current research, this 30-something-year-old-father will likely ______.

A. suffer psychological harm due to social expectations

B. be well-adjusted and content with his marriage and situation

C. begin to resent his wife for having more social and financial power

D. feel that his masculinity is at risk and become a harsh parent

Learning Objective: 2-1: To explain the role that theories have for understanding parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: Parental Emphases: Parental Role Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. According to Vygotsky, scaffolding describes ______.

A. parenting behaviors that focus on experiential learning

B. social interactions that foster a child’s mature behavior

C. discipline that reinforces a child’s compliance

D. a pattern of parental behavior that promotes trust

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Parental Emphases: Vygotsky’s Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. When Tiara shops for groceries with her young daughter Lanie, she talks with her about what they need to buy and involves her in the process of selecting items. These social interactions, which help Lanie act in more mature ways, were referred to by Vygotsky as ______.

A. attachment

B. reciprocity

C. sensitivity

D. scaffolding

Learning Objective: 2-1: To explain the role that theories have for understanding parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Parental Emphases: Vygotsky’s Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. A preschooler failed to put together a difficult puzzle on her own. Her older sister encouraged her to try again and guided her with questions like “Let’s put all the edge pieces together first.” With big sister’s help, the child successfully completed the task. Vygotsky would attribute the preschooler’s success to the ______.

A. extra time she spent on the puzzle with her older sister

B. interactions with her older sister that made the task do-able

C. preschooler’s ongoing imitation of her older sister’s behavior

D. the older child’s modeling and reinforcement of the skill

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: Parental Emphases: Vygotsky’s Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Vygotsky pointed out that children learn to perform at a higher level through interaction with more competent peers and parents. He called the difference between what they could do alone and what they could do with assistance the ______.

A. zone of proximal development

B. appropriate activity zone

C. scaffolding systems zone

D. zone of competent behavior

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Parental Emphases: Vygotsky’s Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Bell’s ______ concerns the ongoing reciprocal nature of parent–child interactions.

A. Control theory

B. Family Systems theory

C. Ecological Systems theory

D. coercive cycle

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Relational Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. When Manuel’s 5-year-old son is hesitant to participate at his first soccer practice, Manuel strongly encourages him to “get out on the field and play like a big boy.” According to Bell’s Control theory, by acting shy in this situation the youngster has activated his father’s ______ regarding culturally appropriate behavior.

A. upper limit

B. set point

C. lower limit

D. scaffolding cue

Learning Objective: 2-1: To explain the role that theories have for understanding parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Relational Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. According to Self-Determination theory, all individuals have three basic needs: ______.

A. autonomy, competence, and relatedness

B. autonomy, authority, and connection

C. competence, authority, and meaning

D. meaning, autonomy, and relatedness

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Child Emphases: Self-Determination Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. When Parvati acted out at school, her teacher Mr. Wilson telephoned her parents. He asked if they were experiencing conflict and also wanted to know if Parvati was getting along with her younger brother. Parvati’s teacher most likely adheres to a(n) ______ perspective.

A. Attachment theory

B. Emotion-Based theory

C. Family Systems theory

D. Cognitive theory

Learning Objective: 2-3: To summarize central differences between the theories.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Family Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. The concept of ______ refers to how a parent may act differently toward a child when another person is present.

A. communal response

B. reactive effects

C. second-order effects

D. social caregiving

Learning Objective: 2-1: To explain the role that theories have for understanding parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Family Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Family Systems theorists are interested in understanding how mothers and fathers function together in their roles as parents. They label these interactions ______.

A. co-parenting

B. mindful parenting

C. parental investment

D. parent effects

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Family Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Aisha’s parents sometimes argue, but quickly work through the conflict. Sometimes they come to an agreement and other times they just agree to disagree. According to the Emotional Security Hypothesis theory, Aisha will ______.

A. start to feel insecure and worry that they will divorce

B. suffer from few negative effects of their arguments

C. develop a reduced capacity to regulate her emotions

D. become argumentative due to observational learning

Learning Objective: 2-1: To explain the role that theories have for understanding parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Emotional Security Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development that generally characterizes preschool children (2–7 years old) is the ______ stage.

A. sensorimotor

B. preoperational

C. concrete operational

D. formal operational

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Piaget

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. At nearly 14 years of age, Jillian’s thought process is more complex than when she was younger. According to Piaget, the core difference is her ability to use and understand ______ concepts.

A. false

B. intuitive

C. concrete

D. abstract

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Piaget

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. Jackson is 10 years old. He spends hours counting and organizing his Legos collection. He enjoys completing the tasks on his own. Erikson’s would say that Jackson is in the ______ stage of emotional development.

A. basic trust versus mistrust

B. autonomy versus shame

C. industry versus inferiority

D. initiative versus guilt

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Erikson

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. Which of the following does NOT correctly match Ellen Galinsky’s six stages of parenting with their respective age of the child?

A. nurturing: birth to 2 years

B. authority: 2–5 years

C. interpretive: 10–18 years

D. departure: late adolescence

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Scientific Theories Addressing Parenting

Difficulty Level: Hard

47. All of the following are included in the Microsystem of the Ecological Systems Model EXCEPT ______.

A. family

B. school

C. peers

D. neighbors

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Figure 2.1: The Ecological Systems Model

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. It is argued that the Control theory model is best suited to account for parent–child relationships during times of ______.

A. disequilibrium

B. equilibrium

C. transition

D. consistency

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Relational Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. According to the Self-Determination theory, all of the following scenarios exhibit parenting qualities that help promote children’s well-being EXCEPT ______.

A. a parent provides healthy snack options for them to choose from after school

B. a parent enforces their perspective on what the child should say to their friend

C. a parent listens to and acknowledges why the child engaged in a certain behavior.

D. a parent encourages their child to approach their peers and start a conversation

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Application | Analysis

Answer Location: Child Emphases: Self-Determination Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. According to Erikson’s eight life stages, from 1 to 3 years, the main psychosocial challenge is between autonomy versus ______, while early adulthood consists of a challenge of intimacy versus ______.

A. guilt; isolation

B. isolation; shame

C. shame; guilt

D. shame; isolation

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Erikson

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Sewell and Mussen’s (1952) study using Freud’s theory to test effects of different feeding histories, such as gradual versus abrupt weaning, on personality or behavioral problems served to support Freud’s work.

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Lay Beliefs and Parental Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. In several meta-analyses of Rohner’s theory, the data were supportive of the central tenets of his Interpersonal Acceptance-Rejection Theory, but the results did not hold up across cultures.

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Attachment Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. It is widely accepted that monetary or material rewards can be an effective substitute for the attention that children crave in serving as a reinforcement for positive behavior.

Learning Objective: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Behavioral Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. In most societies, alloparenting is essential to meeting the needs of children and can have long-term effects on their physical, social, and mental health.

Learning Objective: 2-1: To explain the role that theories have for understanding parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. When Laura yells at her son, Mikey, who is an aggressive, impulsive child, she is displaying an evocative role in parenting.

Learning Objective: 2-1: To explain the role that theories have for understanding parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Behavioral Genetics Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Lihua is very athletic and convinced her parents to allow her to join a volleyball team. As a result, Lihua and her family form many new experiences and friendships as they attend practices and tournaments. The influence of these new encounters is best described under Social Learning theory.

Learning Objective: 2-1: To explain the role that theories have for understanding parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: Ecological Systems Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. In accordance with Control theory, a young child screaming in a public space would be a violation of the parent’s lower limit of tolerance for the intensity of the child’s behavior.

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: Social Relational Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. An infant’s cry eliciting rapid caregiver attention is an example of an evolved characteristics related to parenting which would increase the survival of the human species.

Learning Objective: 2-1: To explain the role that theories have for understanding parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. In Bandura’s famous “Bobo doll” studies, they demonstrated that despite watching a video of children hitting a Bobo doll, the children were not any more likely to engage in aggressive behavior.

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Cognitive Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Role strain refers to the tension between roles that share the same status, as opposed to the tension that might arise between roles of different status.

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Parental Emphases: Parental Role Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. How did Harry Harlow’s experiments with rhesus monkeys refute the view that infants love their mothers because of the nourishment they receive?

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Analysis

Answer Location: Attachment Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. What is the difference between the phylogenetic and ontogenetic views of parent–child relationships?

Ontogenetic view concerns the development of the individual across the life span.

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge | Comprehension

Answer Location: Scientific Theories Addressing Parenting

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What is the difference between positive reinforcement and a negative punishment?

Learning Objective: 2-2: To describe the key theoretical perspectives related to parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Behavioral Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Briefly explain why the parental instruction to “do as I say, not as I do” is likely to result in low levels of compliance.

Learning Objective:

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Cognitive Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Give an example of a coercive cycle and discuss two errors that parents make that contribute to the cycle.

Learning Objective: 2-1: To explain the role that theories have for understanding parenting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Application

Answer Location: Social Cognitive Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard