Test Bank

Chapter 12: Deviant Careers and Career Deviance

Multiple Choice

1. A ______ deviant is one who becomes involved in deviant behavior as a sequence of deviant events that occur over time with a beginning and an end.

a. sporadic

b. career

c. short-term

d. lifelong

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Dancing in a strip clip is an example of ______.

a. a deviant career

b. career deviance

c. irregular deviance

d. a deviant strategy

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Which theorists studied upper-level drug dealers and smugglers in California, finding a stratification within deviant careers?

a. Agnew and Merton

b. Sykes and Matza

c. Adler and Adler

d. Adler and Turk

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Getting Into Deviance: Onset of a Deviant Career

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The concept of deviant ______ identifies when people define themselves as deviant?

a. identity acquisition

b. career onset

c. desistance

d. initiation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Getting Into Deviance: Onset of a Deviant Career

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The availability of alcohol and drugs and economic deprivation in a neighborhood is a ______ level risk factor for adolescent problem behaviors.

a. individual

b. primary

c. community

d. peer

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Risk and Protective Factors for Onset

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. At the community level, encouraging programs that provide opportunities for conventional involvement and rewards for doing good things in the neighborhood is an example of a ______ factor against adolescent problem behaviors.

a. government

b. criminal justice

c. neighborhood-driven

d. protective

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Risk and Protective Factors for Onset

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. What does research suggest about whether criminals specialize in a certain type of crime?

a. Most research finds juvenile offenders, but not adult offenders, are specialists.

b. Most research suggests that sex offenders are specialists, but not other offender types.

c. Most research supports the idea that criminals specialize.

d. Most research suggests that most criminals are generalists.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Escalation, Persistence, and Specialization in Deviance

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Becker (1953) suggested that people who used marijuana needed to go through three stages before becoming a regular marijuana user: (1) learn to smoke the drug properly, (2) feel the intoxicating “high” associated with smoking marijuana, and (3) ______.

a. believe that smoking marijuana is normal

b. accept that smoking marijuana was a form of self-medication

c. understand the feeling of intoxication as pleasurable

d. find a regular source of marijuana

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Getting Into Deviance: Onset of a Deviant Career

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Which of the following is identified in the text as a strong predictor of persistence and escalation in deviance?

a. how old someone is when they first engage in deviance

b. whether the person gets caught when they first violate a norm

c. how long someone engages in deviance over time

d. whether the person actually breaks a law when they first violate a norm

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Deviance and Disparity: Alcohol Use and Misuse Disparities among Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Youth

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Baker et al. (2010) reviewed several general and prostitution-specific models of change. Which of the following is an example of an individual barrier to leaving prostitution identified in her research?

a. limited formal support

b. social isolation

c. strained family relations

d. mental health problems

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Getting Out of the Game: Desistance From Career Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. One major criticism of the career criminal paradigm is that most studies ______.

a. were ethnographic

b. were tautological

c. focused on the United States

d. ignored female deviance

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Global Perspectives on Cross-Cultural Interest in Deviant Careers and Career Deviance

Difficulty Level: Hard

12. Once a deviant issue is defined as worthy of developing programs or policies for, then we need to think about ______.

a. identifying protective factors that might be important

b. identifying specific areas of the country to target

c. recognizing the we cannot eliminate deviant behavior

d. finding ways to monitor deviants

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ideas in Action: Programs and Policy From a Career Deviance and Deviant Career Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Which of the following accurately describes a major challenge of developing policies and programs to address deviant behavior?

a. Traditional policies and programs do not effectively prevent crime.

b. It is difficult to predict unintended consequences of policies and programs.

c. Criminals are fundamentally different from everyone else.

d. We cannot develop programs to combat crime across all demographics.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Ideas in Action: Programs and Policy From a Career Deviance and Deviant Career Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. Which sequence outlines the sequential steps in career deviance in the correct order, first to last?

a. escalation, onset, and desistance

b. desistance, escalation, and onset

c. escalation, desistance, and onset

d. onset, escalation, and desistance

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Whether ______ summarizes the “great debate” among criminologists studying career deviance?

a. demographically diverse studies are necessary

b. longitudinal studies are necessary

c. studies focus too much on male deviance

d. studies focus too much on criminal deviance

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Development of a Deviant Career and Career Deviance Approach

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. What does “desistance” refer to?

a. entry into deviant behavior

b. cessation of deviant behavior

c. redefining deviance as normal

d. influencing others to become deviant

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Development of a Deviant Career and Career Deviance Approach

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Amy lived a pretty normal life. When she met Todd, he introduced her into the lifestyle of swinging—when an otherwise monogamous couple agrees to swap sexual partners with another couple. What is this an example of?

a. demedicalization of deviance

b. escalation of deviance

c. desistance from a deviant career

d. onset of deviant career

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Getting Into Deviance: Onset of a Deviant Career

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. According to Baker et al. (2010) prostitutes go through a series of stages when they try to leave prostitution. Which list below describes those stages in the correct order?

a. immersion, awareness, deliberate planning, initial exit, and final exit

b. deliberate planning, awareness, immersion, initial exit, and final exit

c. awareness, immersion, deliberate planning, initial exit, and final exit

d. deliberate planning, immersion, awareness, initial exit, and final exit

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Getting Out of the Game: Desistance From Career Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. When studying desistance from career deviance, ______ can be linked to social control theory through the bond of “belief,” as well as informal agents of social control that deviants may associate with because of newfound beliefs.

a. differential association

b. human agency

c. spirituality

d. involvement

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Getting Out of the Game: Desistance From Career Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Rocque, Posick, Marshall, and Piquero (2015) obtained and analyzed data from the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD2) to address a lack of cross-cultural research on career criminality. What was a weakness of their research?

a. The data were falsified.

b. The sample size was too small.

c. It included no women.

d. It used secondary data.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Global Perspectives on Cross-Cultural Interest in Deviant Careers and Career Deviance

Difficulty Level: Hard

True/False

1. Rocque, Posick, Marshall, and Piquero (2015) found that, across all countries, association with delinquent peers and attitudes toward violence were correlated with greater offending specialization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Global Perspectives on Cross-Cultural Interest in Deviant Careers and Career Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Same-sex attraction is considered deviant by some, but most of us recognize that one’s sexual orientation may not and should not change over time.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conclusion

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. It is easy to apply a career deviance perspective to mental and physical disorders and the behaviors that accompany them because they change greatly over the life course.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Conclusion

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The Life Course approach to deviance has no empirical value for understanding why criminal careers and career deviance begin and end.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Getting Out of the Game: Desistance From Career Deviance

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Research suggests that spirituality can be something that will aid those involved in career deviance with desisting from their deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Getting Out of the Game: Desistance From Career Deviance

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Adler and Adler’s (1983) found that upper-level drug dealers and smugglers had a relatively easy time leaving their deviant career compared to other career deviants.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Getting Out of the Game: Desistance From Career Deviance

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Research suggests that repeat DUI offenders are generalists, engaging in forms of deviance unrelated to alcohol and automobiles.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Case of Drinking and Driving

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Since marijuana has been legalized in many states, use of heroin by adolescents has skyrocketed.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Getting Into Deviance: Onset of a Deviant Career

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. A program that offers parent-training courses and social support to help parents manage daily life specifically addresses family-level risk factors for onset and escalation of deviant behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Risk and Protective Factors for Onset

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. According to Hirschi, one reason deviance is initiated is because of a lack of the social controls (attachment, commitment, involvement, and beliefs) that usually prevent people from initiating deviance.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Escalation, Persistence, and Specialization in Deviance

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Select a deviant behavior. Describe that behavior in terms of onset, escalation/continuation, and desistance.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Development of a Deviant Career and Career Deviance Approach

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Discuss the five themes identified by Salman (2010) in her study of women who took advantage of a prostitute-specific service program.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Case of Drinking and Driving

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What does research suggest about the connection between being a sexual minority and alcohol?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Deviance and Disparity: Alcohol Use and Misuse Disparities among Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Youth

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. What does research suggest about deviants overall? Do they tend to specialize or are they generalists dabbling in various forms of deviance as opportunity permits?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Summary of Career Deviance: Specialists or Generalists?

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Describe the socially interactive stages related to becoming a marijuana user that Becker discussed in his 1953 marijuana use study.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Getting Into Deviance: Onset of a Deviant Career

Difficulty Level: Medium