Ch6 Proteins Exam Questions

Wardlaw’s Contemporary Nutrition, 11e (Smith)

Chapter 6 Proteins

1) The basic building block of a protein is called a(n) 

A) fatty acid.

B) monosaccharide.

C) amino acid.

D) keto acid.

2) The disease phenylketonuria (PKU) illustrates how a nonessential amino acid can become conditionally essential as a result of a genetic disease. A person with PKU has a limited ability to metabolize the essential amino acid  

A) phenylalanine.

B) lysine.

C) methionine.

D) ascorbic acid.

3) The chemical element found in all amino acids but not found in either carbohydrates or fats is 

A) carbon.

B) nitrogen.

C) oxygen.

D) hydrogen.

4) Which of the following is true about protein?

A) It is unique in that it is the only dietary component that contains selenium.

B) It is important primarily for increasing bone density.

C) It is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids.

D) It is made up of combinations of amino acids and fatty acids.

5) An essential amino acid

A) can be synthesized in the body if there is a nitrogen source.

B) can be synthesized in the body if caloric intake is adequate.

C) cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs.

D) can be formed in the body from nonessential amino acids.

6) Which of the following is an essential amino acid?

A) Aspartic Acid 

B) Cysteine

C) Arginine 

D) Tryptophan

7) Leucine, isoleucine, and valine are

A) branched-chain amino acids.

B) conditionally essential amino acids.

C) limiting amino acids.

D) complementary amino acids.

8) In proteins, amino acids are joined by ________ bonds.

A) amino

B) peptide

C) proteolytic

D) nitrogen

9) Treating a protein with acid, heat, or agitation will cause ________, meaning that the three-dimensional structure of the protein has been altered.

A) deamination

B) translation

C) transcription

D) denaturation

10) Which type of anemia results from an error in the DNA code?

A) Iron-deficiency anemia

B) Megaloblastic anemia

C) Sickle cell anemia

D) Microcytic anemia

11) When an essential amino acid is lacking in the diet,

A) nonessential amino acids will be converted into the missing amino acid.

B) protein synthesis will be limited.

C) glucose will be converted into the missing amino acid.

D) proteins will be made, but they will lack that particular amino acid.

12) If a food does not contain the necessary amounts of a certain amino acid to meet a body need, that amino acid is referred to as a(n)

A) complementary amino acid.

B) essential amino acid.

C) limiting amino acid.

D) dispensable amino acid.

13) Approximately how many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins?

A) 5

B) 9

C) 20

D) 29

14) What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein?

A) Number of side chains in the protein

B) Folding arrangement of the peptide chain

C) Order of appearance of amino acids in the peptide chain

D) Sequence of events in protein synthesis

15) A hereditary condition caused by an incorrect amino acid in a protein chain is  

A) kwashiorkor.

B) sickle cell anemia.

C) marasmus.

D) edema.

16) The chemical bond joining two amino acids is called a(n) ________ bond.

A) glycosidic

B) ionic

C) amino

D) peptide

17) Denaturation refers to

A) alteration of the three-dimensional structure of a protein.

B) digestion of a polypeptide chain into individual amino acids.

C) joining of two amino acids to form a dipeptide.

D) removal of the amino group from an amino acid.

18) The ________ is the site of protein synthesis within the cell.

A) ribosome

B) nucleus

C) Golgi apparatus

D) lysosome

19) In the case of sickle cell anemia, slight alterations in the DNA code lead to

A) defects in the membranes of red blood cells.

B) changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin.

C) poor use of glucose for energy.

D) inability of red blood cells to make protein.

20) Cooking an egg alters its appearance due to 

A) denaturation.

B) emulsification.

C) esterification.

D) detoxification.

21) Most proteins are ________, which are composed of 10 or more amino acids.

A) dipeptides

B) tripeptides

C) proteases

D) polypeptides

22) Because the DNA cannot leave the nucleus to get to the ribosomes, the genes for proteins must be transcribed into ________ that can leave the nucleus.

A) amino acids

B) chromosomes

C) mRNA

D) tRNA

23) Most plant proteins are ________ proteins, which means that they are low in one or more of the essential amino acids.

A) nonessential

B) complementary

C) incomplete

D) branched-chain

24) Which of the following plant proteins is a complete source of protein?

A) Quinoa

B) Kidney beans

C) Sunflower seeds

D) Oats

25) High-quality proteins

A) provide ample amounts of all of the essential amino acids.

B) yield 7 kilocalories per gram.

C) cannot be used to synthesize body proteins.

D) are found only in foods of plant origin.

26) Which of the following is a food that provides ample amounts of all of the essential amino acids?

A) Wheat

B) Peanut butter

C) Navy beans

D) Milk

27) High-protein diets may be harmful for 

A) individuals with kidney disease.

B) athletes.

C) the elderly.

D) body builders.

28) When comparing plant sources of protein to animal sources, we could say

A) plant sources tend to be higher in saturated fat.

B) plant sources tend to be higher in cholesterol.

C) animal sources tend to be higher in phytochemicals.

D) plant sources tend to be higher in dietary fiber.

29) When there is a need for increased dietary protein during pregnancy or lactation, which of the following foods would be least desirable?

A) Eggs

B) Dried beans

C) Gelatin

D) Beef

30) Which of the following combinations of plant foods will provide ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids?

A) Garbanzo beans and kale

B) Black beans and rice

C) Wheat bread with sesame seeds

D) Three bean salad

31) Because the ________ diet is recognized as being low in meat, rich in fresh fruit and vegetables, low in added sugar, and low in saturated fat, it has been recommended as a sustainable alternative to the MyPlate dietary pattern.

A) Canadian

B) Mediterranean

C) Asian

D) European

32) Many legumes are deficient in the essential amino acid ________, while grains are limited in lysine.

A) methionine 

B) alanine 

C) lysine

D) arginine

33) Dietary patterns that are high in ________ tend to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer.

A) legumes

B) fish

C) chicken and turkey

D) red meat

34) Which of the following is one of the eight most common food allergens?

A) Milk

B) Chocolate

C) Beef

D) Mangoes

35) Short chain proteins and ________ are the end products of protein digestion that can be taken up by the absorptive cells of the small intestine.

A) amino acids

B) nitrogen

C) polypeptides

D) amino groups

36) Amino acids are absorbed via

A) active absorption.

B) passive diffusion.

C) facilitated diffusion.

D) osmosis.

37) Amino acids are transported via the ________ vein to the liver.

A) subclavian

B) renal

C) intestinal

D) portal

38) Human enzymes digest proteins in which areas of the body?

A) Mouth and stomach

B) Mouth and small intestine

C) Stomach and small intestine

D) Small and large intestines

39) What enzyme is released by the stomach to digest protein?

A) Pepsin

B) Lipase

C) Amylase

D) Trypsin

40) Which of the following is true about pepsin?

A) Pepsin breaks down protein into glucose.

B) Pepsin works best in an alkaline environment.

C) Acid activates pepsin in the stomach.

D) Pepsin is secreted by the pancreas.

41) When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are broken down and the energy in the molecule is

A) stored as fat.

B) excreted in the urine.

C) stored as amino acids in muscle.

D) stored as amino acids in the liver.

42) Which of the following is a true statement about the digestion and absorption of proteins?

A) Polypeptide chains are digested to yield individual amino acids, which can be absorbed into the blood.

B) Polypeptide chains are digested to yield dipeptides, which can be absorbed into the blood.

C) Many whole proteins are absorbed by phagocytosis and enter the blood.

D) The products of protein digestion are first absorbed into the lymphatic system, which empties into the blood.

43) Which of the following is a true statement about body proteins?

A) Body proteins are in a constant state of breakdown, rebuilding, and repair.

B) Body proteins change very little after age 20.

C) Synthesis of body proteins is directed by antigens, which are present in every cell.

D) Amino acids from dying cells or worn-out cell parts are excreted as a component of bile.

44) Which of the following describes the fate of excess protein?

A) It is stored as glycogen.

B) It is excreted via sweat glands.

C) It is stored as fat.

D) It is used for heat.

45) Insulin is one example of a protein that acts as

A) an antioxidant.

B) an enzyme.

C) a hormone.

D) an antibody.

46) The nitrogen from amino acid breakdown is

A) stored in the liver.

B) oxidized to carbohydrate.

C) converted to urea.

D) converted to fat.

47) If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose?

A) Urea

B) Fatty acids

C) Amino acids

D) Ketones

48) Food proteins are used most efficiently when we

A) consume a very-low-kilocalorie diet.

B) consume a low-carbohydrate diet.

C) consume enough carbohydrates and fats to meet our kilocalorie needs.

D) consume them with alcohol.

49) Which of the following is a function of protein?

A) Absorption of vitamins A, D, E, and K

B) Medium for chemical reactions in the cell

C) The body's preferred source of energy

D) Synthesis of enzymes and hormones

50) Jackie is an alcoholic. Her liver has been damaged to such a degree that it cannot produce the appropriate blood proteins for fluid balance. She develops a condition called edema, which is

A) extreme thirst.

B) the buildup of fluids in extracellular spaces.

C) loss of muscle mass.

D) cardiovascular disease.

51) Edema appears when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because

A) sodium is retained in the body.

B) blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts into extracellular spaces.

C) the blood vessels become more permeable to ions.

D) the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine.

52) Proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by 

A) acting as buffers.

B) releasing nitrogen.

C) synthesizing hydrochloric acid.

D) binding sodium ions.

53) A protein that acts as a hormone is  

A) insulin.

B) trypsin.

C) pepsin.

D) hemoglobin.

54) Proteins that bind to foreign proteins in the body are

A) enzymes.

B) antibodies.

C) hormones.

D) collagen.

55) Antibodies are 

A) chemical messengers produced by glands.

B) catalysts that speed the rate of chemical reactions.

C) compounds that transport lipids through the blood.

D) proteins produced by white blood cells as part of the immune response.

56) If a person does not eat enough carbohydrates to supply the glucose the body needs, which of the following will happen?

A) Fatty acids will be converted to glucose.

B) The pancreas will produce more insulin.

C) The liver will convert amino acids to glucose.

D) The liver will produce more glycogen.

57) The Recommended Dietary Allowance for protein for nearly all adults is ________ g/kg/day.

A) 0.5

B) 0.8

C) 1.6

D) 2.0

58) How many grams of protein are needed per day by a male nonathlete weighing 87 kilograms?

A) 70

B) 87

C) 174

D) 191

59) The typical American diet supplies approximately what percentage of protein as essential amino acids?

A) 25%

B) 40%

C) 50%

D) 10%

60) The RDA for protein translates into approximately what percentage of total daily calorie needs?

A) 5%

B) 10%

C) 15%

D) 20%

61) Maggie has anorexia nervosa and regularly consumes far less energy and nutrients than she needs.  She is likely to be in a state of  

A) protein equilibrium.

B) positive protein balance.

C) negative protein balance.

D) positive energy balance.

62) Donovan has been consuming large quantities of food and in violation of safe rules of athletic training is injecting testosterone. He has been seeing large temporary gains in muscle mass. He is in a state of 

A) negative protein balance.

B) positive protein balance.

C) energy equilibrium.

D) protein toxicity.

63) Negative protein balance is likely during

A) growth.

B) pregnancy.

C) starvation.

D) recovery from surgery.

64) Jack weighs 176 pounds. What is his RDA for protein?

A) 10 grams

B) 64 grams

C) 80 grams

D) 27 grams

65) Which of the following is true about protein intake of people in the United States?

A) Most do not consume enough protein.

B) Most consume approximately the amount of protein needed to balance losses.

C) Athletes generally do not get enough protein without supplements.

D) Most consume more protein than is needed.

66) Which of the following is true about protein intake in the United States?

A) Plant sources of protein predominate in the United States.

B) We eat less animal sources of protein than people in Asia and Africa.

C) About 70% of the protein we eat in the United States comes from animal products.

D) Seafood is our main animal source of protein.

67) Recent research shows that older adults need ________ the current RDA for protein for adults.

A) more than

B) less than

68) The type of malnutrition that results from severely deficient intake of both calories and protein is called 

A) kwashiorkor.

B) marasmus.

C) sickle cell anemia.

D) phenylketonuria.

69) Kwashiorkor and marasmus are two forms of

A) protein-energy malnutrition.

B) protein overload.

C) genetic diseases.

D) anemia.

70) Among children with kwashiorkor,

A) calorie intake may be low, but protein intake is severely deficient.

B) intakes of both calories and protein are severely deficient.

C) protein intake may be low, but calorie intake is severely deficient.

D) calorie intake may be low, but carbohydrate intake is severely deficient.

71) The edema in children with kwashiorkor is the result of fluid leaking into

A) body tissues from the bloodstream because of decreased blood protein levels.

B) body tissues from the bloodstream because of decreased energy levels.

C) the bloodstream from body tissues because of decreased cellular proteins.

D) the bloodstream from body tissues because of decreased energy.

72) Kwashiorkor appears in children between the ages of 2 and 5 years. The reason is that

A) growth needs are low.

B) children have been weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels.

C) by this time, adequate exposure to other children allows them to catch it.

D) protein intake has been high for a long enough time to cause kidney damage.

73) Which of the following conditions would describe a child with kwashiorkor?

A) Bowed legs

B) Visible eczema and cold sores

C) Edema in the abdomen and legs

D) Skin-and-bones appearance

74) A child with marasmus

A) has a bloated abdomen due to edema.

B) is hyperactive and irritable.

C) is very susceptible to infections.

D) has bowed legs and a deformed rib cage.

75) Plant-based diets may reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease. This is likely due to the fact that, compared to animal sources of protein, plant sources of protein are lower in

A) dietary fiber.

B) saturated fat and cholesterol.

C) one or more essential amino acids.

D) phytochemicals.

76) Plant-based dietary patterns are associated with lower risk of

A) cardiovascular disease.

B) colorectal cancer.

C) diabetes.

D) All of the choices are correct.

77) A person who does not eat any animal foods and consumes only plant products is called a(n)

A) ovovegetarian.

B) omnivore.

C) lactoovovegetarian.

D) vegan.

78) A vegetarian who excludes animal flesh but consumes milk and eggs is referred to as a(n)  

A) lactovegetarian.

B) lactoovovegetarian.

C) vegan.

D) ovovegetarian.

79) A vegetarian who eats only foods of plant origin is a(n)  

A) lactoovovegetarian.

B) lactovegetarian.

C) vegan.

D) ovovegetarian.

80) The most reliable source of vitamin B-12 for the vegan would be

A) fortified soybean milk.

B) shellfish.

C) cheese.

D) eggs.

81) The American Institute for Cancer Research promotes "The New American Plate," which includes plant-based foods covering ________ of the plate and meat, fish, poultry, or low-fat dairy covering ________ of the plate.

A) one-half; one-half

B) three-quarters (or more); one-quarter (or less)

C) two-thirds (or more); one-third (or less)

D) one-third (or less); two-thirds (or more)

82) It takes approximately ________ kilograms of grain to produce 1 kilogram of animal protein in cereal-fed animals.

A) 2

B) 3

C) 5

D) 10

Match the following with the descriptions below.

A) Dietary proteins that are low in or lack one or more essential amino acids

B) A disease that results from consuming an insufficient amount of protein and energy

C) Two food protein sources that make up for each other's inadequate supply of specific essential amino acids

D) A buildup of fluids in extracellular spaces

E) Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and therefore must be included in the diet

F) A physical state in which protein intake is equal to related protein losses

G) A disease that results from consuming marginal energy and considerably insufficient protein despite high needs

H) Amino acids that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts

I) The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food relative to body needs

J) Dietary proteins that contain ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids

83) Nonessential amino acids

84) Essential amino acids

85) Complete protein

86) Incomplete protein

87) Limiting amino acid

88) Complementary proteins

89) Edema

90) Protein equilibrium

91) Marasmus

92) Kwashiorkor