Smith Ch.8 Complete Test Bank Vitamins

Wardlaw’s Contemporary Nutrition, 11e (Smith)

Chapter 8 Vitamins

1) Which statement about vitamins is true?

A) Cannot be stored by the body

B) Are inorganic

C) Help regulate chemical reactions in the body

D) Directly supply energy

2) Which of the following is true about the intake of vitamins?

A) Supplemental vitamins are better than those from food.

B) Occasional lapses in vitamin intake should cause no harm.

C) It is hard to get all the vitamins we need from food.

D) Vitamins consumed in excess are excreted.

3) Which of the following criteria qualifies a compound as a vitamin?

A) The compound is necessary for health, but the body is unable to synthesize enough of the compound to maintain health.

B) The body is unable to synthesize the compound.

C) The compound is best absorbed if taken in supplement form.

D) The compound prevents chronic disease.

4) Which of the following is a good way to preserve the vitamin content of vegetables?

A) Trimming and peeling vegetables soon after purchase.

B) Storing vegetables in a cool place, such as the crisper drawer of the refrigerator

C) Boiling vegetables until they are soft

D) Storing vegetables at room temperature on the kitchen counter

5) Water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins differ in which way?

A) Water-soluble vitamins are stored, whereas fat-soluble vitamins are excreted readily.

B) Water-soluble vitamins are less likely to be toxic.

C) Fat-soluble vitamins have much less potential for being toxic.

D) Water-soluble vitamins are best absorbed in the presence of dietary fat.

6) Which of the following is true about our current knowledge about vitamins?

A) We are sure there are more vitamins to be discovered for humans.

B) We cannot effectively feed individuals intravenously for long periods of time because we do not know about all the vitamins that must be included.

C) Most scientists believe we have discovered all vitamins relevant to humans.

D) We know that there are more fat-soluble vitamins to discover.

7) If you wanted to add significant quantities of vitamins to your diet from the food you eat, a good choice would be

A) a doughnut made with enriched white flour.

B) apple juice.

C) a fortified breakfast cereal such as Total® Raisin Bran.

D) a banana.

8) Megadoses are defined as vitamin intakes ________ times the estimated human needs to prevent a deficiency.

A) 1 to 2

B) 2 to 10

C) 50

D) 100

9) The vitamin that poses the greatest risk for toxicity is

A) vitamin A.

B) vitamin D.

C) vitamin E.

D) vitamin K.

10) Which of the following describes fat-soluble vitamins?

A) They are readily stored in the body.

B) Excesses are excreted in the urine.

C) They are absorbed directly from the GI tract into the blood via the hepatic portal vein.

D) They form coenzymes that participate in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fat, and protein.

11) Which fat-soluble vitamins are most toxic if consumed in excess amounts over long periods of time?

A) Vitamins D and K

B) Vitamins A and E

C) Vitamins A and D

D) Vitamins E and K

12) Which of the following is an example of a fat-soluble vitamin?

A) Vitamin A

B) Vitamin B-6

C) Vitamin B-12

D) Riboflavin

13) A disease that involves fat malabsorption could lead to

A) osteomalacia.

B) scurvy.

C) pellagra.

D) beriberi.

14) Taking large supplemental doses of vitamins A and E can 

A) result in vitamin toxicity.

B) cure the common cold.

C) prevent cancer.

D) prevent heart disease.

15) Which of the following is true about the absorption, transport, and storage of fat-soluble vitamins?

A) They enter the bloodstream directly from the small intestine.

B) Fat in the digestive contents is not important for their absorption.

C) Excessive intakes are readily excreted via the kidneys.

D) They are stored in the liver and fatty tissue.

16) The first step in ensuring an adequate intake of vitamins is

A) following a dietary pattern that matches MyPlate's Daily Food Plan.

B) ingesting a wide variety of fortified foods.

C) using a multivitamin and mineral supplement.

D) taking individual nutrient supplements.

17) Which of the following is most likely to result in vitamin toxicity if consumed daily over a long period of time?

A) Vitamin A supplements

B) B-vitamin complex

C) Fortified breakfast cereals

D) Spinach, kale, and other greens

18) In general, excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted via the

A) kidneys.

B) intestine.

C) lungs.

D) liver.

19) Which of the following is best for preserving the vitamin content of foods?

A) Exposure to light

B) Cooking in water

C) Flash freezing

D) Addition of baking soda

20) Which of the following vitamins is most readily excreted by the body?

A) Vitamin B-6

B) Vitamin B-12

C) Vitamin D

D) Thiamin

21) Immediately after absorption from the small intestine, fat-soluble vitamins appear in the lymph as part of

A) chylomicrons.

B) VLDLs.

C) HDLs.

D) phospholipids.

22) ________ are mostly stored in the liver and adipose tissue.

A) Fat-soluble vitamins

B) Water-soluble vitamins

23) Besides being supplied in the diet, some micronutrients are synthesized in the body. For example, ________ can be synthesized by microorganisms in the intestinal tract.

A) vitamin K

B) vitamin D

C) niacin

D) vitamin B-6

24) Foods that are sources of chemicals that provide health benefits beyond being essential dietary nutrients are termed

A) functional foods.

B) antioxidants.

C) gluten-free foods.

D) superfoods.

25) Functional foods can be placed into two categories: ________ and ________.

A) zoochemicals; phytochemicals

B) antioxidants; anti-inflammatory

C) superfoods; phytochemicals

D) animal; plant

26) Which of the following is a function of phytochemicals?

A) Increases inflammation and oxidative damage to cells

B) Regulates cell signaling and gene expression

C) Increases the formation of blood clots  

D) Increases the initiation and proliferation of cancer

27) Examples of foods that are rich sources of phytochemicals include

A) gluten-free products, wild game, red wine, and green tea.

B) plant and animal proteins.

C) monounsaturated oils, whole grains, and poultry.

D) fruits, vegetables, whole grains, herbs, nuts, and seeds.

28) Vitamin A supplements are needed by

A) pregnant women.

B) people with severe fat malabsorption.

C) anyone trying to fend off a winter cold.

D) All of these choices are correct.

29) Which fat-soluble vitamin is important for the health of epithelial cells because it promotes mucus production?

A) Vitamin A

B) Vitamin E

C) Vitamin C

D) Vitamin D

30) Yellow-orange vegetables and fruits, such as squash and apricots, are important sources of

A) vitamin E.

B) vitamin C.

C) vitamin A.

D) vitamin D.

31) Which of the following is true about the forms of vitamin A?

A) Retinoids are found in plant foods.

B) Carotenoids are found in animal foods.

C) Carotenoids can be converted to retinoids.

D) Retinoids can be converted to carotenoids.

32) The safest way to meet vitamin A needs is by

A) consuming a vitamin A supplement.

B) consuming a variety of brightly colored fruits and vegetables.

C) consuming organ meats on a daily basis.

D) consuming large amounts of fortified foods.

33) Drying of the cornea due to vitamin A deficiency is called

A) apnea.

B) dysphagia.

C) xerophthalmia.

D) cachexia.

34) Retinol activity equivalents (RAE) take into account the activity of provitamin A carotenoids and ________ found in foods.

A) preformed vitamin A

B) lutein and zeaxanthin

C) cysteine

D) None of these are correct.

35) Most vitamin A is stored in the

A) kidneys.

B) small intestine.

C) liver.

D) adipose tissue.

36) Accutane (an acne medication) is a derivative of vitamin

A) A.

B) E.

C) C.

D) D.

37) Which of the following foods has the largest amount of preformed vitamin A?

A) Broccoli

B) Pork chop

C) Chicken breast

D) Liver

38) Which of the following is a good source of provitamin A?

A) Orange

B) Apricot

C) Cauliflower

D) Potatoes

39) George wants to increase his consumption of vitamin A for the possible cancer risk-reducing effects. Which of the following foods should he choose?

A) Spinach

B) Salmon

C) Pears

D) Potato

40) Which of the following is converted to vitamin A in the body?

A) Retinol

B) Beta-carotene

C) Cholesterol

D) Phenylalanine

41) A typical serving of which food provides the most vitamin A?

A) Yellow squash

B) Egg

C) Liver

D) Apricot

42) Which of the following is true about vitamin A toxicity?

A) Fetal malformations can occur.

B) One is unlikely to get toxic doses from eating food sources of vitamin A.

C) Most adverse effects disappear after ceasing to take excessive doses.

D) All of these are true.

43) In green vegetables, such as broccoli, the orange pigments of provitamin A carotenoids are masked by

A) lycopene.

B) chlorophyll.

C) lutein.

D) anthocyanin.

44) Carotenoid consumption may reduce the risk of

A) acne.

B) cataracts.

C) cirrhosis.

D) beriberi.

45) Lycopene is found in

A) grapes.

B) carrots.

C) tomatoes.

D) whole grain products.

46) The leading cause of blindness among older Americans is macular degeneration. Eating a diet rich in                 can decrease the risk of this condition.

A) retinoids

B) vitamin E

C) vitamin C

D) carotenoids

47) The bioavailability of carotenoids is affected by

A) cooking.

B) consumption with meat products.

C) soil mineral content.

D) exposure to acid.

48) Consuming excessive carotenoids may cause

A) fetal malformations.

B) yellowing of the skin.

C) chlorosis.

D) scurvy.

49) Beta-carotene is a precursor to

A) vitamin A.

B) vitamin E.

C) vitamin C.

D) vitamin D.

50) The nutrient that can be considered both a vitamin and a hormone is

A) vitamin E.

B) vitamin D.

C) vitamin A.

D) niacin.

51) Vitamin D is unique among the vitamins because

A) it is absorbed and transported via the lymphatic system.

B) its absorption requires bile and fat.

C) it can be formed in the body by skin exposure to the sun.

D) it can be stored.

52) Vitamin D regulates

A) energy metabolism.

B) fluid balance.

C) oxidation and reduction reactions.

D) blood calcium levels.

53) The ability of the skin to synthesize vitamin D is decreased by

A) the use of sunscreen.

B) excessive dietary calcium intake.

C) excessive dietary phosphorus intake.

D) the use of a tanning bed.

54) The childhood disease rickets is due to a deficiency of

A) vitamin A.

B) vitamin C.

C) vitamin D.

D) vitamin K.

55) Deposition of calcium and phosphorus in the bones is regulated by

A) vitamin A.

B) riboflavin.

C) vitamin D.

D) niacin.

56) Vitamin D is converted to its active form by the

A) liver and kidneys.

B) bones.

C) pancreas.

D) skin.

57) The major effect of taking high doses of vitamin D is

A) excessive acne.

B) calcium deposits in the kidneys and other organs.

C) limb paralysis.

D) a flaky skin rash.

58) Vitamin D toxicity is most likely a result of

A) consuming beef liver.

B) consuming megadoses of vitamin D supplements.

C) excessive sun exposure.

D) consuming three servings of vitamin D-fortified dairy products per day.

59) The most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet is

A) poultry.

B) whole-grain cereals.

C) yellow squash.

D) fortified milk.

60) Which of the following would be the best source of vitamin D for a person following a vegan diet?

A) Fish oil

B) Vitamin D-fortified soy milk

C) Spinach

D) Whole grain products

61) Fat malabsorption may contribute to poor bone health because of impaired absorption of

A) vitamin D.

B) vitamin A.

C) phosphorus.

D) magnesium.

62) Which of the following is a situation in which a person should consider vitamin D supplementation?

A) Strict vegan diet

B) Allergy to milk protein

C) Kidney disease

D) All of these choices are correct.

63) Excessive intake of ________ can lead to calcification of soft tissue, such as the kidney.

A) vitamin A

B) vitamin D

C) vitamin E

D) vitamin K

64) The childhood deficiency disease for vitamin D is called

A) osteopenia.

B) osteomalacia.

C) rickets.

D) osteoporosis.

65) Which of the following statements is true?

A) As we age, we need more vitamin D and more kilocalories.

B) As we age, we need more vitamin D and fewer kilocalories.

C) As we age, we need less vitamin D and fewer kilocalories.

D) As we age, we need less vitamin D and more kilocalories.

66) Vitamin ________ can be produced in the skin in response to ultraviolet light.

A) A

B) C

C) D

D) E

67) To promote bone health, all infants should receive supplemental ________ until dietary intake from formula and/or other foods meets their needs.

A) calcium

B) phosphorus

C) vitamin D

D) magnesium

68) In North America, the major dietary source of vitamin ________ is fortified dairy products.

A) B-6

B) C

C) D

D) K

69) A condition characterized by soft bones resulting from a vitamin D deficiency in adulthood is called

A) rickets.

B) osteoporosis.

C) osteomalacia.

D) osteopenia.

70) To protect bone health, vegans may require a supplemental source of vitamin

A) A.

B) C.

C) D.

D) K.

71) ________ is a building block of vitamin D and other hormones.

A) Cholesterol

B) Hydroxyapatite

C) Calcitriol

D) Estrogen

72) Examine the Nutrition Facts panel for wild Alaskan salmon.

How much vitamin D is in one serving (3 ounces) of cooked salmon? 

A) 7 micrograms

B) 7 milligrams

C) 7 grams

D) 7 milliliters

73) Examine the Nutrition Facts panel for wild Alaskan salmon.

True or false: Wild Alaskan salmon is a rich (high) source of vitamin D.

74) Antioxidants

A) promote the formation of free radicals.

B) donate electrons to free radicals.

C) speed the rate of chemical reactions.

D) damage cell membranes.

75) Vitamin E functions as

A) a coenzyme.

B) an antioxidant.

C) a hormone.

D) an enzyme.

76) Free radical damage has been implicated in increasing the risk of

A) sinus infections.

B) HIV.

C) atherosclerosis.

D) sickle cell disease.

77) When a cell membrane is damaged by free radicals, which specific component of the cell membrane is damaged?

A) Cholesterol

B) Phospholipid

C) Polysaccharide

D) Saturated fat

78) In general, the richest sources of vitamin E are

A) refined grain products.

B) plant oils.

C) citrus fruits.

D) yellow and orange vegetables.

79) The main form of vitamin E in the body is

A) alpha-tocopherol.

B) gamma-tocopherol.

C) beta-tocopherol.

D) delta-tocopherol.

80) Which of the following vitamins serves as an antioxidant in cell membranes?

A) Vitamin K

B) Vitamin D

C) Niacin

D) Vitamin E

81) Which of the following groups is at highest risk for negative consequences of marginal vitamin E status?

A) Vegetarians

B) Preterm infants

C) Athletes

D) Older adults

82) Vitamin E is thought to be helpful in the prevention of heart disease because it

A) enhances vitamin K activity.

B) prevents oxidation of LDL cholesterol.

C) relaxes blood vessels.

D) prevents sodium retention.

83) A rich source of vitamin E is

A) oranges.

B) chicken breast.

C) corn oil.

D) prime rib.

84) The most bioavailable source of vitamin E is

A) plant oil.

B) fish oil.

C) alpha-tocopherol supplements.

D) mixed-tocopherol supplements.

85) Food processing

A) enhances vitamin E absorption from foods.

B) increases vitamin E content of foods.

C) decreases vitamin E content of foods.

D) has no effect on vitamin E in foods because it is a stable compound.

86) When the intake of ________ is low, vitamin E aids in its absorption.

A) vitamin A

B) vitamin D

C) iron

D) zinc

87) Cell membranes are susceptible to damage by free radicals because

A) they contain many polyunsaturated fatty acids.

B) they contain many saturated fatty acids.

C) they have so many unpaired electrons.

D) they are the site of cellular respiration.

88) Replacing animal fats with plant oils in the diet would not only cut saturated fat intake, but would also increase

A) vitamin A intake.

B) vitamin C intake.

C) vitamin E intake.

D) selenium intake.

89) Vitamin E deficiency is least likely among

A) those who follow a vegetarian diet.

B) those who smoke cigarettes.

C) premature infants.

D) people with fat malabsorption.

90) Which of the following vitamins protects cell membranes and DNA from oxidative damage?

A) Vitamin K

B) Vitamin D

C) Niacin

D) Vitamin E

91) Typical North American dietary patterns ________ the RDA for vitamin E.

A) do not meet

B) meet

92) The American Heart Association, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, and the National Academy of Sciences ________ vitamin E supplements for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

A) do not recommend

B) recommend

93) Excessive use of vitamin E supplements could lead to

A) uncontrolled bleeding.

B) nausea.

C) diarrhea.

D) All of these responses are correct.

94) Which of the following food combinations provides the most vitamin K?

A) Spinach salad with strawberries, blueberries, and oil and vinegar dressing

B) Ham and cheese on a whole wheat English muffin

C) Low-fat yogurt with granola and fresh berries

D) Sirloin steak, steamed green beans, and baked potato

95) Which of the following populations is most susceptible to vitamin K deficiency?

A) Vegans

B) Preschool children who are picky eaters

C) Children with cystic fibrosis

D) Older adults

96) An important role of vitamin K is the synthesis of

A) alpha-tocopherol.

B) visual pigments.

C) retinol.

D) clotting factors.

97) Vitamin D and vitamin K share which of the following characteristics?

A) Both can be synthesized to some extent in the body.

B) Both affect intestinal absorption of calcium.

C) Both are involved in blood clotting.

D) All of these choices are correct.

98) Vitamin K is required for optimal bone health due to its role in activating

A) proteins that bind calcium.

B) clotting factors in the blood.

C) vitamin D in the kidneys.

D) vitamin D in the liver.

99) The nutrient essential for the synthesis of several blood clotting factors is

A) vitamin A.

B) vitamin C.

C) vitamin E.

D) vitamin K.

100) Antibiotics often destroy beneficial bacteria (e.g., in the gastrointestinal tract) along with pathogenic strains. This can decrease bacterial synthesis of 

A) calcium.

B) vitamin D.

C) vitamin K.

D) vitamin E.

101) Dennis had undergone a heart valve replacement and was placed on Coumadin (warfarin). In order for the Coumadin to be effective, consistent daily consumption of ________ must be maintained.

A) vitamin C

B) vitamin B-6

C) vitamin K

D) vitamin B-12

102) Newborns are routinely given an injection of ________ shortly after birth to prevent life-threatening hemorrhage.

A) vitamin K

B) vitamin E

C) vitamin A

D) vitamin D

103) Which two nutrients are required for activation of blood clotting factors?

A) Vitamin K and calcium

B) Vitamin E and potassium

C) Vitamin K and iron

D) Vitamin D and calcium

104) The synthetic form of vitamin K found in dietary supplements is

A) menadione.

B) menaquinone.

C) phylloquinone.

D) alpha-tocopherol.

105) In North America, which of the following populations is most susceptible to deficiencies of B vitamins?

A) Vegans

B) Pregnant women

C) Preschoool children

D) Alcoholics

106) In the United States, bread and cereal products made from milled grains are enriched with

A) vitamins A, D, and E.

B) thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin.

C) vitamins A, C, and K.

D) folate, choline, and vitamin B-12.

107) In milling grains to make refined products, seeds are crushed and the germ, bran, and husk layers are discarded, leaving just the starch-containing ________ in the refined grains.

A) endosperm

B) cereal

C) cellulose

D) fiber

108) Because B vitamins are ________, very little is stored; excess intakes end up in the urine or stool.

A) non-toxic

B) dissolvable

C) fat soluble

D) water soluble

109) Typically, about 50% to 90% of the B vitamins in the diet are absorbed. In other words, B vitamins have high

A) essentiality.

B) bioavailability.

C) utilization.

D) metabolism.

110) B vitamins

A) regulate mineral absorption.

B) serve as coenzymes in metabolic reactions.

C) are very stable during food processing. 

D) are stored in adipose tissue.

111) The B vitamins

A) facilitate chemical reactions that yield energy from macronutrients.

B) can be broken down to yield about 4 kcal per gram.

C) provide strength and stability to bones.

D) protect the cells from damage by free radicals.

112) All of the following can be classified as B vitamins except

A) choline.

B) niacin.

C) riboflavin.

D) biotin.

113) When B vitamins are consumed in their coenzyme forms,

A) they are broken down to free vitamins in the stomach and small intestine prior to absorption.

B) intestinal absorption of fat is enhanced.

C) toxicity of B vitamins is likely to occur.

D) more energy is available to the body.

114) The B vitamins generally function as

A) antioxidants.

B) coenzymes.

C) emulsifiers.

D) hormones.

115) ________ is a water-soluble vitamin that is important for the release of energy from carbohydrates as well as the synthesis of RNA, DNA, and some neurotransmitters.

A) Thiamin

B) Pyridoxine

C) Niacin

D) Riboflavin

116) Thiamin is distributed in small amounts in many foods. The most nutrient-dense source of thiamin is

A) milk.

B) pork.

C) whole grain cereals.

D) dark green vegetables.

117) What disease is caused by a thiamin deficiency?

A) Pellagra

B) Scurvy

C) Kwashiorkor

D) Beriberi

118) Which of the following are the best thiamin sources?

A) Pork, whole grains, enriched cereals, legumes

B) Root vegetables, cheddar-type cheese, deep yellow/orange fruits and vegetables

C) Seafood, vegetables of the cabbage family, whole grains

D) Milk, beef, deep yellow/orange fruits and vegetables

119) The nutrient that prevents beriberi is

A) vitamin B-12.

B) niacin.

C) riboflavin.

D) thiamin.

120) Beriberi is caused by a ________ deficiency.

A) thiamin

B) vitamin B-6

C) niacin

D) choline

121) The vitamin required specifically in carbohydrate metabolism is

A) folate

B) niacin

C) riboflavin

D) thiamin

122) The foods that provide the largest source of riboflavin in the American diet are

A) meats.

B) whole grain cereals.

C) milk and dairy products.

D) dark green leafy vegetables.

123) Symptoms of ________ deficiency include glossitis, dermatitis, cheilosis, eye disorders, sun sensitivity, and confusion. 

A) thiamin

B) niacin

C) riboflavin

D) folate

124) Which of the following is the best food source of riboflavin?

A) Milk

B) Lean ham

C) Carrots

D) Canola oil

125) In the body, the amino acid tryptophan can be converted into

A) niacin.

B) thiamin.

C) vitamin B-6.

D) riboflavin.

126) Pellagra is characterized by

A) diarrhea.

B) dementia.

C) dermatitis.

D) All of the choices are correct.

127) Niacin is necessary to prevent the disease

A) pernicious anemia.

B) beriberi.

C) scurvy.

D) pellagra.

128) Bill's physician has written a prescription for 1.5 grams of nicotinic acid (a form of niacin) per day. Which of the following is a benefit of high doses of niacin?

A) It is a potent antioxidant.

B) It can lower blood pressure.

C) It can lower blood sugar levels.

D) It can lower blood cholesterol levels.

129) Megadoses of ________ may be used to lower cholesterol, but they can cause flushing of the skin.

A) pyridoxine

B) nicotinic acid

C) riboflavin

D) pantothenic acid

130) ________ is a water-soluble vitamin that is especially important in amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and the synthesis of the heme portion of hemoglobin.

A) Vitamin C

B) Vitamin B-6

C) Thiamin

D) Riboflavin

131) Which B vitamin is required for amino acid metabolism?

A) Thiamin

B) Niacin

C) Vitamin B-6

D) Pantothenic acid

132) The best vitamin B-6 food sources include

A) enriched breads and cereals.

B) milk and dairy products.

C) meat, fish, and poultry.

D) deep yellow/orange fruits and vegetables.

133) A deficiency of vitamin B-6 can result in depression, headaches, and confusion. These occur because of impaired

A) hemoglobin synthesis.

B) glucose metabolism.

C) neurotransmitter synthesis.

D) DNA synthesis.

134) The name of the active vitamin B-6 coenzyme is

A) nicotinamide.

B) pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).

C) thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP).

D) flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

135) Taking megadose supplements of vitamin B-6 can lead to

A) liver damage.

B) kidney damage.

C) nerve damage.

D) ulcers.

136) Most water-soluble vitamins are rapidly excreted from the body when consumed in excess.  However, ________ is an example of a water-soluble vitamin that can accumulate to toxic levels in the liver.

A) vitamin B-6

B) thiamin

C) riboflavin

D) vitamin C

137) A pantothenic acid deficiency

A) is very unlikely because of its widespread availability.

B) is very likely.

C) occurs commonly in children.

D) occurs commonly in the elderly.

138) Pantothenic acid is required for the synthesis of 

A) thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP).

B) coenzyme Q (CoQ).

C) coenzyme A (CoA).

D) flavin mononucleotide (FMN).

139) The vitamin that aids in activating fatty acids so they can yield energy is

A) pantothenic acid.

B) biotin.

C) vitamin B-6.

D) thiamin.

140) Rich sources of pantothenic acid are

A) orange juice and soy milk.

B) blueberries and apples.

C) white bread and pastries.

D) sunflower seeds, mushrooms, peanuts, and eggs.

141) Biotin absorption is inhibited by

A) phytate.

B) oxalate.

C) avidin.

D) copper.

142) Consistently consuming raw egg whites, as in a daily high-protein drink, can bind              and result in a deficiency of this vitamin.

A) folate

B) vitamin B-6

C) pantothenic acid

D) biotin

143) ________ is unique among the B vitamins because bacterial synthesis of the vitamin contributes to meeting human needs.

A) Folate

B) Vitamin B-6

C) Pantothenic acid

D) Biotin

144) The form of folate found in supplements and enriched cereal is

A) folate.

B) folic acid.

C) folacin.

D) fluoric acid.

145) Exceeding the UL for folate

A) is a common result of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.

B) can cause a vitamin B-12 deficiency.

C) can mask a vitamin B-12 deficiency.

D) cannot occur with synthetic forms of the vitamin.

146) Generally, ________ are the best sources of folate.

A) fruits

B) green leafy vegetables

C) milk and dairy products

D) poultry and seafood

147) A rich folate food source would be

A) skim milk.

B) roast beef.

C) asparagus.

D) peanuts.

148) Consuming adequate ________ during pregnancy can help prevent neural tube defects, such as spina bifida.

A) niacin

B) folate

C) riboflavin

D) vitamin B-6

149) The synthetic form of folate (folic acid) is ________ bioavailable than the natural form of the vitamin.

A) more

B) less

150) In 1998, the federal governments in both the United States and Canada mandated the fortification of grain products with ________ to prevent neural tube defects.

A) folic acid

B) niacin

C) thiamin

D) vitamin B-12

151) Pernicious anemia is related to impaired absorption of

A) vitamin B-12.

B) folate.

C) copper.

D) iron.

152) Which of the B vitamins contains cobalt?

A) Niacin

B) Thiamin

C) Vitamin B-6

D) Vitamin B-12

153) The abnormal red blood cells seen in pernicious anemia are due to

A) inadequate folate intake.

B) inadequate folate absorption.

C) inadequate B-12 intake.

D) inadequate B-12 absorption.

154) Older adults may require a supplemental source of vitamin B-12 because

A) low intake of vitamin C impairs vitamin B-12 absorption.

B) decreased production of intrinsic factor decreases vitamin B-12 absorption.

C) increased hydrochloric acid production decreases vitamin B-12 absorption.

D) high fiber intake binds vitamin B-12.

155) In order to adequately absorb vitamin B-12, we need

A) intrinsic factor.

B) an acidic environment in the stomach.

C) a healthy ileum.

D) all of these.

156) Individuals who ________ are at increased risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency.

A) take medications to decrease stomach acidity

B) exercise intensely

C) smoke

D) frequently eat red meat

157) Vitamin B-12 is supplied almost entirely by

A) animal products.

B) vegetables and fruits.

C) human intestinal bacteria.

D) whole grain cereals and legumes.

158) Acquiring sufficient vitamin B-12 from the diet may be a problem for vegans because

A) phytic acid in vegetable proteins may inhibit its absorption.

B) they lack the R-protein in the stomach.

C) it is only found in animal products.

D) protein deficiency limits synthesis of intrinsic factor.

159) Jason is a strict vegan.  He should take a supplemental source of 

A) vitamin B-12.

B) folate.

C) vitamin C.

D) vitamin A.

160) Consuming high doses of ________ can mask signs of a vitamin B-12 deficiency.

A) folate

B) vitamin K

C) iron

D) vitamin B-6

161) Vitamins involved in red blood cell synthesis are

A) folate and thiamin.

B) thiamin and niacin.

C) vitamin B-12 and folate.

D) folate and pantothenic acid.

162) Vitamin B-6, folate, and vitamin B-12 are required for the metabolism of

A) niacin.

B) homocysteine.

C) iron.

D) fatty acids.

163) Anemia can result from a deficiency of 

A) folate.

B) vitamin B-12.

C) vitamin B-6.

D) all of these.

164) Vitamin C and meat protein ________ nonheme iron absorption.

A) increase

B) decrease

C) do not change

165) Vitamin C contributes to bone health by virtue of its role in

A) antioxidant reactions.

B) collagen synthesis.

C) immune function.

D) mineral absorption.

166) Which of the following is an antioxidant?

A) Vitamin C

B) Vitamin B-6

C) Biotin

D) Niacin

167) Scurvy can be prevented with adequate intakes of

A) niacin.

B) riboflavin.

C) vitamin C.

D) thiamin.

168) Formation and maintenance of collagen requires

A) thiamin.

B) vitamin C.

C) pantothenic acid.

D) folate.

169) Which of the following snacks provides the most vitamin C?

A) Mixed berries, including strawberries and blueberries

B) Whole wheat crackers with peanut butter

C) Baked apples with cinnamon and brown sugar

D) Grilled cheese sandwich

170) Research evidence shows that vitamin C supplements may

A) reduce the duration of the common cold.

B) suppress the immune response to the common cold.

C) prevent the common cold.

D) worsen the severity of symptoms of the common cold.

171) Vitamin C enhances the absorption of

A) vitamin A.

B) vitamin E.

C) iron.

D) zinc.

172) Deficiency symptoms of pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin, bleeding gums, and joint pain are related to the role of vitamin C in

A) carnitine synthesis.

B) collagen synthesis.

C) antioxidant reactions.

D) neurotransmitter synthesis.

173) Vitamin C is a ________-soluble vitamin.

A) water

B) fat

174) As part of the body's antioxidant defenses, vitamin C participates in the recycling of

A) vitamin A.

B) vitamin E.

C) iron.

D) zinc.

175) Vitamin C intake over 2 grams per day may cause

A) diarrhea.

B) liver damage.

C) beriberi.

D) rebound scurvy.

176) Which of the following population groups has increased vitamin C requirements?

A) Vegetarians

B) Alcoholics

C) Older adults

D) Smokers

177) Consumption of vitamin C ________ the absorption of iron.

A) enhances

B) limits

C) does not affect

178) The vitamin C content of foods can be decreased by

A) exposure to oxygen.

B) exposure to cool temperatures.

C) ripening.

D) binding with phytic acid.

179) Which of the following body systems is particularly sensitive to choline status?

A) Nervous system

B) Immune system

C) Digestive system

D) Skeletal system

180) Which of the following is a role of choline in human health?

A) Synthesis of neurotransmitters

B) Transport of lipids

C) Structure of cell membranes

D) All of these are functions of choline.

181) A nutrient that has been deemed essential but has not been classified as a vitamin is

A) ascorbic acid.

B) beta-carotene.

C) choline.

D) resveratrol.

182) Soybeans, egg yolks, meats, and lecithin are sources of ________.

A) riboflavin

B) choline

C) chromium

D) iodide

183) The apparent role of ________ in prevention of birth defects is similar to that of folate.

A) manganese

B) molybdenum

C) choline

D) pantothenic acid

184) Choline is a precursor for several 

A) lipoproteins.

B) phospholipids.

C) fatty acids.

D) sterols.

185) The following are some vitamin-like compounds found in our diets:

A) quinone and ascorbic acid.

B) alpha-tocopherol, thiamin, and ribonucleic acid.

C) carnitine, inositol, taurine, and lipoic acid.

D) pyridoxine, cobalamin, and retinoic acid.

186) Which of the following is true about the regulation of the production and sale of vitamin and mineral supplements?

A) There is no federal legislation regulating supplements.

B) The FDA does not regulate all vitamin and mineral supplements closely.

C) Americans can rest assured that the federal government will protect them from vitamin and mineral supplement overuse.

D) Supplement companies are free to market their products with invalid and illegal claims.

187) When buying a vitamin or mineral supplement, look for ________ on the label, which signifies that an independent group of scientists has reviewed the product for purity, strength, and quality.

A) UPS

B) SPU

C) PSU

D) USP

188) If a supplement label includes a structure/function claim, it also must include

A) an illustration of the supplement's chemical structure.

B) the FDA warning that these claims have not been evaluated by the agency.

C) a reference to a scientific study that supports this claim.

D) a description of the supplement's biological function.

189) The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbal remedies as

A) foods.

B) drugs.

C) micronutrients.

D) phytochemicals.

190) The Supplement Facts panel on dietary supplements resembles the ________ and is required on all dietary supplements.

A) Nutrition Facts panel on foods

B) Drug Facts panel on drugs

C) Cosmetic Facts panel on cosmetics

D) Prescription Facts panel on medications

191) Recommendations from the American Institute for Cancer Research encourage Americans to

A) eat more of a variety of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes.

B) limit consumption of salty foods and foods processed with salt.

C) avoid sugary drinks.

D) All of these are AICR recommendations.

192) Cruciferous vegetables such as ______ are rich in cancer-preventing phytochemicals.

A) onions and leeks

B) carrots and sweet potatoes

C) cabbage and cauliflower

D) spinach and Swiss chard

193) Which of the following forms of cancer is unrelated to excessive calorie intake?

A) Lung

B) Breast

C) Colon

D) Pancreatic

194) Anya is undergoing treatment for cancer and suffers from nausea and mouth sores, which are hindering her food intake. Which of the following meals would you recommend?

A) Pancakes, a hard boiled egg, and apple juice

B) Bacon, fried eggs, and orange juice

C) Spaghetti with meat sauce, garlic bread, and a soft drink

D) Toast with jam, a soft-boiled egg, and milk

Match the following with the descriptions below.

A) Plant chemical that has health protective actions

B) Unstable atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell

C) Substance that has the ability to prevent or repair the damage caused by oxidation

D) Pigment materials in fruits and vegetables that can be turned into vitamin A in the body

E) Animal chemical that has health protective actions

F) Foods that have health benefits beyond basic nutrition

195) Free radical

196) Phytochemical

197) Zoochemical

198) Carotenoids

199) Antioxidant

200) Functional foods

Match each term with its definition.

A) Night blindness

B) Bitot's spots

C) Xerophthalmia

D) Carotenoids

E) Retinoids

201) Form of vitamin A found in foods of animal origin

202) Form of vitamin A found in foods of plant origin

203) Drying of the eye and hardening of the cornea resulting from lack of mucus production

204) Accumulation of dead cells and secretions on the cornea of the eye

205) Poor vision resulting from the inability of the eye to adjust to dim light

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Soft bones due to vitamin D deficiency during childhood

B) Soft bones due to vitamin D deficiency during adulthood

C) Bruising, bleeding, and poor wound healing due to vitamin C deficiency

D) Diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia due to niacin deficiency

E) Muscle weakness, loss of appetite, and nerve degeneration due to thiamin deficiency

F) Unhealthy red blood cells and neurological problems related to poor vitamin B-12 status

G) Dry and damaged eyes due to vitamin A deficiency

H) Inability to see in low light due to vitamin A deficiency

206) Pernicious anemia

207) Night blindness

208) Xerophthalmia

209) Rickets

210) Osteomalacia

211) Pellagra

212) Beriberi

213) Scurvy