Stage 3 Collect, Prepare, And | Complete Test Bank Ch.13

Business Research Methods, 13e (Schindler)

Chapter 13 Stage 3: Collect, Prepare, and Examine Data

1) The process of ensuring the accuracy of data and their conversion from raw form into classified forms appropriate for analysis is called ________.

A) coding

B) data entry

C) data preparation

D) data measurement

E) quality control

2) All of the following activities except ________ are included in the data preparation process.

A) editing

B) coding

C) data entry

D) analyzing frequency distributions

E) evaluating reliability estimates

3) Editing data while it is being collected during a field setting is necessary to ________.

A) send data back to the analysis team each day

B) elaborate on abbreviations commonly used during field work

C) validate that interviews took place

D) screen for qualified participants

E) All of the above are correct.

4) What percentage of participants is contacted typically during data validation?

A) 10%

B) 15%

C) 25%

D) 33%

E) 40%

5) Allison is editing a data record and finds that a response of 7 has been entered for a question that requests a response between 1 and 5. What should Allison do?

A) Enter a response between 1 and 5

B) Enter a response of "9" for unknown

C) Enter the mode for the question

D) Enter a "3" as a neutral response

E) None of the above is correct.

6) ________ involves assigning numbers or other symbols to answers so that the responses can be grouped into a limited number of categories.

A) Editing

B) Data entry

C) Coding scheme

D) Measurement

E) Operationalization

7) A coding scheme generally contains all of the following information except ________.

A) variable number

B) record number

C) code description

D) instructions for coding

E) variable name

8) Consider the following survey question: "Where do you like to go on vacations?" The response options are 1) beach, 2) spa, 3) adventure, 4) big city, 5) foreign travel, 6) cruise.

For the vacation survey question, how many variables would be represented in the coding scheme for this question?

A) One

B) Two

C) Three

D) Four

E) Six

9) Consider the following survey question: "Where do you like to go on vacations?" The response options are 1) beach, 2) spa, 3) adventure, 4) big city, 5) foreign travel, 6) cruise.

Which of the following code descriptions is most appropriate for coding responses to the vacation survey question?

A) 1 = beach, 2 = spa, 3 = adventure, 4 = big city, 5 = foreign travel, 6 = cruise

B) 1 = beach only, 2 = beach and spa, 3 = beach, spa, and adventure, 4 = beach, spa, adventure, and big city, 5 = beach, spa, adventure, big city, and foreign travel, 6 = all of the above

C) 1 = one item checked, 2 = two items checked, 3 = three items checked, 4 = four items checked, 5 = five items checked, 6 = six items checked

D) 1 = yes, 0 = no for each variable

E) None of the above is correct.

10) Consider the following survey question: "Where do you like to go on vacations?" The response options are 1) beach, 2) spa, 3) adventure, 4) big city, 5) foreign travel, 6) cruise.

What type of data is produced by the vacation question?

A) Interval

B) Nominal

C) Ordinal

D) Ratio

11) Closed questions are favored over open-ended questions by researchers for all of the following reasons except ________.

A) ease of coding

B) ease of recording

C) ease of analysis

D) insight provided

E) efficiency

12) Which of the following guidelines must be followed in the development and use of mapping rules?

A) Categories within a single variable must be appropriate.

B) Categories within a single variable must be exhaustive.

C) Categories within a single variable must be mutually exclusive.

D) Categories must be derived from one classification principle.

E) All of the above are correct.

13) On a survey of how students spend their time, one question asks, "Which of the following best describes your employment status?" The response options provided are 1) not employed, 2) employed part-time, 3) employed full-time, 4) full-time student, and 5) other.

Which of the following code descriptions is most appropriate for the employment status question?

A) 1 = not employed, 2 = employed part-time, 3 = employed full-time, 4 = full-time student, 5 = other, 9 = missing

B) 1 = checked, 0 = not checked

C) 1 = not employed, full-time student, 2 = employed full-time, 3 = employed part-time, full-time student, 4 = not employed, other, 5 = other

D) All of the above are correct.

E) None of the above is correct.

14) On a survey of how students spend their time, one question asks, "Which of the following best describes your employment status?" The response options provided are 1) not employed, 2) employed part-time, 3) employed full-time, 4) full-time student, and 5) other.

In the example, which of the following characteristics of coding rules did the researcher fail to address adequately?

A) Appropriate categories

B) Exhaustive options

C) Mutual exclusivity

D) Single dimension

E) Closed-ended

15) On a survey of how students spend their time, one question asks, "Which of the following best describes your employment status?" The response options provided are 1) not employed, 2) employed part-time, 3) employed full-time, 4) full-time student, and 5) other.

In the example, the use of the response option "other" is used to meet the requirement that categories be ________.

A) appropriate

B) exhaustive

C) mutually exclusive

D) of a single dimension

E) numeric

16) On a survey of how students spend their time, one question asks, "Which of the following best describes your employment status?" The response options provided are 1) not employed, 2) employed part-time, 3) employed full-time, 4) full-time student, and 5) other.

In the example, employment levels and student status are both included as response options. This indicates that the researcher violated the requirement for categories to be ________.

A) appropriate

B) exhaustive

C) mutually exclusive

D) of a single dimension

E) numeric

17) On a survey of how students spend their time, one question asks, "Which of the following best describes your employment status?" The response options provided are 1) not employed, 2) employed part-time, 3) employed full-time, 4) full-time student, and 5) other.

What type of data results from the employment status question?

A) Dichotomous

B) Nominal

C) Ordinal

D) Interval

E) Ratio

18) Which term below refers to an analytical process for measuring the semantic content of a communication?

A) ANOVA

B) Regression

C) Content analysis

D) Factor analysis

E) Reliability analysis

19) All of the following techniques are used in content analysis except ________.

A) counting words

B) categorizing phrases

C) assessing the structure of expressions

D) triangulation

E) All of the above are correct.

20) An advertisement for the drug Plavix states the following: "If you've been hospitalized for heart-related chest pain or a certain type of heart attack, doctors call these conditions ACS, or Acute Coronary Syndrome. You can do more to help protect yourself against a future heart attack or stroke — ask your doctor about adding Plavix. For most, heart attack or stroke is caused when platelets form clots that block the flow of blood to the heart or brain. Think aspirin and other heart medications alone are enough? Adding Plavix could help protect you against a future heart attack or stroke. Plavix, added to aspirin and your current treatment, helps raise your protection against a future heart attack or stroke. Prescription Plavix and your other medications work in different ways. Adding Plavix can go beyond your current treatment. Plavix, taken with aspirin, plays its own role in keeping platelets from sticking together and forming clots —which helps keep blood flowing. Talk to your doctor about Plavix."

If we were to conduct a content analysis of the Plavix advertisement, platelets would be considered as ________ units.

A) syntactical

B) referential

C) propositional

D) thematic

E) semiotic

21) An advertisement for the drug Plavix states the following: "If you've been hospitalized for heart-related chest pain or a certain type of heart attack, doctors call these conditions ACS, or Acute Coronary Syndrome. You can do more to help protect yourself against a future heart attack or stroke — ask your doctor about adding Plavix. For most, heart attack or stroke is caused when platelets form clots that block the flow of blood to the heart or brain. Think aspirin and other heart medications alone are enough? Adding Plavix could help protect you against a future heart attack or stroke. Plavix, added to aspirin and your current treatment, helps raise your protection against a future heart attack or stroke. Prescription Plavix and your other medications work in different ways. Adding Plavix can go beyond your current treatment. Plavix, taken with aspirin, plays its own role in keeping platelets from sticking together and forming clots — which helps keep blood flowing. Talk to your doctor about Plavix."

In a content analysis of the Plavix advertisement, the words "adding" or "added" are used four times and the phrase "heart attack" is used five times. These are ________ units in our analysis.

A) syntactical

B) referential

C) propositional

D) thematic

E) semiotic

22) An advertisement for the drug Plavix states the following: "If you've been hospitalized for heart-related chest pain or a certain type of heart attack, doctors call these conditions ACS, or Acute Coronary Syndrome. You can do more to help protect yourself against a future heart attack or stroke — ask your doctor about adding Plavix. For most, heart attack or stroke is caused when platelets form clots that block the flow of blood to the heart or brain. Think aspirin and other heart medications alone are enough? Adding Plavix could help protect you against a future heart attack or stroke. Plavix, added to aspirin and your current treatment, helps raise your protection against a future heart attack or stroke. Prescription Plavix and your other medications work in different ways. Adding Plavix can go beyond your current treatment. Plavix, taken with aspirin, plays its own role in keeping platelets from sticking together and forming clots — which helps keep blood flowing. Talk to your doctor about Plavix."

In the Plavix advertisement, the claim that adding Plavix to aspirin helps raise a person's protection against future heart attack is a ________ unit because it makes an assertion about the benefits of aspirin alone.

A) syntactical

B) referential

C) propositional

D) thematic

E) semiotic

23) An advertisement for the drug Plavix states the following: "If you've been hospitalized for heart-related chest pain or a certain type of heart attack, doctors call these conditions ACS, or Acute Coronary Syndrome. You can do more to help protect yourself against a future heart attack or stroke — ask your doctor about adding Plavix. For most, heart attack or stroke is caused when platelets form clots that block the flow of blood to the heart or brain. Think aspirin and other heart medications alone are enough? Adding Plavix could help protect you against a future heart attack or stroke. Plavix, added to aspirin and your current treatment, helps raise your protection against a future heart attack or stroke. Prescription Plavix and your other medications work in different ways. Adding Plavix can go beyond your current treatment. Plavix, taken with aspirin, plays its own role in keeping platelets from sticking together and forming clots - which helps keep blood flowing. Talk to your doctor about Plavix."

The broad topic of "protection" featured in the Plavix advertisement is a ________ unit.

A) syntactical

B) referential

C) propositional

D) thematic

E) semiotic

24) An advertisement for the drug, Plavix, states the following: "If you've been hospitalized for heart-related chest pain or a certain type of heart attack, doctors call these conditions ACS, or Acute Coronary Syndrome. You can do more to help protect yourself against a future heart attack or stroke — ask your doctor about adding Plavix. For most, heart attack or stroke is caused when platelets form clots that block the flow of blood to the heart or brain. Think aspirin and other heart medications alone are enough? Adding Plavix could help protect you against a future heart attack or stroke. Plavix, added to aspirin and your current treatment, helps raise your protection against a future heart attack or stroke. Prescription Plavix and your other medications work in different ways. Adding Plavix can go beyond your current treatment. Plavix, taken with aspirin, plays its own role in keeping platelets from sticking together and forming clots — which helps keep blood flowing. Talk to your doctor about Plavix."

If we were using content analysis software to analyze the Plavix advertisement, which of the following words would require the use of stemming?

A) Protect

B) Help

C) Aspirin

D) Form

E) Heart attack

25) Which of the following groups of words indicates a series of words for which stemming would be used in the content analysis?

A) be, is, of, the

B) pretty, beautiful, attractive

C) search, searching, searches, searched

D) going, walking, running, flying

E) All of the above are correct.

26) Which of the following groups of words indicates a series of words for which aliasing would be used in the content analysis?

A) be, is, of, the

B) pretty, beautiful, attractive

C) search, searching, searches, searched

D) going, walking, running, flying

E) All of the above are correct.

27) Which of the following is an accurate interpretation for a "don't know" response from the respondent?

A) It isn't important enough to answer.

B) I don't know.

C) I don't want to answer that question.

D) I'm too ambivalent to figure out the best answer.

E) All of the above are correct.

28) With the ________ method, missing values are estimated using all cases that had data for each variable in the analysis.

A) pairwise deletion

B) replacement

C) listwise deletion

D) minimized deletion

E) case-specific deletion

29) Which missing data technique is most appropriate when missing data are considered data missing completely at random (MCAR)?

A) Pairwise deletion

B) Replacement

C) Listwise deletion

D) Minimized deletion

E) Weighting

30) A collection of data organized for computerized retrieval is called a ________.

A) data mine

B) data field

C) database

D) data code

E) computer recognition retrieval system

31) When viewing a data record entered into a spreadsheet, the columns identify ________.

A) records

B) variables

C) categories

D) coding instructions

E) variable labels

32) Data analysis is ________ when patterns in the collected data guide the data analysis or suggest revisions to the preliminary data analysis plan.

A) confirmatory

B) descriptive

C) exploratory

D) conclusive

E) forensic

33) The primary benefit of exploratory data analysis is its ability to be ________.

A) conclusive

B) exclusive

C) discriminatory

D) flexible

E) inexpensive

34) Hypothesis testing is conducted using ________ data analysis techniques.

A) exploratory

B) confirmatory

C) qualitative

D) quantitative

E) forensic

35) Data analysis is ________ when the analytical process is guided by classical statistical inference in its use of significance and confidence.

A) confirmatory

B) descriptive

C) exploratory

D) conclusive

E) forensic

36) Visual representations of data values are consistent with which form of data analysis?

A) Confirmatory

B) Exploratory

C) Conclusive

D) Descriptive

E) Hypothesis testing

37) All of the following are contained in a frequency table except ________.

A) lowest value

B) percent

C) count

D) cumulative percent

E) quartile indicators

38) When will the valid percent figure in a frequency table differ from the percent figure?

A) When the cumulative percent exceeds 100%

B) When there are missing cases

C) When using replacement for missing values

D) When the frequency exceeds 10

E) Valid percent and percent will always be the same.

39) Which type of graphical depiction of frequency values uses a circle shape divided into triangles such that each triangle represents the frequency value it represents?

A) Histogram

B) Pie chart

C) Line graph

D) Pareto diagram

E) Stem-and-leaf display

40) Which type of graph uses bars to represent data values such that each value occupies an equal amount of area within the enclosed area?

A) Bar chart

B) Pie chart

C) Histogram

D) Stem-and-leaf display

E) Line chart

41) Which of the following display choices is most similar to the histogram?

A) Bar chart

B) Pie chart

C) Box plot

D) Stem-and-leaf display

E) Line graph

42) Histograms can be used to display the ________ of a distribution.

A) skewness

B) kurtosis

C) modal pattern

D) All of the above are correct.

E) None of the above is correct.

43) The vertical axis on a histogram indicates the ________.

A) number of observations in each interval

B) midpoint for each interval

C) variable of interest

D) cumulative percent

E) valid percent

44) The horizontal axis on a histogram indicates the ________.

A) number of observations in each interval

B) interval of observations

C) variable of interest

D) cumulative percent

E) valid percent

45) A tree-type frequency distribution that specifies each data value without equal interval grouping is called a ________.

A) bar chart

B) histogram

C) stem-and-leaf display

D) pie chart

E) line graph

46) What information is presented in a stem-and-leaf display?

A) Percent

B) Actual values

C) Valid percent

D) Cumulative percent

E) Value labels

47) A stem-and-leaf display differs from a histogram in that a stem-and-leaf display ________.

A) presents actual data values

B) groups values into intervals

C) represents data using bars or asterisks

D) illustrates each interval with a color for visualization

E) is appropriate for nominal data

48) In a stem-and-leaf display, each piece of information on the stem is called a ________.

A) leaf

B) stem

C) trunk

D) flower

E) root

49) Consider the following array of values found in a stem-and-leaf display: 5 | 4 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9. Which of the following statements best reflects the meaning of this line?

A) There are nine items in the data set whose first digit is 5.

B) The numbers in the data set range from 4 to 9.

C) The variance in the data set is 5.

D) The mean of the data set is 5.

E) The values in the display are 95, 85, 75, 65, and 45; 95 appears four times and 85 appears twice.

50) Which type of display represents frequency data as a bar chart, ordered from most to least, overlayed with a line graph denoting the cumulative percentage at each variable level?

A) Stem-and-leaf display

B) Histogram

C) Pareto diagram

D) Pie chart

E) Line graph

51) Tables should have which of the following characteristics?

A) Rounded numbers for easy comparison

B) Ordered numbers, largest to smallest

C) Percentages to show proportionate relationships

D) Conversion of numbers for a common comparison

E) All of the above are correct.

52) All of the following are sources of data that can be used in a Pareto diagram except ________.

A) multiple-choice-single-response scales

B) multiple-choice-multiple-response scales

C) frequency counts of words

D) dichotomous scales

E) None of the above is correct.

53) A ________ reduces the detail of the stem-and-leaf display and provides a different visual image of the distribution's location, spread, shape, and tail length.

A) histogram

B) box plot

C) Pareto diagram

D) frequency table

E) geographic map

54) Measures that are resistant are ________.

A) inappropriate for statistical analysis

B) corrupted with measurement bias

C) based on nominal scales

D) able to resist influence of extreme values

E) sensitive to localized data

55) Which of the following statistics is resistant?

A) Mean

B) Standard deviation

C) Variance

D) Median

E) All of the above are correct.

56) Which of the following statistics is nonresistant?

A) Median

B) Mode

C) Range

D) Quartiles

E) Standard deviation

57) All of the following are ingredients of box plots except ________.

A) rectangular plot that encompasses 50% of the data values

B) center line marking the median

C) jagged line marking the mean

D) box hinges

E) whiskers that extend from the right and left hinges to the largest and smallest values

58) Data points that exceed plus 1.5 of the interquartile range are called ________.

A) extremists

B) outcasts

C) errors

D) outliers

E) skewed data

59) Outliers are those data points that exceed ________ of the interquartile range.

A) +1

B) +1.5

C) +2

D) +2.5

E) +3

60) Which of the following is not an appropriate situation for the use of mapping?

A) Identify competing business locations to identify the location for a new store

B) Identify the geographic location of target customer segments to plan promotions

C) Identify the performance of various call centers nationwide by assessing training effectiveness

D) Identify specification accuracy of machines by factory location to assess maintenance routines

E) All of the above are appropriate uses of mapping.

61) Which of the research questions/hypotheses below is best answered using cross-tabulations?

A) What percentage of men and women prefer brand A over brand B?

B) What percentage of residents shop at the local grocery store?

C) Is brand loyalty related to brand image?

D) What happens to sales when prices drop?

E) Where do most of our consumers live?

62) A statistical technique that describes two or more variables simultaneously and results in tables that reflect the joint distribution of two or more variables that have a limited number of categories or distinct values is a(n) ________.

A) t test

B) ANOVA

C) factor analysis

D) cross-tabulation

E) regression

63) Which of the following best expresses the value of using percentages in data presentation?

A) Allows for relative comparisons

B) Allows for mathematical manipulation of the values

C) Focuses on the count of cases

D) Provides for the calculation of marginals

E) All of the above are correct.

64) The introduction of a third variable in cross-tabulation can result in which of the following possibilities?

A) Refined association between the two original variables

B) No association between the two original variables

C) No change in the initial pattern

D) All of the above are correct.

E) None of the above is correct.

65) When are cross-tabulations called contingency tables?

A) Anytime

B) When used in confirmatory data analysis

C) When used for display purposes

D) When presented with percentages rather than raw counts

E) When used to present data

66) What oversight has occurred in the following example? The price is reduced by 400% because it was $1 and is now just 25 cents.

A) Use of too large percentages

B) Percentage decreases cannot exceed 100%.

C) Use of too small a base

D) Averaging percentages

E) Percentages cannot exceed 100%.

67) The purpose of a control variable in cross-tabulation is to ________.

A) help interpret the relationship between variables

B) control for outliers

C) provide a comparison for the results

D) establish precision

E) All of the above are correct.

68) Cross-tabulations with more than two variables are called ________ tables.

A) multivariate

B) n-way

C) kth

D) CHAID

E) nested

69) The data partitioning procedure that can search up to 300 variables for the single best predictor of a dependent variable is called ________.

A) cross-tabulation

B) regression

C) automatic interaction detection

D) data mining

E) factor analysis

70) Box plots are said to incorporate resistant statistics because they ________.

A) are constructed with a five-number summary

B) do not contain weak measures of central tendency like the median

C) are based on a new type of dispersion statistics

D) use whiskers to represent quartiles

71) Marginals are the totals of row and/or column variables in a ________.

A) pie chart

B) bar chart

C) cross-classification (cross-tabulation) table

D) frequency table

72) Re-expression of collected data on a lower-power scale is called ________.

A) resistant statistics

B) nonresistant statistics

C) recoding

D) cross-tabulation

E) None of the above is correct.

73) In which of the following are bars arranged in decreasing order by size?

A) Control chart

B) Simple bar chart

C) Pareto diagram

D) Histogram

E) None of the above is correct.

74) In a ________, category codes are ordered from lowest value to highest value with columns for count, percent, valid percent, and cumulative percent.

A) box plot

B) histogram

C) stem-and-leaf diagram

D) Pareto diagram

E) frequency table

75) Which of the following is most appropriately displayed with a frequency table?

A) What percentage of people prefer Hunt's brand ketchup

B) The relationship between gender and job performance

C) How much explanatory value comes from the study's variables

D) The home location of the most valuable customers

E) The relative effectiveness of ads in newspapers verses ads in magazines

76) Which data display technique uses the five-number summary?

A) Frequency table

B) Pareto diagram

C) Box plot

D) Stem-and-leaf display

E) Pie chart

77) In table design, you do not round the data numbers when ________.

A) the data represent currency

B) you want the reader to see ratio relationships

C) the data must be precise

D) numbers are grouped by a control variable

E) None of the above is correct.

78) In data analysis, a cell is created by ________.

A) the creation of a stem in a stem-and-leaf display

B) the count and percentage of a variable in a frequency table

C) the bar in a Pareto diagram

D) the overlap of two variables in cross-tabulation

E) None of the above is correct.

79) A survey timeline would include a survey activation date.

80) Data that has not been precoded must be coded prior to analysis.

81) Content analysis could be used for analyzing the comments attached to financial statements in the financial reports of the Fortune 500 companies.

82) In content analysis, if you were studying the themes represented in CEO letters contained in annual reports, you would be studying ________.

A) context units

B) sampling units

C) recording units

D) All of the above are correct.

E) None of the above is correct.

83) In content analysis, if you were studying recording units within cover letters accompanying resumes to determine the best constructs to include to get a letter noticed, you would study ________.

A) syntactical

B) referential

C) propositional

D) thematic

E) ideational

84) When you collect data, ________ can involve creation and delivery of a drop box for paper-and-pencil surveys.

A) survey timeline

B) survey disposition

C) participant invitation

D) survey activation

E) participant reminder

85) Surveys using probability sampling design need fewer participant reminders than surveys using nonprobability sampling designs.

86) Preparing a descriptive statistical summary of the collected data for each variable is not a tool used to assess the coding scheme for coding errors.

87) If we study what assertions or claims people make about their skills in their resumes, we are interested in what type of recording units?

A) Syntactical

B) Referential

C) Propositional

D) Thematic

E) Ideational

88) The tool used to display content analysis recording units is a ________.

A) diversions graph

B) proximity plot

C) bar graph

D) line graph

E) Pareto diagram

89) Data is complete when data entry follows the mapping rules for each variable.

90) A "Don't know" response means that the participant has no knowledge of the topic addressed in the measurement question.

91) Which of the following is a legitimate "Don't Know" response to a closed question?

A) Participant has not yet made a judgement on the issue.

B) Participant is a gamer and chooses Don't Know response to mess up the survey process.

C) Participant feels the topic does not warrant his or her consideration

D) All of the above lead to legitimate "Don't Know" responses.

E) None of the above leads to a legitimate "Don't Know" response.

92) Which of the following is true?

A) Database is smaller than a data file.

B) Data record contains all answers from a single data case.

C) Data variable is contained within a row on a data record.

D) Data field does not contain data representing a variable.

E) A single measurement question is always represented by a single data field.

93) A participant is asked a filter question, then a branched question. Missing data is higher for the branched question. This is an example of what type of missing data?

A) MCAR

B) MAR

C) NMAR

D) Either MCAR or NMAR

E) None of the above is correct.

94) When data editing replaces the missing data for a MCAR variable in a data record with the mean response for all participants who provided data for that variable, the editing strategy being used is ________.

A) listwise deletion

B) pairwise deletion

C) predictive replacement

D) pairwise replacement

E) listwise replacement

95) Converting counts to percentages make relative comparison between variables more difficult.

96) Which of the following statements is true?

A) Exploratory data analysis often leads to recoding.

B) Exploratory data analysis has no effect on the preliminary analysis plan.

97) What are the four rules that guide the coding and categorization of a data record? Explain why each one is important for researchers.

98) What is meant by stemming, aliasing and the use of exclusion filters in content analysis software applications?

99) Using the copy from the Plavix advertisement (below), briefly content analyze the ad. Include an assessment of the four types of units that can be coded using content analysis.

An advertisement for the drug Plavix states the following: "If you've been hospitalized for heart-related chest pain or a certain type of heart attack, doctors call these conditions ACS, or Acute Coronary Syndrome. You can do more to help protect yourself against a future heart attack or stroke — ask your doctor about adding Plavix. For most, heart attack or stroke is caused when platelets form clots that block the flow of blood to the heart or brain. Think aspirin and other heart medications alone are enough? Adding Plavix could help protect you against a future heart attack or stroke. Plavix, added to aspirin and your current treatment, helps raise your protection against a future heart attack or stroke. Prescription Plavix and your other medications work in different ways. Adding Plavix can go beyond your current treatment. Plavix, taken with aspirin, plays its own role in keeping platelets from sticking together and forming clots — which helps keep blood flowing. Talk to your doctor about Plavix."

100) What advantages do stem-and-leaf displays provide over histograms?

101) Why might a data record suffer from missing data? Explain the techniques researchers may use to handle missing data during data analysis.

102) Which of the following is not accurate about a tabular presentation of numbers?

A) Numbers can be rounded to permit easier comparison, unless the precision of the number is important.

B) Counts should always be numbered by smallest to lowest.

C) Do not use averages if you have a bimodal distribution.

D) Numbers in a table should be on a common scale.

E) Several small tables reveal patterns better than one large complex table.

103) Data rows should be ordered in a table ________.

A) alphabetically or randomly, so no data element is emphasized

B) to best reveal the pattern in the data

104) The title of a table should ________..

A) be descriptive of its content

B) may contain the key message of the data in the table

C) should contain the time frame of the data

D) should contain the sample size represented by noncensus data

E) All of the above are correct.

105) Tables should contain summary statements so readers do not miss the message of the data.

106) A table's summary statement can be contained in the title of a table.

107) A table's column headers should avoid abbreviations unless these are well-known to the audience.

108) In table design, the number of columns should exceed the number of rows.

109) Which term below refers to an ordered array of all values for a variable?

A) Correlation table

B) Frequency distribution

C) Frequency table

D) Scatter diagram

E) Histogram

110) In a standard normal distribution, the mean is ________ and the standard deviation is ________.

A) 0; 1

B) 5; 1

C) 3; 1

D) 1; 5

E) It varies based on the sample.

111) Which of the following can be determined using a frequency distribution?

A) How close a sample comes to the null hypothesis

B) How does one variable, X, relate to another variable, Y

C) Whether a systematic association exist between two variables

D) The shape of the variable's distribution

E) The systematic variance associated with the sample

112) The value obtained by summing all cases in a set and dividing by the number of cases is the ________.

A) mean

B) median

C) mode

D) range

E) standard score

113) Which of the following statements is not true of the mode?

A) The mode is the most frequently occurring value.

B) There may be more than one mode in a distribution.

C) Distributions may not be multimodal.

D) Some distributions have no mode.

E) The mode is most appropriate for nominal data.

114) The median is an appropriate measure of central tendency for ________ data.

A) interval

B) ratio

C) ordinal

D) nominal

E) All of the above are correct.

115) Consider the following array of numbers: 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 15 19 20 21. In the array provided, what is the mode?

A) 7

B) 9

C) 10

D) 15

E) Both 7 and 9

116) Consider the following array of numbers: 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 15 19 20 21. In the array provided, what is the median?

A) 7

B) 9

C) 10

D) 15

E) Both 7 and 9

117) Consider the following array of numbers: 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 15 19 20 21. In the array provided, what is the mean?

A) 7

B) 9

C) 10

D) 15

E) Both 7 and 9

118) Consider the following array of numbers: 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 15 19 20 21. What is the range for the array provided?

A) 5

B) 7

C) 9

D) 10

E) 16

119) ________ is a measure of the relative peakedness or flatness of the curve defined by the frequency distribution.

A) Kurtosis

B) Deviation

C) Point estimate

D) Standard error

E) Z score

120) Common measures of ________ include the range, interquartile range, variance or standard deviation, and variation.

A) central tendency

B) variability

C) shape

D) location

E) significance

121) The difference between the smallest and the largest values in a distribution is the ________.

A) mean

B) median

C) mode

D) range

E) deviation

122) A ________ is equal to the observation minus the mean.

A) standard deviation

B) deviation score

C) range

D) mode

E) quartile

123) The measure of deviation from the mean such that cases stretch toward one tail or the other is called ________.

A) kurtosis

B) platykurtic

C) skewness

D) ku

E) mesokurtic