Schindler Ch.14 Exam Prep Stage 4 Hypothesis Testing

Business Research Methods, 13e (Schindler)

Chapter 14 Stage 4: Hypothesis Testing

1) ________ statistics considers subjective probability estimates while ________ statistics considers only objective estimates.

A) Classical; Bayesian

B) Inductive; deductive

C) Bayesian; classical

D) Descriptive; exploratory

E) Exploratory; descriptive

2) If a difference is not caused only by random sampling fluctuations, it is said to have ________.

A) resistance

B) statistical significance

C) substantive significance

D) reasonable doubt

E) practical significance

3) Which of the following hypotheses is a null hypothesis?

A) There is no difference in the monthly grocery bills of families with one child and families with two children.

B) Grocery bills vary according to the number of meals eaten outside the home.

C) Families with two children have significantly higher grocery bills than families with just one child.

D) There is a relationship between grocery bills and the number of people in a household.

E) The mean age in a household is predictive of the amount of money spent on food each month.

4) Which of the following hypotheses is an alternative hypothesis?

A) There is no relationship between grade point average and drinking behavior among college students.

B) Seniors are no more likely than freshmen to binge drink.

C) Men are more likely to binge drink than women.

D) Athletes and nonathletes are equally likely to binge drink.

E) There is no difference in alcohol consumption among beer drinkers and wine drinkers.

5) What type of hypothesis states that a sample statistic is either greater than or less than the population parameter?

A) Null

B) One-tailed

C) Two-tailed

D) Three-tailed

E) None of the above is correct.

6) What type of hypothesis states that the sample statistic is not the same as the population statistic but is either greater than or less than, but not both?

A) Null

B) One-tailed

C) Two-tailed

D) Three-tailed

E) None of the above is correct.

7) Which of the following hypotheses uses a two-tailed test?

A) Hamburger consumption differs among men and women.

B) Men consume more hamburgers than women.

C) Women are more concerned with the health consequences associated with eating hamburgers than are men.

D) There is no difference in hamburger consumption among men and women.

E) All of the above are two-tailed tests.

8) Which of the following hypotheses would need a one-tailed test?

A) Hybrid cars get better gas mileage than traditional cars.

B) There is a difference in the gas mileage of cars and trucks.

C) There is no difference in gas mileage among two-door and four-door vehicles.

D) There is a relationship between the number of miles to one's job and the gas mileage associated with his or her chosen car.

E) All of the above would need a one-tailed test.

9) Which of the following statements is not correct about the alternative hypothesis?

A) It may be directional or nondirectional.

B) The alternative hypothesis represents the conclusion for which evidence is sought.

C) The alternative hypothesis is the opposite of the null hypothesis.

D) It is always the hypothesis tested.

E) None of the statements is correct.

10) "Men and women use the Internet approximately the same number of hours per week" is a ________.

A) null hypothesis

B) one-tailed test

C) two-tailed test

D) test of proportions

E) test of means

11) "The number of hours worked is related to student grade point average" is a(n) ________ hypothesis.

A) null

B) one-tailed

C) two-tailed

D) test of proportions

E) test of means

12) Which of the following illustrates the correct expression of the null hypothesis for the alternate hypothesis "more than 40% of Internet users shop online"?

A) H0: µ ≤ .40

B) HA: µ > .40

C) H0: µ = .40

D) HA: µ ≠ .40

E) HA: µ = .40

13) Which of the following illustrates the correct expression of the alternate hypothesis that "customers of McDonald's consume more than the national average of 36 hamburgers each year"?

A) H0: µ ≤ 36

B) H0: µ > 36

C) H0: µ = 36

D) HA: µ ≠ 36

E) HA: µ > 36

14) ________ occurs when the sample results lead to the rejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact true.

A) Type I error

B) Two-tailed error

C) Type II error

D) One-tailed error

E) Parametric significance

15) Also known as beta error, ________ occurs when the sample results lead to the nonrejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact false.

A) type I error

B) two-tailed error

C) type II error

D) one-tailed error

16) The ________ is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact false and should be rejected.

A) type I error

B) level of significance

C) type II error

D) power of a test

E) Z score

17) Which type of error is also known as alpha?

A) Type I error

B) Type II error

C) Beta error

D) Standard error

E) Demand error

18) Which of the following outcomes is roughly the equivalent of committing a type I error?

A) Finding a guilty person guilty

B) Finding a guilty person not guilty

C) Finding an innocent person not guilty

D) Finding an innocent person guilty

E) None of the above is correct.

19) Statisticians recommend that the power of a test equal ________, that is, the probability that one will correctly reject a false null hypothesis.

A) 5%

B) 10%

C) 50%

D) 80%

E) 95%

20) The level of significance chosen for hypothesis testing is based on ________.

A) the desired level of confidence one wishes to have in the results

B) the desired degree of precision

C) how much risk of a type I error one is willing to accept

D) the statistical test used

E) whether the sample is a probability sample

21) The most common level of significance used in hypothesis testing is ________.

A) .05

B) .10

C) .25

D) .90

E) .95

22) As one increases the significance level accepted for hypothesis testing, the probability of committing a type II error ________.

A) increases

B) decreases

C) stays the same

D) is rejected

E) is accepted

23) The null hypothesis is typically rejected when ________.

A) the calculated value is smaller than the critical value

B) the critical value is smaller than the calculated value

C) the level of significance chosen is .05

D) a chi-square statistic is computed

E) the Z ratio approaches 1

24) The probability of observing a sample value as extreme as, or more extreme than, the value actually observed given that the null hypothesis is true is called the ________.

A) level of significance

B) critical value

C) t statistic

D) p value

E) alpha

25) Under which of the following conditions must the null hypothesis be rejected?

A) p value < significance level α

B) p value > significance level

C) p value = significance level

D) p value cannot be determined

E) p value is unrelated to hypothesis testing

26) Consider the following hypothesis: "There is no relationship between income and amount of money spent on food."

If the hypothesis presented is tested with a .05 level of significance and the resulting p value is .01, which of the following is the correct decision regarding the null hypothesis?

A) Reject the null hypothesis

B) Cannot reject the null hypothesis

C) The decision cannot be determined with the information provided

D) Reject the alternate

E) None of the above is correct.

27) Consider the following hypothesis: "There is no relationship between income and amount of money spent on food."

If the hypothesis presented is tested using a .05 alpha level and the resulting p value is .01, which of the following interpretations of the results is most appropriate?

A) There is no relationship between income and food expenditures.

B) There is a relationship between income and food expenditures.

C) As income increases, food expenditures increase.

D) As income decreases, the percentage of income spent on food increases.

E) None of the above is correct.

28) ________ tests are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables of interest are measured on at least an interval scale.

A) Parameter

B) Parametric

C) Nonparametric

D) Significance

E) Metric

29) ________ tests are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables are measured on a nominal or ordinal scale.

A) Parameter

B) Parametric

C) Nonparametric

D) Resistant

E) Type I

30) How can a researcher determine whether data meet the assumption of normality necessary for using parametric tests?

A) Assess the level of significance.

B) Determine the probability of making a type II error.

C) Determine the probability of making a type I error.

D) Examine a normal probability plot.

E) Examine whether the distribution is bimodal or multimodal.

31) A researcher should consider answers to all of the following questions except ________ when selecting a particular test of significance.

A) how many samples are involved in the test

B) are the samples related

C) what type of data is involved

D) what is the level of significance

E) All of the above should be addressed.

32) The ________ is a parametric test to determine the statistical significance between the sample distribution mean and a population parameter.

A) F statistic

B) t-test

C) Z distribution

D) Z test

E) t distribution

33) When sample sizes exceed ________, the t and Z distributions are virtually identical.

A) 120

B) 300

C) 500

D) 1000

E) The t and Z distributions will never be identical.

34) Which statement is not true concerning the t distribution?

A) Compared to the normal distribution, the t distribution has more area in the tails and less in the center.

B) As the number of degrees of freedom increases, the t distribution approaches the normal distribution.

C) The t distributions are skewed to the left.

D) The population variance is unknown and is estimated by the sample variance s2.

E) As the sample size increases beyond 120, the t and Z distributions are indistinguishable.

35) Which of the following is true of a one-sample chi-square test?

A) The null hypothesis is that the actual frequency in each category is different than those hypothesized.

B) The greater the difference between the actual and hypothesized frequencies in a category, the more likely the difference can be attributed to chance.

C) The value of the X2 statistic expresses the extent of the difference between the actual and hypothesized frequencies.

D) The larger the divergence, the smaller the X2 value.

E) A X2 statistic is significant if it is less than .05.

36) Which of the following involves a test of two-independent samples?

A) Test of differences in the percent of men and women who are or are not members of Greek organizations on campus

B) Test of the average incomes of subscribers of Southern Living and Better Homes and Gardens

C) Test of whether the mean salary of professors at Metro University is higher than the national average for university professors

D) Test of whether a change occurred in the proneness for heart disease among people who switched to a diet high in fish

E) Test of differences in ad recall among three experimental groups (each of which saw a different advertisement) and a control group

37) Which of the following involves a test of two-related samples?

A) Test of differences in the percent of men and women who are or are not members of Greek organizations on campus

B) Test of the average incomes of subscribers of Southern Living and Better Homes and Gardens

C) Test of whether the mean salary of professors at Metro University is higher than the national average for university professors

D) Test of whether a change occurred in the proneness for heart disease among people who switched to a diet high in fish

E) Test of differences in ad recall among three experimental groups (each of which saw a different advertisement) and a control group

38) Which of the following involves a test of k-independent-samples?

A) Test of differences in the percent of men and women who are or are not members of Greek organizations on campus

B) Test of the average incomes of subscribers of Southern Living and Better Homes and Gardens

C) Test of whether the mean salary of professors at Metro University is higher than the national average for university professors

D) Test of whether a change occurred in the proneness for heart disease among people who switched to a diet high in fish

E) Test of differences in ad recall among three experimental groups (each of which saw a different advertisement) and a control group

39) Which of the following tests is most appropriate for examining differences in the average number of hours spent viewing television among four different age groups?

A) Z test

B) t-test

C) ANOVA

D) Chi-square test

E) McNemar test

40) When conducting an ANOVA, if the F ratio is close to 1, which of the following interpretations is true?

A) The null hypothesis is rejected.

B) There is no difference between the means of the groups examined.

C) The population means are unequal.

D) The between-groups variance is twice the within-groups variance.

E) All of the above are true.

41) In which of the following situations should an a priori contrast be used?

A) A t-test is used to conclude that men consume more hamburgers than women.

B) A chi-square test is used to conclude that there is a difference in type of living quarters by class status.

C) Using a one-way ANOVA, significant differences in advance are found between three experimental groups and one control group.

D) A Z test indicates that the national average of the number of soft drinks consumed in the United States exceeds that of France.

E) All of the above can use an a priori contrast.

42) Hypothesis testing of the effectiveness of two experimental manipulations against a control group finds that there is a significant difference in the mean score by group and the null hypothesis is rejected. Which test below can be used to determine where a difference exists?

A) ANOVA

B) Chi-square test

C) F ratio

D) Z test

E) Scheffe's S

43) Which of the following is not true of the Kruskal-Wallis test?

A) It is a one-way analysis of variance by ranks.

B) It assumes random selection.

C) It assumes a continuous distribution.

D) It is used with two-related samples.

E) All of the above are true.

44) A two-way ANOVA differs from a one-way ANOVA in that ________.

A) post hoc comparisons are completed as a part of the initial test

B) it requires an assumption of normality

C) it examines possible interaction effects among two independent factors

D) it examines possible interaction effects among two or more dependent variables

E) it allows an examination of ordinal data

45) Repeated measures taken from the same participant are called ________.

A) examinations

B) related samples

C) time series data

D) trials

E) n-way tests

46) Which test is an extension of the McNemar test useful for tests involving more than two samples?

A) Cochran Q

B) ANOVA

C) n-way ANOVA

D) Kruskal-Wallis

E) Mann-Whitney U

47) In an examination of differences among the mean hamburger consumption of people in the United Kingdom (UK), United States (US), France (FR), and Korea (KR), how would the null hypothesis be stated?

A) H0: UK > US > FR > KR

B) HA: UK + US > FR + KR

C) H0: UK = US = FR = KR

D) HA: π ≠ 0

E) H0: π = 0

48) ANOVA can be used as a parametric test of ________.

A) one sample

B) two-related samples

C) two-unrelated samples

D) k-independent samples

E) All of the above are correct.

49) Jeremy is using an ANOVA to examine the alternative hypothesis that brand loyalty is higher among frequent fliers of Jet Blue than the reported brand loyalty of frequent fliers on United, US Airways, and Delta. If the p value is less than .05 and the F ratio is greater than 1, which of the following interpretations is correct?

A) Jet Blue has higher brand loyalty among its frequent fliers than do the other three airlines examined.

B) There is no difference in brand loyalty among customers of the four airlines.

C) There is a difference in brand loyalty among customers of the four airlines.

D) Jet Blue has lower brand loyalty among its frequent fliers than do the other three airlines.

E) No interpretation can be made with the information available.

50) Which of the following best explains how the F ratio examines differences among groups?

A) The variability attributable to a treatment is compared to the variability arising from random error.

B) The probability of making a type I error is compared to the probability of making a type II error.

C) The critical F is compared to the critical t.

D) The standard deviation for each group is subtracted from the mean of all groups.

E) None of the above is correct.

51) If a data difference is not caused only by random sampling fluctuations, and its size is important to the business decision maker, it is said to have ________.

A) resistance level of the statistic

B) statistical significance level

C) substantive significance level

D) reasonable doubt

E) practical significance level

52) The region of acceptance and the region of rejection are determined by the ________.

A) resistance level of the statistic

B) statistical significance level

C) substantive significance level

D) reasonable doubt

E) practical significance level

53) Which of the following about hypothesis testing is not true?

A) A process that involves inferential statistics

B) A process of proving that an unsupported assumption about the relationship between two variables is valid

C) A process that involves parametric and/or nonparametric tests

D) A process that tests all differences between groups exactly the same, regardless of level of data in measurement

E) All the above are true.

54) A study of more than 20,000 mothers of newborns revealed a 10% greater likelihood of purchasing product A by mothers of boys verses mothers of girls. The hypothesis "Mothers of boys will be more likely to purchase product A than will mothers of girls" is the alternative hypothesis.

55) In a study of more than 10,000 sport game attendees, the null hypothesis is: "Sport season ticket holders will be no more likely to purchase fan apparel than will occasional game attendees." If we test only for the probability on the "greater than" side, we should conduct a ________.

A) one-tailed test

B) two-tailed test

56) If we rejected the null hypothesis, we found a statistically difference significant between groups on a variable during hypothesis testing.

57) Define the null and alternative hypotheses. Discuss the relationship between the two hypotheses.

58) What is the difference between a type I error and a type II error? How are the two errors related?

59) List the six-stage sequence for testing statistical significance.

60) What are the assumptions for using parametric tests for hypothesis testing?