Test Bank

Chapter 11: Societal Responses to Deviance

Multiple Choice

1. A social contract can be summarized as ______.

a. a written agreement to act based on the laws

b. giving up some freedom to benefit from community rules

c. exchanging most civil rights and civil liberties for safety

d. accepting that the government has absolute authority to make laws

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. According to the text, two types of social controls exist in society: ______.

a) formal and informal

b) positive and negative

c) legal and social

d) judicial and extrajudicial

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Police arresting a criminal reflects ______ social control.

a) informal

b) positive

c) negative

d) formal

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. ______ refers to the process of behavior previously defined as deviant becoming defined as sickness.

a) Medicalization

b) Constructivism

c) Objectivism

d) Deconstructivism

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Medicalization of Deviant Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Which researchers used a Seattle case study to examine how often individuals, mostly poor or homeless, are arrested and prohibited from entering areas associated with drug dealing and prostitution?

a) Hirschi and Gottfredson

b) Beckett and Herbert

c) Sutherland and Cressey

d) Sampson and Laub

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Policing, Supervision, and the Impact of Incarceration on Disadvantaged Populations and Communities

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Joseph is in kindergarten. He frequently picks his nose. When he does, his friends laugh at him and scream “Gross!” His mother ignores his behavior because she thinks he will grow out of it. Which part of this example reflects informal social control?

a) his friends laughing at him

b) his mother ignoring him

c) Joseph picking his nose

d) Joseph being in kindergarten

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Which theorist identified the five pains of imprisonment?

a) Goffman

b) Beckett

c) Herbert

d) Sykes

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gresham Sykes and the Pains of Imprisonment

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. ______ consequences refers to how incarceration affects communities and families beyond the institution.

a) Primary

b) Secondary

c) Collateral

d) Stigmatic

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reentry: Challenges in Returning to the Community After Time in an Institution

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. One formal control of deviant behavior involves ______, in which individuals—often poor or homeless—may be arrested and then subsequently prohibited from entering or occupying certain areas.

a) diversion

b) banishment

c) reification

d) disenfranchisement

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Policing, Supervision, and the Impact of Incarceration on Disadvantaged Populations and Communities

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Mental illness, hyperactivity in children, and alcoholism are all examples of behavior that were formerly defined as deviant but were then ______, meaning that now doctors are primarily responsible for responding to the behavior.

a) criminalized

b) institutionalized

c) medicalized

d) marginalized

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Medicalization of Deviant Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Drapetomania was a mental illness diagnosed in enslaved people who repeatedly attempted to escape slavery. This diagnosis is no longer recognized as valid within the medical community. This is an example of ______.

a. total institutionalization

b. informal social controls

c. medicalization

d. demedicalization

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Medicalization of Deviant Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. What did Michelle Alexander call “the new Jim Crow?”

a. juvenile delinquency

b. mass incarceration

c. the Black Lives Matter movement

d. deinstitutionalization

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Policing, Supervision, and the Impact of Incarceration on Disadvantaged Populations and Communities

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. What do prisons, mental hospitals, and juvenile detention centers all have in common?

a. They are all total institutions.

b. They are all part of “the new Jim Crow.”

c. They are all avenues for medicalization.

d. They are all forms of informal social control.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Total Institutions

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. Which of the following statements about total institutions is accurate?

a. Entrance into a total institution medicalizes criminal behavior.

b. Some total institutions are entered into voluntarily.

c. Most total institutions are easy to leave.

d. There are very few total institutions still in operation today.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Total Institutions

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. Which of the following is a purpose of criminal sanctions identified by Hagan?

a. retribution

b. family separation

c. shaming

d. validating laws

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Correctional Facilities and the Purposes of Punishment

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Punishing criminals serves the function of ______; when an offender is caught and sanctioned, the boundaries of the community are clearly tested, set, and reaffirmed.

a. restitution

b. incapacitation

c. individual/specific deterrence

d. moral affirmation/symbolism

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Correctional Facilities and the Purposes of Punishment

Difficulty Level: Hard

17. What is the primary purpose of prisons, according to the text?

a. general deterrence

b. incapacitation

c. rehabilitation

d. moral affirmation

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Correctional Facilities and the Purposes of Punishment

Difficulty Level: Hard

18. When reviewing the pains of imprisonment, the deprivation of ______ is found in the way that every significant movement an inmate makes is controlled by others; inmates must abide by others’ decisions and submit to those decisions with enforced respect and deference.

a. liberty

b. security

c. autonomy

d. goods and services

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gresham Sykes and the Pains of Imprisonment

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. “The worst thing about prison is you have to live with other prisoners” is a statement that summarizes the deprivation of ______, which is one of the pains of imprisonment.

a. goods and services

b. heterosexual relationships

c. security

d. liberty

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gresham Sykes and the Pains of Imprisonment

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Felon disenfranchisement is a form of ______.

a. civil death

b. medicalization

c. informal social control

d. mass incarceration

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Reentry: Challenges in Returning to the Community After Time in an Institution

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Once a behavior becomes medicalized, it is no longer frowned upon.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Medicalization of Deviant Behavior

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Some states in the United States ban felons from voting, even after their release from prison.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reentry: Challenges in Returning to the Community After Time in an Institution

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Total institutions are places in which most daily activities are conducted as a group, tightly scheduled, prearranged, and monitored in order to maintain social control.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Total Institutions

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. In “secondary prisonization,” women are subjected to marginalization and their own pains of imprisonment because of their extended contact with the correctional facility when visiting their incarcerated friends and relatives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Collateral Consequences: Effects on Communities and Families

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Latin American prisons are generally considered to set a golden standard in terms of creating and maintaining humane prisons that work to rehabilitate offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Global Perspectives on the Social Control of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Informal social controls can include hospitalization in a mental ward.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Prisons in Latin America tend to be characterized by mass overcrowding, filthy conditions, and the presence of powerful prison gangs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Global Perspectives on the Social Control of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. One prison innovation is the pay-to-stay model, allowing nonviolent offenders without gang affiliation the opportunity to rent a cell in a smaller, quieter facility.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Deviance and Disparity: How Money Can Matter in Local Jails

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Pager (2003; 2007) published research that suggests a white applicant with a criminal record is more likely to receive a call-back for a job opportunity than a black applicant without any criminal background.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reentry: Challenges in Returning to the Community After Time in an Institution

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Involuntary civil commitment of sexual predators, whereby sex offenders can be held indefinitely, even after completing their criminal justice sentences, is legally allowed in all fifty U.S. states.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Public Fear and Social Control: The Case of Sex Offenders

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Select a behavior that was defined as deviant in the past and is now defined as sickness. Discuss the change over time in what we call those who engage in this behavior, who responds to this behavior, how we respond to this behavior, and how we view the personal responsibility of those who engage in this behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Medicalization of Deviant Behavior

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Summarize the purpose of criminal sanctions as identified by Hagan.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Correctional Facilities and the Purposes of Punishment

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Describe Sykes’ five central pains of imprisonment from his study Society of Captives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gresham Sykes and the Pains of Imprisonment

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Compare and contrast debtor’s prisons and “pay-to-stay” prisons.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Deviance and Disparity: How Money Can Matter in Local Jails

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Compare and contrast the prison system in the United States with the prison system in Norway. Could the United States create prisons based on the Norway prison system? Explain.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Global Perspectives on the Social Control of Deviance

Difficulty Level: Hard