Stress And Stress Management Chapter 3 14e Exam Prep - Test Bank | Challenges of Life Psychology 14e by Spencer A. Rathus. DOCX document preview.
Package Title: Test Bank
Course Title: Nevid & Rathus, Adjustment Psychology 14th Edition
Chapter Number: Chapter
Question type: Multiple-Choice
1) The distinct patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings that characterize a person’s adjustment to the demands of life are known as ______.
a) attitude
b) character
c) personality
d) adjustment
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
2) A psychologist believes that personality is the result of an active struggle between various conscious and unconscious forces moving through the mind. This psychologist believes in the ______ model of personality.
a) psychodynamic
b) social cognitive
c) humanistic
d) biological
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
3) Freud believed that people are aware of ______ the ideas and impulses that dwell within their minds.
a) only a small portion of
b) about half of
c) a great majority of
d) virtually all of
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
4) According to Freud, the region of the mind that pokes through into the light of awareness and is readily available for one to consider and think about is the ______.
a) conscious
b) conscience
c) preconscious
d) unconscious
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
5) Freud believed that the vast majority of the human mind is in the ______.
a) conscious
b) Oedipus zone
c) preconscious
d) unconscious
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
6) According to Freud, those thoughts or impulses that are currently outside of our awareness but that are easily accessed with some effort are located in the ______.
a) conscious
b) conscience
c) preconscious
d) unconscious
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
7) According to Freud, biological instincts and urges such as hunger, thirst, sexuality, and aggression all originate in the ______ mind.
a) conscious
b) defensive
c) preconscious
d) unconscious
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
8) The term Freud used to describe motivated forgetting or the automatic ejection of anxiety evoking ideas from conscious awareness is a defense mechanism called ______.
a) resistance
b) displacement
c) repression
d) sublimation
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
9) A male survives a life-threatening experience only to find that when it is over, he has no conscious memories of the event. Hypnosis reveals that the memories are buried in his unconscious mind and have been blocked from consciousness. This is an example of what Freud referred to as ______.
a) suppression
b) repression
c) denial
d) a reaction formation
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
10) For Freud, the struggle between biological drives and social rules was most fierce in the ______.
a) conscious
b) preconscious
c) semi-conscious
d) unconscious
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
11) A patient who is seeing a therapist is asked to lie on a couch and talk about anything that comes to mind, in the hope that her ramblings will eventually help her gain insight into her wishes, fears, repressed emotional conflicts, and the workings of her unconscious mind. The type of therapy in which this patient is involved is most likely ______.
a) Gestalt therapy
b) psychoanalysis
c) behavioral therapy
d) humanistic therapy
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
12) According to Freud, the desire to avoid thinking about unpleasant or anxiety-evoking thoughts is called ______. This effect can lead to behaviors that interrupted the progress being made in a therapy setting.
a) resistance
b) repression
c) sublimation
d) inhibition
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
13) ______ make psychoanalysis a tedious process that can last for years, or even decades.
a) Catharsis and insight
b) Reflection and self-actualization
c) Repression and resistance
d) The libido and identification
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
14) Freud believed that the mind was composed of ______ psychic structures.
a) three
b) four
c) five
d) six
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
15) Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's psychic structures?
a) The ego
b) The libido
c) The id
d) The superego
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
16) Freud’s psychic structures of personality can ______.
a) neither be seen nor measured directly
b) be seen, but not measured directly
c) be measured, but not seen directly
d) both be seen and measured directly
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
17) According to Freud, the ONLY psychic structure that is present at birth is the ______.
a) ego
b) libido
c) id
d) superego
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
18) For Freud, the Cookie Monster on television's Sesame Street would most closely represent which psychic structure due to his pleasure-seeking and gluttonous ways?
a) the ego
b) the libido
c) the superego
d) the id
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
19) For Freud, which psychic structure is described as a "chaos, a cauldron of seething excitations," conflicting emotions, and desires for instant gratification of primitive urges?
a) the ego
b) the libido
c) the superego
d) the id
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
20) For Freud, the psychic structure that might best represent the “emotional little child” inside you that has a tantrum when it doesn’t get its way would be the ______.
a) the ego
b) the libido
c) the superego
d) the id
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
21) For Freud, instinctual drives such as sex and aggression are contained in the ______.
a) ego
b) conscious
c) superego
d) id
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
22) For Freud, the psychic structure that demands instant gratification of instincts without consideration of law, social custom, or the needs of others is the ______.
a) ego
b) libido
c) superego
d) id
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
23) For Freud, the principle that seeks instant gratification of instinctual demands without regard to social consequences or the needs of others is the ______ principle.
a) reality
b) pleasure
c) Oedipal
d) moral
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
24) For Freud, the psychic structure that begins to develop during the first year of life as the child learns that not all needs can be immediately gratified is called the ______.
a) ego
b) libido
c) superego
d) id
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
25) According to Freud, the psychic structure that is reasonable, stands for good sense, and uses rational ways of coping with frustration is the ______.
a) ego
b) libido
c) superego
d) id
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
26) According to Freud, the psychic structure that tries to find gratification while avoiding social disapproval is the ______.
a) ego
b) libido
c) superego
d) id
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
27) According to Freud, the ego is ______.
a) fully unconscious
b) mostly unconscious
c) mostly conscious
d) fully conscious
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
28) According to Freud, a person's conscious sense of self, or self-awareness, is located in the ______.
a) libido
b) ego
c) superego
d) id
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
29) A college student spends an entire evening trying to logically sort out the pros and cons of a job offer she has just received. According to Freud, the psychic structure responsible for this type of mental activity is the ______.
a) id
b) ego
c) libido
d) superego
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
30) According to Freud, the part of personality that acts as a censor that screens the pleasure-seeking impulses of the id is the ______.
a) superego
b) self
c) ego
d) persona
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
31) In psychodynamic theory, an unconscious function of the ego that protects it from anxiety-evoking material by preventing accurate recognition of this material is a(n) ______.
a) cognitive schema
b) fixation
c) defense mechanism
d) archetype
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
32) According to Freud, the superego incorporates the moral standards of parents and significant others through a process called ______.
a) identification
b) repression
c) compensation
d) projection
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
33) In psychodynamic theory, the bringing inward of another person’s values and characteristics is called ______.
a) a reaction formation
b) catharsis
c) displacement
d) identification
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
34) According to Freud, the psychic structure that might best represent the judgmental “parent” in you, constantly telling you what you should or should not do, is the ______.
a) ego
b) libido
c) superego
d) id
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
35) A little boy feels guilty after stealing a toy from his next-door neighbor. According to Freud, the psychic structure responsible for his feelings is the ______.
a) superego
b) libido
c) ego
d) id
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
36) A student “forgets” that he has an important but difficult test that day in his psychology class. This is an example of ______.
a) denial
b) regression
c) repression
d) suppression
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
37) When a person is experiencing a high amount of stress, he or she may return to a form of behavior characteristic of an earlier (younger) stage of development. This defensive mechanism is what Freud called ______.
a) projection
b) displacement
c) repression
d) regression
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
38) A nine-year-old child begins bedwetting and starts sucking his thumb after the birth of a baby sister. This is an example of the defense mechanism that Freud called ______.
a) a reaction formation
b) sublimation
c) repression
d) regression
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
39) A man explains his cheating on his income taxes by saying, "Everyone does it, and the government wastes too much of my tax money anyways!" This is an example of ______.
a) projection
b) denial
c) a reaction formation
d) rationalization
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
40) A man goes on an impulsive, expensive shopping spree and then tries to justify it to his wife by saying, “Honey, I saved us a fortune because everything was on sale!” He is using the defense mechanism of ______.
a) projection
b) rationalization
c) reaction formation
d) displacement
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
41) A man is scolded by his boss and then yells at the employees who work for him. He does not yell at the boss who upset him in the first place. This process of shifting his anger to a safer but less appropriate target demonstrates the defense mechanism of ______.
a) projection
b) a reaction formation
c) sublimation
d) displacement
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
42) The process of blaming others for your own unacceptable impulses or claiming that others harbor those impulses is ______.
a) a reaction formation
b) rationalization
c) sublimation
d) projection
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
43) Assumption of a behavior in opposition to one's genuine impulses in order to keep those impulses buried is ______.
a) projection
b) sublimation
c) rationalization
d) a reaction formation
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
44) Acting kind and pleasant to someone you truly hate is an example of ________.
a) projection
b) sublimation
c) rationalization
d) a reaction formation
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
45) Refusal to accept the true nature of a threat is called ______.
a) sublimation
b) rationalization
c) denial
d) repression
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
46) Smokers who refuse to believe that cigarettes may increase their risk of developing cancer are using the defense mechanism of ______.
a) projection
b) rationalization
c) repression
d) denial
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
47) The channeling of primitive sexual or aggressive impulses into positive, constructive efforts is ______.
a) displacement
b) a reaction formation
c) sublimation
d) repression
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
48) A hostile man channels his anger into practicing his tennis game until he becomes a tennis star. This is an example of ______.
a) displacement
b) sublimation
c) projection
d) a reaction formation
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
49) Freud argued that ______ are a central factor in children’s development.
a) sexual impulses
b) self-actualizing tendencies
c) social needs
d) environment forces
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
50) For Freud, the term for the instinct to preserve and perpetuate life is ______.
a) libido
b) eros
c) thanatos
d) animus
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
51) According to Freud, eros contains energy that is psychological in nature and involves sexual impulses. He called this psychic energy ______.
a) libido
b) animus
c) thanatos
d) catharsis
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
52) Freud believed that as children develop, libidinal energy is expressed through sexual feelings in different parts of the body called ______.
a) transference points
b) control centers
c) erogenous zones
d) abreaction points
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
53) Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's stages of development?
a) anal, oral, phallic, genital, latency
b) oral, anal, latency, genital, phallic
c) anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital
d) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
54) According to Freud, during the first year of life, infants experience the ______ stage of development.
a) anal
b) genital
c) phallic
d) oral
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
55) According to Freud, inadequate or excessive gratification at any stage of development can lead to ______.
a) catharsis
b) psychological illness
c) fixation
d) cognitive dissonance
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
56) Which of the following would be described by Freud as an "oral" trait?
a) carelessness
b) dependency
c) perfectionism
d) cleanliness
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
57) Amy smokes, drinks, overeats, and bites her nails. Freud would probably describe her as being fixated in the ______ stage of development.
a) anal
b) latency
c) oral
d) phallic
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
58) Barbara has a pattern of being very clingy and overly dependent in her friendships and romantic relationships. Freud would argue that she is fixated in the ______ stage of development.
a) anal
b) latency
c) oral
d) phallic
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
59) According to Freud, children enter the ______ stage of development during the second year of life.
a) anal
b) latency
c) oral
d) phallic
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
60) Irene is perfectionistic, overly self-controlled, as well as excessively neat and clean. She is ______, according to Freud.
a) orally fixated
b) anal expulsive
c) anal retentive
d) fixated in the phallic stage
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
61) Jeanine is messy, sloppy, careless, and somewhat sadistic. She is ______, according to Freud.
a) orally fixated
b) anal expulsive
c) anal retentive
d) fixated in the phallic stage
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
62) According to Freud, children enter the ______ stage of development during the third year of life.
a) anal
b) genital
c) oral
d) phallic
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
63) Andy is 3 years old. He has developed a strong attachment toward his mother and sees his father as a rival for his mother's affections. According to Freud, he is in the ______ stage of psychosexual development.
a) anal
b) phallic
c) latency
d) genital
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
64) According to Freud, the conflict in which little boys are sexually attracted to their mothers and wish to eliminate their fathers is called ______.
a) the Oedipus complex
b) the Electra complex
c) the Libido complex
d) the Andromeda complex
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
65) According to Freud, the conflict in which little girls desire their fathers and resent their mothers is called ______.
a) the Oedipus complex
b) the Electra complex
c) the Libido complex
d) the Andromeda complex
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
66) According to Freud, Oedipal conflicts are resolved through the process of ______.
a) catharsis
b) countertransference
c) identification
d) reaction formation
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
67) Freud argued that during adolescence, a child’s unconscious desires for the parent of the opposite sex are transferred to socially appropriate members of the opposite sex through the defense mechanism of ______.
a) reaction formation
b) regression
c) projection
d) displacement
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
68) According to Freud, children enter the latency stage of development at the age of ______.
a) 1 or 2
b) 3 or 4
c) 5 or 6
d) 7 or 8
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
69) According to Freud, during the latency stage children ______ of their sexual urges.
a) express all
b) express most
c) repress most
d) repress all
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
70) Andrea is 8 years old. She prefers playing with other little girls and wants little or nothing to do with little boys. In fact, all of her sexual feelings are currently unconscious. According to Freud, she is in the ______ stage.
a) phallic
b) oral
c) genital
d) latency
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
71) Children are most likely to prefer playmates of their own gender during the ______ stage.
a) genital
b) latency
c) phallic
d) anal
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
72) Freud theorized that children enter the ______ stage at puberty.
a) genital
b) latency
c) phallic
d) anal
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
73) According to Freud, masturbation, oral and anal stimulation, and sexual activity with people of the same sex all represent ______.
a) excess libido
b) immature forms of sexual expression
c) healthy alternative methods of mature sexual expression
d) genital stage fixation
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
74) For Freud, the psychosexual maturation involves ______.
a) establishing ego identity
b) achieving self-actualization
c) finding a marital partner and lover of the opposite sex
d) achieving fixation for all five psychosexual stages
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
75) For Freud, psychosexual maturation involves ______.
a) the development of a fully developed persona and full integration of the collective unconscious
b) the achievement of self-actualization and leading a fully-functioning life
c) overcoming inherent feelings of inferiority and successfully achieving a drive for superiority
d) the expression of libido through intercourse within the context of heterosexual marriage
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
76) Carl Jung believed in a unifying force of personality that gives direction and purpose to human behavior called ______.
a) the self
b) self-actualization
c) the animus
d) the persona
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
77) Compared to Freud, Jung ______ the importance of the sexual instinct and placed ______ emphasis on the present.
a) downplayed, less
b) downplayed, greater
c) emphasized, less
d) emphasized, more
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
78) Jung and Adler both believed that Freud placed too much emphasis on ______.
a) unconscious forces
b) sexual impulses
c) lifelong development
d) psychodynamic principles
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
79) Jung hypothesized that we have ______ levels to the unconscious mind.
a) two
b) three
c) four
d) five
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
80) Jung believed that we inherit a storehouse of vague memories of our ancestral past, called the ______ unconscious.
a) personal
b) collective
c) intrinsic
d) extrinsic
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
81) Jung believed that in the collective unconscious we inherit basic, primitive images or concepts that reflect the history of our species. He called these images ______.
a) engrams
b) heuristics
c) archetypes
d) schemas
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
82) Movie themes built such as those found in Lord of the Rings and Star Wars involving a young hero and a wise old man utilize primitive images and symbols Carl Jung called ______.
a) engrams
b) heuristics
c) archetypes
d) schemas
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
83) A psychologist believes that people are largely motivated to overcome an inferiority complex. This psychologist is probably a follower of the theory of ______.
a) Sigmund Freud
b) Carl Jung
c) Alfred Adler
d) Karen Horney
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
84) Adler believed that a central motivating force in the development of personality is a(n) ______.
a) sexual instinct
b) self-actualizing tendency
c) collective unconscious
d) drive for superiority
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
85) Adler’s term for the desire to compensate for feelings of inferiority is ______.
a) inferiority complex
b) self-actualization
c) drive for superiority
d) self-efficacy
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
86) Like Jung, Alfred Adler believed that ______ plays a major role in the formation of personality.
a) psychosexual development
b) self-awareness
c) overcoming inferiority
d) the collective unconscious
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
87) Adler spoke of a self-aware aspect of personality that strives to overcome obstacles and develop an individual's potential called ______.
a) the id
b) the persona
c) the ego ideal
d) the creative self
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
88) Adler’s personality theory emphasized ______.
a) the importance of early childhood experiences and the sexual instinct
b) the importance of the collective unconscious and archetypes
c) the uniqueness of each individual’s potential
d) the importance of classical and operant conditioning in shaping personality
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
89) Bill is the CEO of a huge computer software firm. He has always been a natural leader and a high achiever. According to Adler, he is most likely ______.
a) a first-born child
b) a middle child
c) a youngest child
d) an orphan
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
90) Jamie is very competitive. According to Adler, she is most likely ______.
a) a first-born child
b) a second-born child
c) an only child
d) an orphan
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
91) Early psychodynamic theory taught that women who sought to compete with men in the workplace were suffering from ______.
a) unconscious penis envy
b) an Oedipal complex
c) excessive libido
d) psychosocial pathology
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
92) The theorist who first argued that it was not penis envy that made young women feel inferior to men, but rather the envy of social power and authority that men held in society, was ______.
a) Carl Jung
b) Alfred Adler
c) Margaret Meade
d) Karen Horney
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
93) Erik Erikson is known for his multi-stage theory of ______ development.
a) psychosexual
b) moral
c) psychosocial
d) cognitive
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
94) Erikson’s term for a period of soul-searching about one’s beliefs, values, and direction in life is ______.
a) a role conflict
b) role diffusion
c) self-actualization
d) an identity crisis
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
95) Erikson labeled each of his developmental stages according to ______.
a) the life crisis that must be resolved at that stage
b) the moral dilemma that had to be resolved at each stage and how the person resolved it
c) cognitive abilities possessed by a person at each stage
d) the underlying psychosexual conflict that had to be resolved at each stage
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
96) For Erikson, the goal of adolescence is the attainment of ______.
a) ego identity
b) self-actualization
c) genital sexuality
d) a sense of superiority
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
97) Erikson’s theory of personality grants more power to the ______ than Freud had allowed.
a) id
b) ego
c) superego
d) death instinct
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
98) The conflict that Erikson felt characterized infancy (birth to 1 year) was ______.
a) initiative versus guilt
b) autonomy versus shame and doubt
c) industry versus inferiority
d) trust versus mistrust
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
99) The conflict that Erikson felt characterized early childhood (ages 1 to 3) was ______.
a) initiative versus guilt
b) autonomy versus shame and doubt
c) industry versus inferiority
d) trust versus mistrust
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
100) The conflict that Erikson felt characterized the preschool years (ages 4 to 5) was ______.
a) initiative versus guilt
b) autonomy versus shame and doubt
c) industry versus inferiority
d) trust versus mistrust
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
101) The conflict that Erikson felt characterized the grammar (elementary) school years (ages 6 to 12) was ______.
a) initiative versus guilt
b) autonomy versus shame and doubt
c) industry versus inferiority
d) trust versus mistrust
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
102) The conflict that Erikson felt characterized adolescence was ______.
a) initiative versus guilt
b) intimacy versus isolation
c) integrity versus despair
d) identity versus role diffusion
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
103) The conflict that Erikson felt characterized young adulthood was ______.
a) industry versus inferiority
b) intimacy versus isolation
c) integrity versus despair
d) identity versus role diffusion
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
104) The conflict that Erikson felt characterized middle adulthood was ______.
a) industry versus inferiority
b) intimacy versus isolation
c) generativity versus stagnation
d) integrity versus despair
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
105) The conflict that Erikson felt characterized late adulthood was ______.
a) industry versus inferiority
b) intimacy versus isolation
c) generativity versus stagnation
d) integrity versus despair
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
106) Freud is noted to have equated psychological health with ______.
a) the ability to relax and play
b) creativity and spontaneity
c) the ability to love and work
d) social conformity
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
107) Each of the following is central to the psychodynamic theorists’ views of what constitutes a healthy personality except ______.
a) a creative self
b) good genetic inheritance
c) ego strength
d) compensating for feelings of inferiority
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
108) Psychodynamic theorists look at personality in terms of ______.
a) a person’s repertoire of learned behaviors
b) conflicts between internal mental structures
c) the struggle to achieve self-actualization
d) how it is impacted by mental processes and perceptions
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
109) Learning theories look at personality in terms of ______.
a) a person’s capacity to adapt to the environment
b) conflicts between internal mental structures
c) the struggle to achieve self-actualization
d) how it is impacted by mental processes and perceptions
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
110) Social cognitive theory is a type of ______ theory.
a) psychodynamic
b) humanistic
c) learning
d) trait
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
111) A scientist says that he can shape a child's personality into whatever he wants it to be through manipulation of the child's environment. The scientist is most likely a follower of ______.
a) John Watson
b) Alfred Adler
c) Carl Rogers
d) Albert Bandura
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
112) Of the various perspectives presented in your text, which perspective focuses on the measurable aspects of personality that can be most easily tested and proven in a scientific manner?
a) behaviorism
b) psychodynamic theory
c) Gestalt theory
d) humanistic theory
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
113) According to John Watson, the environment ______ a person’s behavior.
a) has no impact on
b) has only a small impact on
c) has a substantial impact on
d) completely determines
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
114) To a ______, personality is nothing more than the sum total of an individual’s response repertoire.
a) psychodynamic theorist
b) behaviorist
c) trait theorist
d) humanistic psychologist
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
115) ______ is a form of learning by association.
a) Catharsis
b) Insight learning
c) Observation
d) Classical conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
116) Ivan Pavlov’s original research was on ______.
a) the effects of stress on the human nervous system
b) the salivation reflex in dogs
c) how children learn to be phobic of small animals, such as rats
d) factors that affect aging in dogs
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
117) A simple unlearned behavior that occurs in response to a specific stimulus is a ______.
a) conditioned response
b) reaction
c) reflex
d) thought
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
118) Learning that occurs through repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus to a response eliciting stimulus is called ______.
a) classical conditioning
b) vicarious learning
c) operant conditioning
d) insight learning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
119) According to behavioral theory, the pairing of the color red with the concept of "stop" or "danger" to the point that we automatically stop or prepare for danger when we see the color red is an example of ______.
a) classical conditioning
b) transference
c) vicarious learning
d) operant conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
120) According to learning theory, a change in the environment that leads directly to a change in behavior is called ______.
a) a primary reinforcer
b) a secondary reinforcer
c) a stimulus
d) an expectancy
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
121) In Pavlov's research with dogs, salivation to the meat was ______.
a) the unconditioned stimulus
b) the unconditioned response
c) the conditioned stimulus
d) the conditioned response
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
122) Any event that elicits a response from an organism without learning is a(n) ______ stimulus.
a) primary
b) secondary
c) unconditioned
d) conditioned
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
123) In the “Little Albert” study, an 11-month-old boy was taught to fear a rat through the use of ______.
a) punishment
b) operant conditioning
c) hypnosis
d) classical conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
124) A dog has been classically conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell. A lab worker continuously rings the bell but never presents any more meat after ringing the bell. What is likely to happen to the dog's salivation response?
a) It will stop the first time that the bell is rung and no meat is presented.
b) It will slowly decrease and eventually stop.
c) It will remain the same.
d) It will slowly but steadily increase.
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
125) In classical conditioning, the reappearance of a CR in response to a CS when some time has elapsed since the extinction of the CR, is called ______.
a) transference
b) generalization
c) reactivation
d) spontaneous recovery
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
126) In classical conditioning, extinction is ______; spontaneous recovery is ______.
a) not adaptive, not adaptive
b) not adaptive, adaptive
c) adaptive, not adaptive
d) adaptive, adaptive
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
127) In ______, an organism learns to engage in a certain behavior because of the consequences of that behavior.
a) classical conditioning
b) flooding
c) observational learning
d) operant conditioning
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
128) Classical conditioning usually involves ______ responses. Operant conditioning usually involves ______ behaviors.
a) simple and passive; simple and reflexive
b) voluntary and complex; simple and reflexive
c) simple and passive; voluntary and complex
d) voluntary and complex; voluntary and complex
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
129) A pigeon learns to peck at buttons because it receives food each time it pecks at the buttons. This learning is due to ______.
a) classical conditioning
b) flooding
c) observational learning
d) operant conditioning
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
130) Classical conditioning usually conditions _______ responses. Operant conditioning usually conditions ______ responses.
a) voluntary, voluntary
b) involuntary, voluntary
c) voluntary, involuntary
d) involuntary, involuntary
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
131) A change in the environment that increases the frequency of the behavior it follows is a ______.
a) punishment
b) reinforcement
c) a discriminant
d) a catalyst
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
132) A pleasant stimulus that increases the frequency of a behavior is called ______.
a) a punisher
b) a motive
c) a reward
d) a catalyst
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
133) A little girl learns to be great at math and science because she receives a lot of praise and attention for getting A's in math and science. This is an example of ______.
a) classical conditioning
b) vicarious learning
c) positive reinforcement
d) negative reinforcement
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
134) Nagging someone to do something is an example of ______, because the nagging is removed once the task is completed.
a) flooding
b) punishment
c) positive reinforcement
d) negative reinforcement
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
135) According to Skinner, rewards that have value because of the biological makeup of an individual such as food, water, and sexual activity are called ______ reinforcers.
a) active
b) passive
c) primary
d) secondary
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
136) According to Skinner, reinforcers that acquire their value through their association with established reinforcers are called ______ reinforcers.
a) primary
b) secondary
c) active
d) passive
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
137) According to Skinner, money would be a good example of a(n) ______ reinforcer.
a) active
b) passive
c) primary
d) secondary
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
138) According to Skinner, food would be a good example of a(n) ______ reinforcer.
a) primary
b) secondary
c) active
d) passive
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
139) Painful or unpleasant stimuli that decrease the frequency of the behaviors they follow are called ______.
a) primary reinforcers
b) secondary reinforcers
c) punishments
d) negative reinforcers
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
140) According to learning theorists, ______ is the preferable method of teaching young children new behavior.
a) positive reinforcement
b) aversive conditioning
c) negative reinforcement
d) punishment
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
141) Learning theorists feel that if we really expect good behavior from children, we must ______.
a) punish them each time they misbehave
b) sit back and expect them to learn to be good on their own
c) notice and respond to them when they exhibit good behavior
d) give them unconditional positive regard
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
142) A famous psychologist argues that behavior is determined by observational learning, values, and expectations. This psychologist’s views are most similar to ______ theory.
a) social cognitive
b) psychodynamic
c) behavioral
d) trait
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
143) According to social cognitive theory, people ______.
a) neither influence nor are influenced by their environment
b) influence, but are not influenced by, their environment
c) are influenced by, but do not influence, their environment
d) influence and are influenced by their environment
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
144) In social cognitive theory, the process of learning new behaviors by imitating the behavior of others is called ______.
a) reciprocal determinism
b) socialization
c) modeling
d) catharsis
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
145) In social cognitive theory, internal determinants of behavior such as individual expectancies and competencies are called ______ variables.
a) primary
b) secondary
c) person
d) situational
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
146) In social cognitive theory, environmental factors such as rewards and punishments that influence behavior are called ______ variables.
a) primary
b) secondary
c) person
d) situational
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
147) In social cognitive theory, the knowledge and skills that are needed to adapt to the demands of our social environment are known as ______.
a) expectancies
b) self-efficacy
c) encoding strategies
d) competencies
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
148) To symbolize, transform, or represent events or information is to ______.
a) convert
b) stimulate
c) encode
d) actualize
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
149) Jack views his upcoming tennis match as a chance to prove his physical superiority over his opponent. John, Jack's opponent, views the same match as a chance to improve his skills and get a good workout. According to social cognitive theorists, these different views of the tennis match represent different ______.
a) behavioral competencies
b) subjective values
c) expectancies
d) encoding strategies
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
150) In social cognitive theory, personal predictions about the outcomes of events, or the likely results of engaging in a response, such as "if-then" statements, are called ______.
a) behavioral competencies
b) subjective values
c) expectancies
d) encoding strategies
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
151) Beliefs that we can successfully accomplish certain things, such as speaking before a group or solving a math problem, are ______.
a) stimulus-control expectations
b) behavioral competencies
c) cue-controlled responses
d) self-efficacy expectancies
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
152) Jack believes that studying for the test will improve his chances for getting a good grade. Jack’s belief is called ______.
a) a competency
b) an outcome expectancy
c) an encoding strategy
d) a self-regulatory system
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
153) People are more likely to have higher self-esteem, more likely to attempt difficult tasks, and to successfully pick up the pieces of their lives after experiencing calamitous events if they have ______ self-efficacy expectations.
a) no
b) low
c) moderate
d) high
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
154) People with positive self-efficacy tend to have ______ self-esteem and are ______ likely to attempt difficult tasks.
a) low; less
b) low; more
c) high; less
d) high; more
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
155) Expectations about the results of behaviors are called ______ expectancies.
a) primary
b) secondary
c) outcome
d) completion
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
156) The psychological perspective that holds that the personal, or subjective, experiencing of events is the most important aspect of human nature and that the meaning of our lives is the meaning we imbue in it, is the ______ perspective.
a) humanistic
b) Gestalt
c) psychodynamic
d) cognitive-social
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Describe humanistic theories of personality
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
157) Humanistic psychologists focus on ______.
a) the effects of learning on shaping personality
b) the meaning of life
c) unconscious influences on conscious behavior and emotions
d) the interaction of situational determinants and trait dispositions on behavior
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Explain how humanistic–existential theories differ from psychodynamic and learning theories.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
158) The school of philosophy that asserts that people are free to make choices and that they are what they believe themselves to be, is ______.
a) dualism
b) hedonism
c) utilitarianism
d) existentialism
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Explain how humanistic–existential theories differ from psychodynamic and learning theories.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
159) To ______ thinkers, free choice is the veritable essence of what it means to be human.
a) existential and humanistic
b) existential and behavioral
c) behavioral and humanistic
d) existential and psychodynamic
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Explain how humanistic–existential theories differ from psychodynamic and learning theories.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
160) Freud viewed the concept of free choice as ______.
a) the central core of human existence
b) an illusion
c) meaningless
d) peripheral to day-to-day life
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Explain how humanistic–existential theories differ from psychodynamic and learning theories.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
161) Behaviorists view the concept of “freedom” as ______.
a) the central core of human existence
b) an illusion
c) meaningless
d) peripheral to day-to-day life
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Explain how humanistic–existential theories differ from psychodynamic and learning theories.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
162) Abraham Maslow is most closely associated with ______.
a) behaviorism
b) psychodynamic theory
c) humanistic theory
d) social cognitive theory
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe what is meant by the hierarchy of needs and by self-actualization.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
163) According to Maslow, self-initiated striving to become whatever we believe we are capable of being is called ______.
a) authentic living
b) self-efficacy
c) self-actualization
d) psychological congruence
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Describe what is meant by the hierarchy of needs and by self-actualization.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
164) The0s US army recruiting ads that claimed in the army you can “be all that you can be” were utilizing Maslow’s concept of ______ to try to get people to enlist.
a) authentic living
b) self-efficacy
c) psychological congruence
d) self-actualization
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Describe what is meant by the hierarchy of needs and by self-actualization.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
165) Which needs were at the BOTTOM of Maslow's needs hierarchy? (meaning, the first to be satisfied)
a) biological needs
b) esteem needs
c) self-actualization needs
d) safety needs
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe what is meant by the hierarchy of needs and by self-actualization.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
166) What is the proper order (from most easily satisfied to least easily satisfied) of the various types of needs in Maslow's needs hierarchy?
a) biological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, self-actualization
b) biological, safety, esteem, love and belongingness, self-actualization
c) safety, biological, esteem, love and belongingness, self-actualization
d) safety, biological, love and belongingness, esteem, self-actualization
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Describe what is meant by the hierarchy of needs and by self-actualization.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
167) Carl Rogers suggested that people shape themselves through _____.
a) freedom of choice and actions
b) self-efficacy expectancies
c) perceptual biases
d) the collective unconscious
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Describe what is meant by the hierarchy of needs and by self-actualization.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
168) Rogers defined the ______ as the center of experience.
a) ego
b) self
c) collective unconscious
d) persona
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Describe what is meant by the hierarchy of needs and by self-actualization.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
169) According to Rogers, one’s unique patterning of perceptions and attitudes, according to which one evaluates events, is called ______.
a) a view form
b) self-actualization
c) a frame of reference
d) a point of reference
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Describe what is meant by the hierarchy of needs and by self-actualization.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
170) A parent wants to help her child develop self-esteem. If she follows Carl Rogers's guidelines, she will most likely provide the child with ______.
a) unconditional positive regard
b) conditional positive regard
c) conditions of worth
d) a peak experience
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Describe what is meant by the hierarchy of needs and by self-actualization.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
171) A child learns to believe that she has intrinsic worth and merit, regardless of her behavior. At the moment, because she has received consistent expressions of esteem from her parents. According to Rogers, this child has most likely been brought up with ______.
a) unconditional positive regard
b) conditional positive regard
c) conditions of worth
d) negative reinforcement
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Describe what is meant by the hierarchy of needs and by self-actualization.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
172) A child learns to believe that she is only a good person if she behaves in certain ways, because her parents only praise her when she obeys their rules. According to Rogers, this child has most likely been brought up with ______.
a) unconditional positive regard
b) conditional positive regard
c) aversive conditioning
d) psychological congruence
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Describe what is meant by the hierarchy of needs and by self-actualization.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
173) Based on his theory of personality, Carl Rogers developed a system of psychotherapy called _______ therapy.
a) rational emotive
b) applied adaptive
c) Gestalt
d) client-centered
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Describe what is meant by the hierarchy of needs and by self-actualization.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
174) The greatest value of the humanistic approach is ______.
a) focusing the study of personality on what can be directly observed or measured
b) the recognition of conscious, subjective experience
c) exploration of unconscious motives for conscious behavior
d) the use of information-processing models to explain personality development
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Describe what is meant by the hierarchy of needs and by self-actualization.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Evaluation
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
175) Relatively stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior are called ______.
a) traits
b) psychic structures
c) archetypes
d) emotions
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the two-factor and five-factor trait theories of personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Trait theories
176) The term neuroticism refers to ______.
a) introversion
b) sexual obsession
c) emotional instability
d) extraversion
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the two-factor and five-factor trait theories of personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Trait theories
177) Jamal is very outgoing, sociable and impulsive, and easily expresses his feelings. He loves people and would much rather spend time with friends than be alone. He is best described as ______.
a) an introvert
b) an ectomorph
c) a mesomorph
d) an extravert
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Describe the two-factor and five-factor trait theories of personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Trait theories
178) The “five-factor” model is most closely associated with ______ theory.
a) trait
b) psychodynamic
c) cognitive
d) behavioral
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the two-factor and five-factor trait theories of personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Trait theories
179) Each of the following is one of the factors in the “five-factor” model EXCEPT ______.
a) extraversion
b) agreeableness
c) neuroticism
d) emotionality
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Describe the two-factor and five-factor trait theories of personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Trait theories
180) Recent research suggests a ______ relationship between self-esteem and neuroticism, and a ______ relationship between self-esteem and extraversion.
a) negative, negative
b) negative, positive
c) positive, negative
d) positive, positive
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Describe the two-factor and five-factor trait theories of personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Trait theories
181) People who are not judgmental tend to score ______ on conscientiousness and ______ on agreeableness.
a) low, low
b) high, low
c) low, high
d) high, high
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Describe the two-factor and five-factor trait theories of personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Trait theories
182) Researchers have found links between lower satisfaction with intimate relationships and higher levels of ______ among college students.
a) neuroticism
b) extraversion
c) conscientiousness
d) openness to new experience
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Describe the two-factor and five-factor trait theories of personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Trait theories
183) Researchers have found that among college students, greater relationship satisfaction is related to ______ levels of agreeableness, and ______ levels of extraversion.
a) low; low
b) low; high
c) high; low
d) high; high
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Describe the two-factor and five-factor trait theories of personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Trait theories
184) From the trait theory perspective, healthy personality is mainly the result of ______.
a) a creative self
b) good genetic inheritance
c) ego strength
d) self-actualization
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Describe the two-factor and five-factor trait theories of personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Trait theories
185) In recent years, a growing consensus appears to be emerging that behavior reflects an interchange between traits dispositions and situational or environmental factors—a concept known as ______.
a) exchange theory
b) response theory
c) interactionism
d) multilateralism
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the two-factor and five-factor trait theories of personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Trait theories
186) The model that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in shaping personality is ______ theory.
a) psychodynamic
b) sociocultural
c) social cognitive
d) phenomenological
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Explain the sociocultural perspective on personality and the differences between individualism and collectivism.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: The sociocultural perspective
187) A person who defines himself or herself in terms of personal traits, such as “I am artistic,” and gives priority to his or her own goals is labeled by sociocultural theorists to be a(n) ______.
a) individualist
b) collectivist
c) socialist
d) conformist
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Explain the sociocultural perspective on personality and the differences between individualism and collectivism.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: The sociocultural perspective
188) A person who defines herself or himself in terms of relationships to other people, such as the groups to which she or he belongs, and gives priority to the group’s goals is labeled by sociocultural theorists to be a(n) ______.
a) individualist
b) collectivist
c) socialist
d) conformist
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Explain the sociocultural perspective on personality and the differences between individualism and collectivism.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: The sociocultural perspective
189) Individualism is most likely to be fostered by growing up in a ______ society.
a) communist
b) socialist
c) cloistered
d) capitalist
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Explain the sociocultural perspective on personality and the differences between individualism and collectivism.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: The sociocultural perspective
190) From the sociocultural perspective, healthy personality involves _______.
a) developing the ability to love and work
b) finding adaptive ways to achieve reinforcement
c) understanding who we are in the collective sense
d) experiencing life in the here and now
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Explain the sociocultural perspective on personality and the differences between individualism and collectivism.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: The sociocultural perspective
191) The process of adaptation in which immigrants and native groups identify with a new, dominant culture by learning about that culture and making changes in their behaviors and attitudes is called ______.
a) acculturation
b) actualization
c) congruence
d) ingratiation
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Discuss objective and projective methods of measuring personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Assessing personality
192) The sociocultural perspective embraces a ______ view of personality than those associated with traditional psychological models.
a) narrower
b) less realistic
c) less scientific
d) broader
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Explain the sociocultural perspective on personality and the differences between individualism and collectivism.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: The sociocultural perspective
193) The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of a(n) ______ test.
a) projective
b) introspective
c) subjective
d) objective
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Discuss objective and projective methods of measuring personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Assessing personality
194) The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of a(n) ______ test.
a) projective
b) introspective
c) subjective
d) objective
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Discuss objective and projective methods of measuring personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Assessing personality
195) The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is widely used in research on ______.
a) schizophrenia
b) bipolar disorder
c) motivation
d) perceptual development
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Discuss objective and projective methods of measuring personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Assessing personality
Question type: True-False
196) According to psychodynamic theory, the human mind is like a vast submerged iceberg, only the tip of which rises above the surface into awareness.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
197) In the psychodynamic model, the ego is driven by the pleasure principle.
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
198) Freud believed that children encounter a sexual conflict during each stage of development.
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
199) According to Sigmund Freud, fingernail biting and smoking are leftover signs of conflicts experienced during the first year of life.
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
200) For Erikson, the goal of adolescence is to attain ego identity, not genital sexuality.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
201) John Watson, the father of behaviorism, believed he could turn any healthy and well-formed infant into a doctor, lawyer, successful businessperson, or a beggar, or a thief if he were able to raise the child in any way he chose.
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
202) According to behaviorists, freedom of choice is an illusion and our preferences and choices are forced on us by the environment.
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
203) Social approval is a primary reinforcer.
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
204) Negative reinforcement can rapidly suppress undesired behavior.
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
205) Punishment can rapidly suppress undesired behavior.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
206) People can make themselves miserable by encoding stimuli in self-defeating ways.
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
207) Self-regulation minimizes our opportunities for influencing our environment.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
208) Humanists felt that Freud’s theory addressed the very best aspects of what people can be.
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Explain how humanistic–existential theories differ from psychodynamic and learning theories.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
209) Maslow felt that self-actualization represented the top of his initial construction of the hierarchy of needs.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe what is meant by the hierarchy of needs and by self-actualization.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
210) Carl Rogers believed that children should be prized for themselves regardless of their behavior.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe what is meant by the hierarchy of needs and by self-actualization.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
211) Traits are remarkably unstable elements of personality.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the two-factor and five-factor trait theories of personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Trait theories
212) Scientists recognize that many personality traits are influenced by genetic factors.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the two-factor and five-factor trait theories of personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Trait theories
213) People who are higher in conscientiousness tend not only to get their work done on time but also tend to live longer and have happier lives.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the two-factor and five-factor trait theories of personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Trait theories
214) Self-esteem has been linked to patterns of acculturation among immigrants.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Discuss problems of acculturation and how they affect psychological well-being.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: The sociocultural perspective
215) Objective personality tests are the only ways of accurately assessing personality.
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Discuss objective and projective methods of measuring personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Evaluation
Section Reference 1: Assessing personality
216) Objective tests present respondents with a standardized group of test items in the form of a questionnaire.
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Discuss objective and projective methods of measuring personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Assessing personality
217) Some personality tests rest on the belief that people project aspects of their personalities into their responses to ambiguous stimuli.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Discuss objective and projective methods of measuring personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Assessing personality
218) The Rorschach Test is the name of the test that involves looking at ambiguous inkblots and reporting what you see in them.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Discuss objective and projective methods of measuring personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Knowledge
Section Reference 1: Assessing personality
Question type: Essay
219) Explain Freud’s “iceberg” view of consciousness, identifying each level of consciousness and explaining its functions.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
220) Identify the three psychic structures in Freud's personality theory and how each structure functions.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
221) Identify and briefly explain, and give an example of, five of the defense mechanisms proposed by Sigmund Freud.
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
222) Identify the stages of Freud's theory of psychosexual development and describe what happens at each stage.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
223) Briefly explain the views of the various neo-Freudians in terms of their major concepts and how they differed from Freud.
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
224) Explain Erikson’s view of development, identifying each of his stages of development and the life crisis characterizing that stage.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
225) Summarize the elements that psychodynamic theorists feel are essential for a person to have a healthy personality.
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between the psychodynamic theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Psychodynamic theories
226) Discuss the views of the behaviorists in terms of their focus and how they differ from the other personality perspectives.
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
227) Explain how classical conditioning works. In your explanation, be sure to briefly discuss what extinction and spontaneous recovery are.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
228) Explain how operant conditioning works and discuss the differences among positive and negative reinforcers, primary and secondary reinforcers, and punishment.
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
229) Describe the views of social cognitive theorists in terms of their focus, concepts, and how they differ from the other personality perspectives.
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
230) Summarize the elements that social cognitive theorists believe are necessary for a person to have a healthy personality.
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Distinguish between two learning theory approaches to personality: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Learning theories
231) Describe the views of humanistic theorists in terms of their focus and common features, and how they differ from the other personality theories.
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Explain how humanistic–existential theories differ from psychodynamic and learning theories.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
232) Explain the major ideas of Abraham Maslow's theory of personality.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe what is meant by the hierarchy of needs and by self-actualization.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Comprehension
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
233) Summarize the elements that humanistic theorists believe are essential for a person to have a healthy personality.
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Describe humanistic theories of personality
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Humanistic theory
234) Discuss the views of trait theorists in terms of their focus and how they differ from the other personality perspectives.
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Describe the two-factor and five-factor trait theories of personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Trait theories
235) Explain what the five-factor model is, briefly describing each of the five factors in the model and discussing how the model is currently being used.
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Describe the two-factor and five-factor trait theories of personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Application
Section Reference 1: Trait theories
236) Summarize the elements that trait theorists feel are necessary for a person to have a healthy personality.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Describe the two-factor and five-factor trait theories of personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: Trait theories
237) Describe the views of sociocultural theorists in terms of their focus and common features, and how they differ from the other personality theories.
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective 1: Explain the sociocultural perspective on personality and the differences between individualism and collectivism.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: The sociocultural perspective
238) Summarize the elements that sociocultural theorists believe are essential for a person to have a healthy personality.
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective 1: Explain the sociocultural perspective on personality and the differences between individualism and collectivism.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Analysis
Section Reference 1: The sociocultural perspective
239) Describe the relative strengths and weaknesses of projective tests of personality. Would you support using them for the assessment of an individual? Why or why not?
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective 1: Discuss objective and projective methods of measuring personality.
Standard 1: Bloom's || Evaluation
Section Reference 1: Assessing personality